scholarly journals The Role of Cooperatives in Brazilian Agricultural Production

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 948
Author(s):  
Mateus de Carvalho Reis Neves ◽  
Felipe de Figueiredo Silva ◽  
Carlos Otávio de Freitas ◽  
Marcelo José Braga
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
Production Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Value Changes ◽  
Level Production

Much of the established literature on agricultural cooperatives describes their myriad contributions to farmers’ economic performance. In Brazil, one of the world’s leading agricultural exporters, there were more than 1500 agricultural cooperatives with 1 million members in 2020, and in 2017, 11% of all Brazilian farms were associated with one of these cooperatives. In this paper, we estimate the factors associated with the municipality share of cooperative membership (MSCM) and how municipality-level production value changes with MSCM. Our analysis is at the municipality level using aggregate data from the 2017 Agricultural Census. We find that in Brazil, higher education and smaller property sizes are associated with membership in agricultural cooperatives. To estimate how MSCM is associated with farm profits, we use a generalized propensity score and find that an increase in MSCM increases net municipal farm income, driven mostly by an increase in the value of agricultural production compared to a smaller increase in the cost of production.

scholarly journals Recent Cost Increases: Their Future Impacts on Agriculture

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Wayne A. Boutwell ◽  
Thomas W. Little
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Input Prices

The impact of rapidly escalating input prices of farm income, agricultural production, production adjustments, the general price level, the cost of living and capital requirements in the agricultural sector is a source of increasing concern to farmers, suppliers of capital to agriculture, and consumers of agricultural products. Record prices for agricultural commodities, such as feed grains and soybeans, partially masked the effects of a 52 percent increase in the index of prices paid for production items on net farm income during the period 1971–74. As agricultural machinery and farm buildings are replaced, world stocks of agricultural commodities are replenished, and domestic prices begin to decline, the magnitude of these cost increases will become more apparent.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Beliefs and Concerns about Climate Change: An Assessment from Southern Saudi Arabia

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Bader Alhafi Alotaibi ◽  
Hazem S. Kassem ◽  
Roshan K. Nayak ◽  
Muhammad Muddassir
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Natural Change ◽  
Building Activities

Climate change constitutes a major threat to agricultural production, food security, and natural resource management. Saudi Arabia is particularly susceptible to increasing temperatures and extreme climatic events, such as arid weather and drought. The purpose of this study is to assess farmers’ beliefs and concerns as regards climate change. Extensive interviews were conducted with 164 farmers in the Jazan region. Results revealed that 89.6% of the farmers believed that climate change is due to human activities and 93.3% believed that it is because of natural change. Seventy-five percent of the farmers were concerned about insects and 73% about the prevalence of weeds on their farms. Findings of cluster analysis revealed that farmers who are more likely to believe in climate change are more in agreement with the role of extension services in capacity building. Farmers’ beliefs about climate change were significantly influenced by membership of agricultural cooperatives, access to loans, use of extension services, age, farm size, and level of soil fertility. Access to loans was the only significant factor to explain the differences in farmers’ concerns. These results suggest the need for capacity-building activities targeted at improving farmers’ adaptability to manage climate variability.

scholarly journals Role of Agricultural Diversification in Improving Resilience to Climate Change: An Empirical Analysis with Gaussian Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9539
Author(s):  
Adiqa Kausar Kiani ◽  
Asif Sardar ◽  
Wasim Ullah Khan ◽  
Yigang He ◽  
Abdulbaki Bilgic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Agricultural Diversification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Agricultural diversification efforts towards sustainable agriculture generates environmental and economic benefits. Climate change and agricultural production are characterized by a complex cause-effect relationship. In the present study, the primary dataset is collected through an interview-based survey from 410 farmers in 3 districts located in different agro-ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan. Detailed analysis is conducted by employing the Gaussian treatment effects approach. Results of the study show that the farmers who adopted agricultural diversification to mitigate the impact of climate change were less and insignificantly benefited e.g., on an average of RS 95,260 (US $635) per annum whereas non-adopted farmers lost their farm income on an average of RS 115,750 (US $772) per annum if they had practiced the agricultural diversification. Moreover, determinants of agricultural diversification such as demographic and institutional indicators were significant and larger effects to adopt as compared to social indicators. This study suggests that policies should be designed in the regional context particularly related to the improvement in demographic characteristics and institutional factors such as providing subsidies, training, and awareness to the farmers, particularly to those who practice agricultural diversification. These measures will help to raise the farmers’ adaptive capacity for the adoption of agricultural diversification, and it will enable them to generate tangible benefits by increasing income through adopting sustainable agricultural livelihood.

scholarly journals Pelatihan Farm Record dan Evaluasi Resiko Usahatani untuk Peningkatan Kompetensi Petani Mandiri

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Nurliza ◽  
Eva Dolorosa ◽  
Dewi Kuniati ◽  
Joshua Hutajulu H.
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Training

The focus of PKM is the "Sumber Lestari" farmer group in Rasau Jaya Village, which is a transmigration area as the Integrated Integrated Zone. Still, farmers in farmer groups do not have farm record so that the difficulty in managing and making optimal farming decisions. This condition is caused by low performance of farmers' skills and risk of farming competencies. Furthermore, farmer groups are only intuitively emphasizing the cost of agricultural production inputs for the most effective farming decisions because of the absence of farm records. Therefore, PKM is tried to give knowledge and training of farm record and farming risk evaluation to achieve the optimal of farming management. The results are shown that the effectiveness ratio is quite effective so that there is still a gap between knowledge and skills that must be followed by the role of local government through continuous monitoring and guidance on the development of processed products to increase the income of surrounding farmers

scholarly journals Assessment of the agricultural activity in the EU-27 countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-662
Author(s):  
Vaida Šapolaitė
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
The Eu

The rational use of land, capital and labor determine the growth of economic efficiency of agricultural production and income of farmers together. The aim is to estimate the use of production resources in the EU-27 agricultural sector, using macro-economic indicators. The analysis and assessment of the use of land resources in agriculture have been conducted on the basis of data on economic accounts for agriculture and agricultural census to describe agricultural production intensity by type of farming and its impact on farm income. This paper examines the use of land resources in agriculture, measured by using relative indicators of agricultural output, intermediate consumption per hectare of agricultural land, the revenue per average employee and the comparative analysis these indicators in the farms of the European Union (EU) is presented.

scholarly journals Determinants of Amazon deforestation: the role of off-farm income

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Araujo ◽  
Jean-Louis Combes ◽  
José Gustavo Féres
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Deforestation Rates ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Empirical Implications

AbstractThis paper aims at assessing the determinants of Amazon deforestation, emphasizing the role played by off-farm income. Initially an economic model is provided which relates off-farm income to deforestation patterns. Subsequently, empirical implications are tested using data from the 2006 Brazilian Agricultural Census. Estimation results suggest that higher off-farm incomes are associated with reduced deforestation rates. In fact, higher off-farm incomes might increase the opportunity cost associated with agricultural activities. The latter option becomes less attractive and farmers dedicate less time to farm activities, thereby reducing deforestation pressure. Results also show that smallholders respond less to the increase in the returns from off-farm activities when compared to largeholders, which matches our hypothesis of labor market imperfections regarding off-farm activities.

scholarly journals Role of Off-Farm Income in Agricultural Production and its Environmental Effect in South East, Nigeria (A Case Study of Commercial Motor Cycle Business)

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smiles I. Ume ◽  
C.I. Ezeano ◽  
R.O. Anozie
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Motor Cycle ◽  
The Government

Role of off-farm income in agricultural production and its environmental effect in Southeast, Nigeria (A case study of commercial motor cycle business) was studied. Two hundred and forty respondents (240) (One hundred and twenty riders and one hundred and twenty motor cycle users) were selected through multi stage random sampling techniques. The objectives of the study were captured using percentage responses, multiple regression and factor analyses. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. The result of socio-economic characteristics of commercial motor cycle riders showed that most riders were youthful, single and experienced. Also, most of the riders used their money generated in the business in hiring labour, procurements of farm inputs, family welfare, expansion of business and procurement of equipment. As well, the menaces caused by motor cycle to the riders and the general society were accidents, traffic jam, crimes, health challenges and gang beating. More so, the determinant factors to the motor cycle riders’ income generated were number of years of experience and marital status. In addition, the effects of motor cycle operations to the environment were dusty and noisy situations, soil erosion, vegetation loss and oil spillage. The avenues in alleviating the affects of motor cycle operations on the environment were use of gadgets, educational programme, ban on the use of big motor cycle, use of traffic control and cleanliness of vehicular emission. The major problems encountered by the riders were extortions by the police, emblem, high cost of fuel and high cost of spare parts. Based on the findings the following recommendations were proffered. There is need to enhance riders’ access to hearing and head protective devices and goggle gadget at affordable prices. Also, experienced and novice riders should be encouraged to remain in business through among others provision of motor cycle parts at affordable prices and rehabilitation of rural roads by the government. Finally, all forms of extortions of the riders should be checkmated and the culprits brought to book.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

GOELRO plan is 100 years old

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Pavel A. BUTYRIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
State Plan

The historical context in which the State Plan for Electrification of Russia (GOELRO) was developed, establishment of the GOELRO Commission, the GOELRO Plan content, the specific features of its implementation, and the role of the plan in the soviet period of Russia’s history are considered. Attention is paid to the electrification plants of other countries and territories of all inhabited continents, and to the participation of states in the electrification of countries and regions with small-scale and agricultural production in the 1920 s. The specific features pertinent to the electrification of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic are pointed out, namely, low starting conditions (in 1923, the energy consumption per capita in Russia was 100 times lower than that in Norway), its being state-owned in nature and revolutionary in its purpose: to get done with the main upheavals in the country and to shift the national economy for fore efficient production. The role of V.I. Lenin and G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, who were the initiators of the electrification of Russia, is analyzed in detail. A conclusion is drawn about the need to study both the GOELRO Plan itself and the specific features and circumstances of its implementation within the framework of training modern specialists in electrical engineering.

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