scholarly journals Efficient Ways to Combat Doping in a Sports Education Context!? A Systematic Review on Doping Prevention Measures Focusing on Young Age Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Pöppel
Keyword(s):  
School Context ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
The Impact

Youth is characterized by testing and crossing natural boundaries, sometimes with the help of performance-enhancing substances. In this context, doping prevention measures play a crucial role to protect individuals both within and outside the context of elite sport. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in the databases ProQuest (ERIC), Scopus, PSYNDEX/PsychInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science Core Collection to provide an overview of the impact of doping prevention measures, with particular attention to the underlying understanding of learning. As a result of the screening process, 30 of the initial 5,591 articles met the previously defined and recorded eligibility criteria. The analysis led to heterogeneous results regarding content, implementation, target group, or outcome variables considered relevant. Two-thirds of the studies related to the competitive sports context. Nevertheless, there has been a growing interest in studying doping prevention and its effects on non-elite athlete target groups in recent years. In terms of effectiveness, many measures did not achieve long-term changes or did not collect any follow-up data. This contrasts with understanding learning as sustained change and reduces the intended long-term protection of prevention measures, especially for adolescent target groups. Even young age groups from 10 years upwards benefited from doping prevention measures, and almost all doping prevention measures enabled their participants to increase their physical and health literacy. No conclusion can be drawn as to whether doping prevention measures based on constructivist ideas are superior to cognitivist approaches or a combination of both. Nevertheless, programs that actively engage their participants appear superior to lecture-based knowledge transfer. Most of the prevention measures offered a benefit-orientation so that participants can achieve added value, besides trying to initiate health-promoting change through rejection. Because of the lack of sustained changes, a further modification in doping prevention seems necessary. The review results support the value of primary prevention. Doping prevention measures should enable tailored learning and development options in the sense of more meaningful differentiation to individual needs. The implementation in a school context or an online setting is promising and sees doping as a problem for society. The review highlights the importance of accompanying evaluation measures to identify efficient prevention components that promote health and protect young people.

scholarly journals Impact of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use: an updated systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e031598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Meernik ◽  
Hannah M Baker ◽  
Sarah D Kowitt ◽  
Leah M Ranney ◽  
Adam O Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Product Appeal ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesGiven the exponential increase in the use of e-cigarettes among younger age groups and in the growth in research on e-cigarette flavours, we conducted a systematic review examining the impact of non-menthol flavoured e-cigarettes on e-cigarette perceptions and use among youth and adults.DesignPubMed, Embase, PyscINFO and CINAHL were systematically searched for studies published and indexed through March 2018.Eligibility criteriaQuantitative observational and experimental studies that assessed the effect of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes on perceptions and use behaviours were included. Specific outcome measures assessed are appeal, reasons for use, risk perceptions, susceptibility, intention to try, initiation, preference, current use, quit intentions and cessation.Data extraction and synthesisThree authors independently extracted data related to the impact of flavours in tobacco products. Data from a previous review were then combined with those from the updated review for final analysis. Results were then grouped and analysed by outcome measure.ResultsThe review included 51 articles for synthesis, including 17 published up to 2016 and an additional 34 published between 2016 and 2018. Results indicate that non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes decrease harm perceptions (five studies) and increase willingness to try and initiation of e-cigarettes (six studies). Among adults, e-cigarette flavours increase product appeal (seven studies) and are a primary reason many adults use the product (five studies). The role of flavoured e-cigarettes on smoking cessation remains unclear (six studies).ConclusionThis review provides summary data on the role of non-menthol flavours in e-cigarette perceptions and use. Consistent evidence shows that flavours attract both youth and adults to use e-cigarettes. Given the clear findings that such flavours increase product appeal, willingness to try and initiation among youth, banning non-menthol flavours in e-cigarettes may reduce youth e-cigarette use. Longitudinal research is needed to examine any role flavours may play in quit behaviours among adults.

scholarly journals Pedestrian Mortality Trends In Children Over Four Decades In Transitional Lithuania

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Birutė Strukčinskienė ◽  
Robert Bauer ◽  
Sigitas Griškonis ◽  
Vaiva Strukčinskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Young People ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Road Users ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the study was to examine the long-term trends in pedestrian mortality for children (aged 0 to 14 years) and young people (aged 15 to 19 years) over four decades in transitional Lithuania. Methods. Road traffic fatality data were obtained from Statistics Lithuania and the Archives of Health Information Centre. Trends were analysed by linear regression using “Independence” as a slopechanging intervention in 1991 and population as a further explanatory factor in structural time series models. Results. The impact of the interventions, along with the reforms and changes related with the Independence, on pedestrian fatality trends in our time series model was found highly statistically significant for children 0 to 14 years (p<0.001) and still significant for young people 15 to 19 years (p<0.05). No significant impact on the trend of road traffic deaths was found for the “control-groups” of non-pedestrian road users in the age group 0 to 14 years and adult pedestrians (over 19 years of age). For the age group 15 to 19 years the effect of reforms was also significant for non-pedestrians (p<0.05). These results indicate that the effect of measures and changes used in the post-independence period was more specific in children that participated in road traffic as pedestrians than in adult pedestrians, or in nonpedestrian road users. Conclusions. Pedestrian deaths in Lithuania fell significantly in the age groups 0-14 and 15-19 years. A declining trend was found in road traffic fatalities and in pedestrian deaths in transitional Lithuania in the post-independence period. Socioeconomic and political transformations, systematic reforms in healthcare along with sustainable preventive measures may have contributed to this decrease. Targeted road safety measures were road traffic regulations, pedestrian education and environmentally based prevention measures. As child pedestrians are the most vulnerable group of road users, continued road safety education and promotion are recommended in order to maintain this trend, and to involve adult pedestrians in this development.

scholarly journals Indirect costs associated with ulcerative colitis: a systematic literature review of real-world data

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle Constantin ◽  
Petar Atanasov ◽  
Daniel Wirth ◽  
Andras Borsi
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Productivity Costs ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The economic burden of ulcerative colitis (UC), specifically related to indirect costs, is not extensively documented. Understanding and quantifying it is required by health care decision makers. Aim To assess the impact of indirect costs of UC in observation studies. Method A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE®, Embase® and Cochrane Library to capture all relevant publications reporting outcomes on absenteeism, presenteeism and productivity losses in moderate to severe UC. Eligibility criteria for inclusion into the review were established using a predefined PICOS scheme. All costs were adjusted to 2017 currency values (USD dollars, $). Results In total, 18 studies reporting data on indirect costs were included in the analysis. Absenteeism costs were classified into three categories: sick leave, short-term and long-term disability. Most of the studies captured absenteeism costs related specifically to sick leave, which was experienced on average by 10 to 24% patients with UC. Only three studies captured presenteeism costs, as these are difficult to measure, however costs ranged from 1602 $ to 2947 $ per patient year. The proportion of indirect costs accounted for 35% of total UC costs (Total UC costs were defined as the sum of healthcare costs, productivity costs and out-of-pocket costs). Discussion A limited number of studies were identified describing the indirect costs in patients with moderate to severe UC. Insufficient data on different components of costs allowed a limited analysis on the impact of indirect costs in patients with UC. Further studies are needed to gain an understanding of the influence of UC on patients’ functional abilities.

scholarly journals The Rapid and Accurate Categorisation of Critically Ill Patients (RACE) to Identify Outcomes of Interest for Longitudinal Studies: A Feasibility Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Deane ◽  
C. L. Hodgson ◽  
P. Young ◽  
L. Little ◽  
V. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Baseline Assessment ◽  
Inception Cohort ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Blinded Assessor

The capacity to measure the impact of an intervention on long-term functional outcomes might be improved if research methodology reflected our clinical approach, which is to individualise goals of care to what is achievable for each patient. The objective of this multicentre inception cohort study was to evaluate the feasibility of rapidly and accurately categorising patients, who were eligible for simulated enrolment into a clinical trial, into unique categories based on premorbid function. Once a patient met eligibility criteria a rapid ‘baseline assessment’ was conducted to categorise patients into one of eight specified groups. A subsequent ‘gold standard’ assessment was made by an independent blinded assessor once patients had recovered sufficiently to allow such an assessment to occur. Accuracy was predefined as agreement in >80% of assessments. One hundred and twenty-two patients received a baseline assessment and 104 (85%) were categorised to a unique category. One hundred and six patients survived to have a gold standard assessment performed, with 100 (94%) assigned to a unique category. Ninety-two patients had both a baseline and gold standard assessment, and these agreed in 65 (71%) patients. It was not feasible to rapidly and accurately categorise patients according to premorbid function.

The impact of the reform of PIS/COFINS on the Brazilian industry

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Gomes Vasconcelos ◽  
Nelson Leitão Paes
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Neoclassical Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Tax Distortions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Sectors

PurposeIn an attempt to reduce tax distortions and increase economic efficiency, in 2002 and 2003 Brazil promoted changes in the PIS/COFINS tax, the main federal tax on consumption. Thus, in addition to the old cumulative regime calculated on company revenues, the noncumulative regime was created with higher rates and the added value as a tax basis.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyzes the effects of the PIS/COFINS reform in a context of deindustrialization in the Brazilian economy, using a neoclassical model with two sectors.FindingsThe results suggest that after a small improvement in the aggregate economy in the short term, in the long term there was a worsening of the macroeconomic indicators. From the sector perspective, the PIS/COFINS reform may have contributed to the loss of industry participation in the Brazilian economy.Originality/valueThe study of the impact of the PIS/COFINS reform on industry through a neoclassical model is unprecedented in the national literature and contributes to the investigation of changes in the tax regime that occurred in the country.

scholarly journals Long-Term Growth in Phenylketonuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Ilgaz ◽  
Alex Pinto ◽  
Hülya Gökmen-Özel ◽  
Julio César Rocha ◽  
Esther van Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

There is an ongoing debate regarding the impact of phenylketonuria (PKU) and its treatment on growth. To date, evidence from studies is inconsistent, and data on the whole developmental period is limited. The primary aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of a phenylalanine (Phe)-restricted diet on long-term growth in patients with PKU. Four electronic databases were searched for articles published until September 2018. A total of 887 results were found, but only 13 articles met eligibility criteria. Only three studies had an adequate methodology for meta-analysis. Although the results indicate normal growth at birth and during infancy, children with PKU were significantly shorter and had lower weight for age than reference populations during the first four years of life. Impaired linear growth was observed until the end of adolescence in PKU. In contrast, growth impairment was not reported in patients with mild hyperphenylalaninemia, not requiring dietary restriction. Current evidence indicates that even with advances in dietary treatments, “optimal” growth outcomes are not attained in PKU. The majority of studies include children born before 1990s, so further research is needed to show the effects of recent dietary practices on growth in PKU.

scholarly journals Age-Related Differences in Experiences With Social Distancing at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Computational and Content Analytic Investigation of Natural Language From a Social Media Survey (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Moore ◽  
Angela Y Lee ◽  
Jeffrey T Hancock ◽  
Meghan C Halley ◽  
Eleni Linos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Guidance

BACKGROUND As COVID-19 poses different levels of threat to people of different ages, health communication regarding prevention measures such as social distancing and isolation may be strengthened by understanding the unique experiences of various age groups. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine how people of different ages (1) experienced the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) their respective rates and reasons for compliance or noncompliance with social distancing and isolation health guidance. METHODS We fielded a survey on social media early in the pandemic to examine the emotional impact of COVID-19 and individuals’ rates and reasons for noncompliance with public health guidance, using computational and content analytic methods of linguistic analysis. RESULTS A total of 17,287 participants were surveyed. The majority (n=13,183, 76.3%) were from the United States. Younger (18-31 years), middle-aged (32-44 years and 45-64 years), and older (≥65 years) individuals significantly varied in how they described the impact of COVID-19 on their lives, including their emotional experience, self-focused attention, and topical concerns. Younger individuals were more emotionally negative and self-focused, while middle-aged people were other-focused and concerned with family. The oldest and most at-risk group was most concerned with health-related terms but were lower in anxiety (use of fewer anxiety-related terms) and higher in the use of emotionally positive terms than the other less at-risk age groups. While all groups discussed topics such as acquiring essential supplies, they differentially experienced the impact of school closures and limited social interactions. We also found relatively high rates of noncompliance with COVID-19 prevention measures, such as social distancing and self-isolation, with younger people being more likely to be noncompliant than older people (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). Among the 43.1% (n=7456) of respondents who did not fully comply with health orders, people differed substantially in the reasons they gave for noncompliance. The most common reason for noncompliance was not being able to afford to miss work (n=4273, 57.3%). While work obligations proved challenging for participants across ages, younger people struggled more to find adequate space to self-isolate and manage their mental and physical health; middle-aged people had more concerns regarding childcare; and older people perceived themselves as being able to take sufficient precautions. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of natural language can provide insight into rapidly developing public health challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, uncovering individual differences in emotional experiences and health-related behaviors. In this case, our analyses revealed significant differences between different age groups in feelings about and responses to public health orders aimed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. To improve public compliance with health orders as the pandemic continues, health communication strategies could be made more effective by being tailored to these age-related differences.

scholarly journals Systematic Review: The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Aedes aegypti Mosquito Distribution in the Mainland United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Holeva-Eklund ◽  
Timothy Behrens ◽  
Crystal Hepp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Background: Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are primary vectors of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika viruses. A. aegypti is highly anthropophilic and relies nearly exclusively on human blood meals and habitats for reproduction. Socioeconomic factors may influence the spread of A. aegypti due to their close relationship with humans. This paper describes and summarizes the published literature on how socioeconomic variables influence the distribution of A. aegypti mosquitoes in the mainland United States. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO Academic Search Complete through June 12, 2019 was used to retrieve all articles published in English on the association of socioeconomic factors and the distribution of A. aegypti mosquitoes. Articles were screened for eligibility using the process described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Initially, 3,493 articles were identified through the database searches and previously known literature. After checking for duplicates, 2,145 articles remained. These articles were screened for eligibility using their titles and abstracts, and 2,098 articles were excluded for not meeting the eligibility criteria. Finally, the full text for each of the remaining articles (n = 38) was read to determine eligibility. Through this screening process, 11 articles were identified for inclusion in this review. Conclusions: The findings for these 11 studies revealed inconsistent relationships between the studied socioeconomic factors and the distribution and abundance of A. aegypti. The findings of this review suggest a gap in the literature and understanding of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the distribution of A. aegypti that could hinder efforts to implement effective public health prevention and control strategies should a disease outbreak occur.

scholarly journals A Microanalytical Simulation Model to Predict the Long-Term Evolution of Employment Biographies in Austria: The Demographics Module

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Wurzer ◽  
Reinhold Hatzinger
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Outcomes ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Impact

The well-known problems of decreasing birth rates and population ageing represent a major challenge for the Austrian pension system. It is expected that the group of pensioners will grow steadily in the future, while the proportion of people that support them – the taxpayers – will shrink. In this regard, microsimulation provides a valuable tool to identify the impact of various policy measures. With microsimulation, it is not only possibleto predict cross-sectional data (e.g., the distribution of age groups in 2050), but also to simulate lifecourses of people, providing longitudinal outcomes. The demographics module is the first in a series of modules that are part of a microsimulation prototype. This prototype is being developed in order to predict the long-term evolution of Employment Biographies in Austria.

scholarly journals Predictors of Clinical Course and Outcomes of Acute Diverticulitis: The Role of Age and Ethnicity

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Randa Taher ◽  
Yael Kopelman ◽  
Abdel-Rauf Zeina ◽  
Amir Mari ◽  
Fadi Abu Baker
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Acute Diverticulitis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Young Age ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Complicated Course ◽  
The Impact

Background and Objectives: Acute diverticulitis (AD) is the leading and most burdensome complication of colonic diverticulosis. However, risk factors for its development and predictors of its course are still poorly defined. In this regard, the association of a young age with a complicated course and worse outcome are still controversial. Moreover, little research has addressed the effect of ethnicity on the course of AD. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of these variables on AD’s course and outcome in the diverse and unique ethnic landscape of Israel. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the charts of patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of AD. Patients’ outcomes and disease course, including hospitalization duration, complications, and recurrent episodes, were documented and compared among different age and ethnic groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of complicated AD. Results: Overall, 637 patients with AD were included, the majority (95%) had distal colon AD, and almost one quarter of them were aged less than 50 years. The majority of patients in the young age (<50) group were males (69.7%). Nonetheless, the rate of recurrent episodes (35.3% vs. 37.3%, p = 0.19), hospitalization duration (5 ± 4.7 vs. 6 ± 3.2, p = 0.09) and complications rate (17.3% vs. 13.7%; p = 0.16) were similar for both age groups. In the ethnicity group analysis, Arab minority patients had a first episode of AD at a significantly younger age compared to their Jewish counterparts (51.8 vs. 59.4 years, p < 0.001). However, factors such as a complicated course (16% vs. 15%; p = 0.08) and relapsing episode rates (33% vs. 38%; p = 0.36) did not differ significantly between groups. None of the variables, including young age and ethnic group, were predictors of complicated AD course in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: AD is increasingly encountered in young patients, especially in ethnic minority groups, but neither ethnicity nor young age was associated with worse outcomes.

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