scholarly journals Socio-Economic Impacts of Livelihood from Fuelwood and Timber Consumption on the Sustainability of Forest Environment: Evidence from Basho Valley, Baltistan, Pakistan

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Saif Ullah ◽  
Rana Shahzad Noor ◽  
Ali Abid ◽  
Richard Mendako Kashinda ◽  
Muhammad Mohsin Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
The Individual

Forests across the world are considered to be a huge socio-economic and environmental benefit to host and adjacent communities. This study focuses on assessing the impacts of fuelwood and timber consumption on the livelihood of households in the Baltistan region in Pakistan. Primary and secondary sources of data were employed for the study. The primary sources involved the use of questionnaire survey and interview while the secondary sources involved the use of documented information in textbooks and internet materials. The study revealed that 82% of the people within the region were involved in agricultural activities, 71% depended on the extraction of forest resources for their livelihood, while 18% depended on off-farm activities for their livelihood. The study also observed that among the number that depended on forest resources for their livelihood, 59% were involved in the extraction of non-timber forest products while 41% were involved in the extraction of timber forest resources. The study further revealed that there was no significant difference in the level of benefits from the forest across the seven districts under investigation with a chi square value. The volume of forest products extraction was found to be high closest to the forest and to be low with increasing distance from the communities. The major benefits from the forest range were due to employment that increases the individual and family income. Forest also helps to control erosion and enhances aesthetic beautification and temperature regulation. The research suggests that the policy makers must provide a sustainable solution to reduce the overexploitation of the forest resources by providing better alternative earning resources to the resident communities.

Attitude towards online classes among school and college going students during lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3446
Author(s):  
Saurav Kumar ◽  
Shiv Prakash ◽  
Mona Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
College Going ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the attitude of the school and college-going students towards online classes. Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted on 228 school and college-going students fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria selected through purposive sampling methods. A semi-structured online questionnaire consisting of a socio-demographic questionnaire and Attitude towards online classes (ATOC) questionnaire was prepared by the researcher using Google form. The link of the questionnaire was sent to all the selected respondents through WhatsApp messages and emails. The data was analyzed using the IBM SPSS version 20 software. The reliability of the attitude questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha test. The association between categorical variables was assessed using Chi-square tests. The comparison between variables was assessed using the students independent t-test.Results: More than half of the respondents (51.32%) were found with a positive attitude towards online classes. There was a significant association found between attitude towards online classes and socio-demographic variables such as age (p<0.05), academic level (p<0.05), and family income (p<0.01). The respondents who attended online classes (p<0.05), have technical knowledge (p<0.01), and got supported by their parents in the study (p<0.05) were found significantly high positive attitudes towards online classes. There was a significant difference found in the attitude of the respondents who faced psychological disturbances such as a decline in attention-concentration (p<0.05), irritation-anger (p<0.01), and tension (p<0.05) due to online classes.Conclusions: Although, online classes are more beneficial for the students and teachers in their academic activities during the lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic but it can’t take place of traditional face-to-face classes. 

scholarly journals Effect of Different Doses of 17 Α -Methyltestosterone on Masculinization, Pre-Post Treatment Growth Parameters and Condition Factor of Sarotherodon Melanotheron in Pond System

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Theophilus Apenuvor ◽  
John Blay ◽  
Joseph Aggreyfynn ◽  
Simon Drafor
Keyword(s):  
Condition Factor ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Sarotherodon Melanotheron

Over-population and stunted growth had been major challenges in the culture of tilapia. The use of synthetic androgen 17- α Methyl Testosterone (MT) was a breakthrough. However, its optimum level towards effective masculinization and growth is a concern. The aim of this research was to ascertain the optimum level of MT towards effective all-male population production and growth of Black-Chinned tilapia. In the present study, the effect of different dose rates of synthetic androgen 17-α Methyl Testosterone (MT) i.e., 0, 30, 60, and 120 mg of the hormone per kg of feed on sex, growth, and condition of Black-Chinned tilapia was evaluated. MT was administered orally by using powdered dry starter feed (Crude Protein 40 %) and Ethanol. The fry was fed for 30 days in the experimental tanks. At the end of the experiment, the sex ratios were determined by examining the operculum coloration as a means of sex identification. Growth performance was monitored by measuring and recording the morphometric characteristics. Bodyweight and total length of the fish on the start of feeding, end of feeding (one month sex reversal period), and two months after feeding were measured. The results of the present study showed that all MT receiving treatment showed a significantly higher male proportion than the control (0 mg MT/kg feed individuals). In all MT treatments groups, the control expects the 30 mg MT/kg in feed individuals’ deviate significantly from the normal 1:1 sex ratio (Chi-square analysis). The dose rate of 120 mg MT /kg feed resulted in the maximum male population (92.7%). Hence, for an effective high percentage of all-male population production in Black-Chinned tilapia, 120 mg MT /kg in feed is recommended. In terms of growth and condition factor, all the individual treatments, as well as the control, showed no significant difference. All the treated individuals showed similar condition factors during the pre and post-treatment, however, the individuals treated with 30 mg MT /kg feed exhibited better condition during the pre-treatment than the post-treatment period. Temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen recorded in this study were within the desirable limit for tilapia.

scholarly journals Assessment of non timber forest products in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest, Chitwan, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 209-220
Author(s):  
Udisha Danekhu ◽  
Rajeswar Shrestha ◽  
Sanu Raja Maharjan
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Status ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Asparagus Racemosus ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are the forest products except timber used for various purposes from which economic status of the country can be increased through green growth based economy. The study was conducted in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest for the inventory, to document various uses and find out the preferred NTFPs potential for economic development of Community Forest User Groups. Stratified random sampling was applied in which 50 quadrats of size 25m×20m for trees, 100 subplots of 10m×10m for shrubs and 200 small subplots of 1m×1msize for herbs and climbers were taken. Parameters like density, frequency, abundance, importance value index, diversity index, evenness index and dominance index were calculated to find out the ecological status of NTFPs. Questionnaire survey of 100 households was done for studying different uses and interview with 10 key informants were carried out to identify 10 most preferred NTFPs. Altogether, 109 NTFPs were enumerated. Trewia nudiflora, Clerodendrum viscosum, Imperatacylindrica and Mikania micrantha were dominant tree, shrub, and herb and climber species accordingto Importance value Index (IVI). There is significant difference in density of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers between different sample quadrats i.e. p value < 0.05. NTFPs found were used for medicine, fodder, food, veterinary, dying, handicrafts, crop management, ornamental, insecticides, construction, beverage, piscicidal, religious and miscellaneous purposes. Calamus tenuis, Curcumalonga, Piper longum, Phyllanthus emblica, Asparagus racemosus, Terminalia bellirica, Terminaliachebula, Bauhinia variegata, Tinospora sinensis and Dryopteris cochleata were ten most preferred Non Timber Forest Products from matrix preference ranking.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: a pilot study for Bulgarian Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Yaneva ◽  
R Massaldjieva ◽  
N Mateva ◽  
D Bakova
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Aging ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulgarian Population ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background The Cognitive Reserve (CR) is a concept used to represent the individual differences in processing cognitive tasks, allowing to cope with the pathology of the brain. CR describes the individual brain potential as a result of various activities during the lifespan. The study of this construct could open one more “door” on the path to the prevention of diseases associated with cognitive dysfunctions in human aging. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the CR as a part of a project aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various options for stimulating active aging. Methods The Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) was translated into Bulgarian and was administered to 114 healthy participants (84,2% female and 15,8% male), aged 23 to 84 years (M = 52,40 SD = 16.81), divided into three age groups (up to 44, 45- 69 and over 70 years old). An individual CRI-level was calculated based on the subscores for education, working activity and leisure time. Non-parametric tests (Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test) were used for statistical analysis. Findings The CRI-level depends significantly on age (χ2=31.834, (df = 6), p &lt; 0.001) but does not depend on gender (p = 0.257). Significant difference was found in three age groups for the total CRI-score (p &lt; 0.001), CRI-Education (p &lt; 0.001) and CRI-WorkingActivity (p &lt; 0.001) except for CRI-LeisureTime score (p = 0.547). The total CRI-score significantly correlate with CRI-Education (r = 0.863), CRI-WorkingActivity (r = 0.809) and CRI-LeaisureTime (r = 0.414). Key messages The CRIq is an easy to administer instrument that could help the assessment of the cognitive reserve in Bulgarian population. The cognitive reserve depends on human behavior through the life span and this fact gives new opportunities for prevention of diseases associated with cognitive dysfunctions in human aging.

scholarly journals The Effect of Education Given to the Caregivers of Patients with Stroke on Anxiety and Depression: An Example from Eastern Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Patient ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Neurology Clinic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Background: As one of the chronic conditions, stroke brings about important problems for the individual, their family and the society. Aim: This research was made in order to determine the effect of training given to stroke patient caregivers on their anxiety and depression levels. Methods: This experimental research with pretest-posttest control group was conducted in Neurology Clinic between July 2011 and July 2012. The experiment group of the research consisted of 31 stroke patient lying for the first time in the clinic and control group consisted of 33 stroke patients who lied in the clinic before and also care givers. The pretest data was collected by the patient and care giver introduction form prepared by the researchers starting from the week the patient was accepted to the clinic, Barthel Index and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Posttest data was collected by using all scales after discharge of patient (except introduction form). In the evaluation of the data percentage, average, chi-square was used and also t test was used in independent groups. Results: According to research results a significant difference could not be found between anxiety and depression points of experiment and control groups before training (p>0.05). In the evaluation made after the training it was determined that the anxiety and depression points of the caregivers decreased and the decreases were significant (p<0.001). Conclusions: As a result it was determined that the training given to care givers in the experiment group decreased their anxiety and depression levels. We can recommend that nurses participate in educations on the care of patients with stroke, provide education to caregivers and arrange workshops to increase their awareness on this issue.

Useful wild tree resources of southern Sudan: a review

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
The North ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Wild Tree ◽  
North And South

AbstractSouthern Sudan has a rich tree flora. Trees are important in the livelihoods of the numerous tribes of the region, who use them for shelter, fuel, food, fodder, medicine and income generation. The gallery and depression forests contain valuable timber trees. Other species provide non-timber forest products that are potentially tradable outside Sudan, particularly in African countries that have over-exploited their own forest resources. As the carrying capacity of the western and central areas of Sudan decreases, the pressure on the natural resources of the higher rainfall southern areas will increase. This in itself might initiate conflict, as various tribes compete over a relatively rich resource base. The recent peace established between the north and south could result in depletion of the forest resources of the south through commercial exploitation. This paper details and discusses the wild tree resources of southern Sudan, including many already threatened species.

scholarly journals Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products in Chinese Giant Panda Reserves: The Effect of Religious Beliefs

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Mingchuan Li ◽  
Boyang Yu ◽  
Bin Zheng ◽  
Lan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Probit Method ◽  
The Individual

Religious belief play an irreplaceable role in the protection of natural resources. This paper explores the influence of religious beliefs on the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) collection behaviors of farmers, in order to provide new ideas on how to rationally use natural resources for nature reserves. Based on survey data of giant panda reserves in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces in China, we analyze the differences of NTFPs collection between farmers with or without religious beliefs and those with different religious beliefs. Our results show that: (i) The SUR-Probit method can be used to overcome the endogeneity problem of the model and test the causal effect between religious belief and NTFPs collection; (ii) farmers with religious beliefs collect NTFPs to a lesser extent; and (iii) the collection of NTFPs by farmers with different religious beliefs can be distinguished. The important role of religious belief in the use of natural resources has often been neglected in previous studies. In our research, we find that religious belief can indeed guide the individual choice of resource utilization behavior, to a certain extent, ultimately achieving the mutual co-ordination of ecological protection and economic development, which can also be used as a reference for policy-making.

scholarly journals Survival Analysis of Hungarian Large White, Duroc and Pietrain Sows

2016 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Ágnes Baginé Hunyadi ◽  
Szilvia Kusza ◽  
Péter Balogh
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Large White ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Single Factor Analysis ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the present study was to perform lifetime performance analysis in three pig breeds; Hungarian Large White (n=295), Duroc (n=76) and Pietrain (n=91) on a commercial farm using analysis of survival sows. We took into consideration the age of sows at the time of their inclusion into breeding, their age at the time of culling, time spent in production, number of mating and parities, parity percentage, intervals between litters, number and mean of piglets born alive and born dead, number of raised piglet litters, number and mean of 21 days old piglets, the weight and mean of raised litter and raise percentage. We carried out the analysis by SPSS 22.0. Single factor analysis of variants, Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox PH model were used. The determination of the significance of risk rates differences was done by Wald chi square test. Our results showed that the average culling age were 1056 (±33.52) days for the Hungarian Large White, 735 (±73.56) days for Duroc and 818 (±71.98) days for the Pietrain. The log rank test of the survival analysis indicated a significant difference between the three tested genotypes (χ2=16.981, P<0.001), which means that the survival percentage of the individual breeds varied significantly from one another. In comparison with the Hungarian Large White genotype the Duroc genotype has a 1.6 times higher (P<0.001) culling risk while that of the genotype Pietrain was 1.36 times higher (P<0.001). Our results can be used to compare the breeds kept under the same conditions and to compare the life span of one genotype under different farming conditions. Factors that increase survival and improve the profitability of pig farming can be determined by this method.

scholarly journals Export of non-timber forest products in the context of free movement of goods to the European Union market

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-78
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Keca ◽  
Milica Marceta ◽  
Aleksandar Markovic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Global Orientation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods ◽  
Domestic Companies

The tendency to conquer foreign markets emerges as one of the starting ideas when setting up each company. From the point of view of domestic companies, the target markets are those located within the European Union (EU), which exists and operates under the Single Market system. If you look at the part related to non-timber forest products (NTFP), it can be pointed out that in the last period it has become wider and has increasingly gone beyond local limits. In the context of the global orientation towards organic products, the aspiration of domestic companies in trying to place their products to a foreign, primarily European market is justified. The subjects of work are: treaties of establishment, conventions between Member States and Union agreements with third countries and international organizations, which have stronger legal force than other (secondary) sources, such as: regulations, directives and resolutions, as binding acts, as well as recommendations and opinions, as non-binding acts. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the functions of the competent institutions and procedures that follow the export of products and documentation necessary for the implementation of the export procedure, with special reference to the NTFP.

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