scholarly journals Feeding Emitters for Microirrigation with a Digestate Liquid Fraction up to 25% Dilution Did Not Reduce Their Performance

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1150
Author(s):  
Simone Bergonzoli ◽  
Massimo Brambilla ◽  
Elio Romano ◽  
Sergio Saia ◽  
Paola Cetera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
The Difference

Irrigation with wastewater can strongly contribute to the reduction of water abstraction in agriculture with an especial interest in arid and semiarid areas. However, its use can have drawbacks to both soil and micro-irrigation systems, especially when the total solids in the wastewater are high, such as in digestate liquid fractions (DLF) from plant material. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the performances of a serpentine shaped micro-emitter injected with a hydrocyclone filtered DLF (HF-DLF) from corn + barley biomass and evaluate the traits of the liquid released within a 8-h irrigation cycle. HF-DLF was injected at 10%, 25%, and 50% dilution compared to tap water (at pH = 7.84) and the system performances were measured. No clogging was found, which likely depended on both the shape of the emitter and the high-pressure head (200 kPa). HF-DLF dilution at 10%, 25%, and 50% consisted in +1.9%, +3.5, and −4.9% amount of liquid released compared to the control. Fluid temperature during irrigation (from 9:00 to 17:00) did not explain the difference in the released amounts of liquid. In 10% HF-DLF % and 25% HF-DLF, a pH difference of + 0.321 ± 0.014 pH units compared to the control was found, and such difference was constant for both dilutions and at increasing the time. In contrast, 50% HF-DLF increased pH by around a half point and such difference increased with time. Similar differences among treatments were found for the total solids in the liquid. These results indicate that 50% HF-DLF was accumulating materials in the serpentine. These results suggest that a low diluted HF-DLF could directly be injected in irrigation systems with few drawbacks for the irrigation system and contribute to water conservation since such wastewater are available from the late spring to the early fall, when water requirements are high.

A Combination of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor with Membrane Filtration for Decentralised Wastewater Treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pillay ◽  
S. Pollet ◽  
K.M. Foxon ◽  
C.A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ◽  
Flat Sheet ◽  
Stabilisation Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Pressures

This paper presents the performance of a laboratory-scale anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with a combined membrane filtration polishing step. The plant treated a synthetic blackwater comprised of a faecal and urine slurry obtained from ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) toilets. Feed to the system was kept constant at 2 000 mg COD/L with COD, TS and VS removal efficiencies of 81, 24 and 20% obtained through the ABR. Two effluent polishing systems were investigated: a hollow-fibre system that housed Polymem modules and a flat-sheet system that housed Kubota and locally-produced fabric modules. Membranes were operated in the dead-end mode under ultra-low pressures using a hydrostatic pressure head (less than a metre). Fouling behaviour differed with the type of filtration process despite the same feed characteristics. Effluent filtration with the Polymem module showed that the flux did not reach a stabilisation period with severe fouling occurring after 8 d. Membrane fouling was largely reversible with the fouling layer easily removed by a simple tap water wash. In contrast, effluent filtration with Kubota and fabric membranes resulted in a period of low stabilised flux (˜0.5 L/m2.h) at ultra-low pressures with flux independent on the TMP used. Kubota modules exhibited a similar performance to fabric ones but were able to produce slighter higher fluxes after prolonged filtration. Membrane fouling in both flat-sheet module types was irreversible with a gel-like layer forming during filtration. The difference in hollow-fibre and flat-sheet modules may be due to a number of factors, such as pore size and the manufacturing process used to prepare membranes. Through deductive investigations, it was concluded that the fouling constituents in the effluent may be colloidal and/or soluble in nature.

Automated Microcontroller-Based Irrigation System

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Mmathapelo Makana ◽  
Nnamdi Nwulu ◽  
Eustace Dogo
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Sensor Reading ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Input Signals ◽  
Level Sensor ◽  
Traditional Irrigation

Traditional irrigation systems do not take into consideration the conservation of water. Therefore, automating the plant watering systems to reduce water wastage and loss would be key to water conservation as a means of making use of water wisely and responsibly. In this chapter, a smart irrigation system that helps control the amount of water applied to crops is proposed and developed. The system controls the ON/OFF state of the water pumping motor based on the soil moisture sensor reading. Other sensors incorporated in the system are the water level sensor and light dependent resistor. The system leverages on the Arduino Uno microcontroller development board to collect input signals from the three sensors. The water pump operates depending on the value of the output signal received by the relay module. This technique of watering is feasible and very affordable and reduces human intervention in field watering.

Smart Irrigation Techniques for Water Resource Management

2019 ◽  
pp. 196-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Chaudhry ◽  
Shivani Garg
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Smart Farming ◽  
System Improvement ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Solar Powered

Rising temperatures and increased frequency of extreme events will have direct and negative impacts on natural resources. Water resources are limited on earth; hence, there is a need to manage the utilization techniques of water. The irrigation system improvement using the wireless network is a solution to accomplish water conservation goal as well as improvement in irrigation practices. Smart farming enhances the capacity of the agricultural systems to support food security. The need for adaptation and the potential for mitigation into sustainable agriculture development strategies can be incorporated into such system. The smart farming system includes different techniques of agricultural practices to conserve different resources including water. Solar powered smart irrigation systems are a part of the smart irrigation system. Smart irrigation system includes temperature, moisture, and humidity sensors system. Different smart irrigation systems which are used all over the world will be discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Study on Different Type of Irrigation System Suitable for South Region of Maharashtra

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Ms. Vaishnavi Nandurkar
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Entire Field ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Automated Irrigation System ◽  
Optimum Water

Abstract: To study on different type of irrigation system suitable for south region of Maharashtra. We are attempting to find an irrigation system which would require less water and will be economical with higher yield of the crops for which it is installed. Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is usually used in areas where rainfall is irregular or dry times or drought is expected. There are many types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire field uniformly Study of various types of irrigation method's such as surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, drip irrigation and smart irrigation. We discussed about the different types of irrigation systems, there are several types of irrigation systems such as surface irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, drip irrigation, IOT, smart irrigation, sensor based irrigation in combination of traditional and modern type of irrigation. From above study we came to know the difference between automated irrigation system and manual irrigation system. We will know that automated irrigation system gives higher yield of crops using less amount of water as compared to manual irrigation system in accordance to automated and manual. Our study is to compare our system with other irrigation systems in terms of economy and optimum water usage to provide maximum results. Keywords: Surface irrigation, Drip irrigation, Manual Irrigation system, automated irrigation system

Pressure-discharge and Hydraulic Gradient along the Lateral of the Drip Irrigation System for Okra

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
S. Vanitha ◽  
S. Senthilvel
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Gradient Compensation

Micro irrigation system should ensure relatively same amount of water to each plant along the total length of lateral line. In general, the drip irrigation systems are low to medium operating pressure head systems with a pressure requirement in range of 0.5 kg/cm2 to 2.5 kg/cm2 depending on the area irrigated and field layout geometry. However, since these systems are pressure irrigation systems which require appropriate operating pressure heads to deliver the required rates of flow, the inevitable frictional head losses are to be compensated for maintaining uniformity in water application. Hence, the hydraulic gradient compensation needs to be achieved by some viable mechanism so that the inequality in pressure heads and discharges can be eliminated or minimized. The crop production will have its maximum yield and water use efficiency only one the water distribution uniformities at its the highest. Hydraulic gradient compensation assumes a vital role in compensating the operating pressure heads as well as the emitter discharges. The hydraulic gradient compensated drip lateral layout registered high order of water distribution uniformity in the range of 97.8% and irrigation usage efficiency in the range of 17.98 kg/ha/mm to 20.69 kg/ha/mm for 2 lph emitter arrangements.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WATER USE PLAN PROCEDURES, MEASURES AND WATER USE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Matluba Muxammadiyeva ◽  
◽  
Iftixor Ergashev
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Point Pressure ◽  
A Performance

If we look at the existing irrigation methods used today in the country, then they are divided into: ground, rainfall, underground or underground, drip and spray. Basically, they are transferred to the irrigation field in two forms: through gravity and pressure irrigation systems. Naturally, a gravity irrigation system is economically more expensive than a low pressure irrigation system. However, from a performance appraisal stand point, pressure irrigation methods are less efficient and have serious disadvantages

On the Applicability of “Provision-Appropriation” Theory to Irrigation Management: An Analysis Based on Institutional Change in the Dongping Irrigation Area

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Chen Jing ◽  
Kan Shizuan ◽  
Tong Zhihui
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Site Investigations ◽  
Current State ◽  
System Sustainability

AbstractThis paper, based on historical research on irrigation administration in the Dongping area and on-site investigations into its current state, explores the benefits and problems produced by two institutional changes. As a common pool resource situation, irrigation systems’ “provision” and “appropriation” are two separate issues; any institutional change must thus offer two different solutions. The study concludes that the participatory changes undertaken in the Dongping irrigation area failed, in the end, to resolve the problem of irrigation system sustainability. In particular, it proved difficult for collective action to take place around provision, which led to difficulties in operating the irrigation system.

Weidebevloeiing in de Brabantse Scheeken

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-14
Author(s):  
HANS BLEUMINK
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Agricultural Water Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Water Boards

Historical surface irrigation of pastures in the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant: visible traces of a failed experiment In the second half of the 19th century, some major changes occurred in the water management of the eastern and southern provinces of the Netherlands. Unlike the low-lying western parts of the Netherlands which were characterised by polders and had a long history of formal water boards, the higher eastern and southern parts of the Netherlands were characterized by brook systems and sandy soils, and had no centralised water boards until 1850. From the 1850s onward, water boards were introduced in these higher regions as well, and agronomical scientists and organisations like the Nederlandse Heidemaatschappij endeavoured for the modernisation of agricultural water management. One of their priorities was the introduction of modern forms of surface irrigation of pastures, in order to increase crop yields. In various places modern irrigation systems were constructed. From the 1900s onward, these systems were abandoned due to the introduction of new chemical fertilizers, among others. This article describes the construction and abandonment of one of these modern irrigation systems that was located in Liempde, in the province of Noord-Brabant. The local farmers were not interested in the new technique, and within a few years the system was transformed in a poplar plantation. Nowadays, the area is part of a nature reserve. Nonetheless, the global layout of the irrigation system is still visible.

Effect of external organic matter on nutrient removal and growth of Phragmites australis in a laboratory-scale subsurface-flow treatment wetland

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Karunarathna ◽  
N. Tanaka ◽  
K.B.S.N. Jinadasa
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Treatment Wetland ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
The Difference

Coconut dust, which is used intensively in horticultural applications, was tested as an external organic additive in a series of laboratory-scale subsurface-flow constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis. The systems were fed with a mixture of NO−3-N, NH+4-N, and SRP in tap water to simulate high nutrient loads. In the absence of plants, TN removal efficiency was 66%, and the efficiency increased to >80% in the microcosm wetlands. TN and NO−3 removal efficiencies were marginally increased by coconut-dust treatment in comparison with sand-bed microcosms. Analysis by ANOVA showed that the TN removal from a coconut dust-supplemented sand-bed microcosm was significantly different from a sand-bed microcosm (0.0437 < p<0.05). All the systems showed an equal capacity to treat NH+4 nitrogen under low influent concentration levels. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were >98% in all three systems, and a difference between planted and unplanted systems was not observed. Shoot height and shoot densities of P. australis grown in the coconut dust-supplemented medium were significantly higher than those grown in the sand-bed medium. The difference in P. australis growth in response to the coconut dust addition revealed that the added material has the potential to create favourable conditions for plant growth.

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