Combined Effects of Induced Water Deficit and Foliar Application of Silicon on the Gas Exchange of Tomatoes for Processing

The beneficial effects of silicon (Si) on plants have been widely reported for its fruit qualitative improvements, growth gains, and protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of soil water potential (Ψs) (−30 and −60 kPa) and the foliar application of Si (0.0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 g L−1) in the development of tomatoes grown in a greenhouse. We evaluated the biometric parameters and gas exchange in three periods (20, 34, and 48 days after planting). The rates of transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and net photosynthesis assimilation (An) were lower when the plants were subjected to water deficit. The foliar application of Si attenuated the effect of the water deficit in both levels applied to the crop. A high response was observed at −60 kPa, regardless of the evaluated period. However, a significant effect was not observed on the relative chlorophyll index and biomass accumulation when Si was applied. A foliar application up to 2.8 g L−1 promotes increases in An,gs, and E. It is highlighted that Si can promote improvements in gas exchange when plants are affected by a water deficit.

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Beneficial Effect of Root or Foliar Silicon Applied to Cucumber Plants under Different Zinc Nutritional Statuses

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10122602 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2602

Author(s):

José María Lozano-González ◽

Clara Valverde ◽

Carlos David Hernández ◽

Alexandra Martin-Esquinas ◽

Lourdes Hernández-Apaolaza

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Zn Deficiency ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Mineral Concentration ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Growing Period ◽

Physiological Processes

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient involved in a large variety of physiological processes, and its deficiency causes mainly growth and development disturbances, as well as oxidative stress, which results in the overproduction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A possible environmentally friendly solution is the application of silicon (Si), an element that has shown beneficial effects under abiotic and biotic stresses on many crops. Si could be applied through the roots or leaves. The aim of this work is to study the effect of Si applied to the root or shoot in cucumber plants under different Zn statuses (sufficiency, deficiency, and re-fertilization). Cucumber plants were grown in hydroponics, with 1.5 mM Si applied at the nutrient solution or sprayed on the leaves. During the different Zn statuses, SPAD index, fresh weight, ROS, and Si, Zn, P, Cu and B mineral concentration were determined. The results suggested that Si application had no effect during sufficiency and deficiency periods, however, during re-fertilization foliar application of Si, it showed faster improvement in SPAD index, better increment of fresh weight, and a decrease in ROS quantity, probably due to a memory effect promoted by Si previous application during the growing period. In summary, Si application to cucumber plants could be used to prepare plants to cope with a future stress situation, such as Zn deficiency, due to its prompt recovery after overcoming the stress period.

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Chitosan application in the induction of water deficit tolerance in maize plants

Acta Scientiarum Agronomy ◽

10.4025/actasciagron.v42i1.42463 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. e42463

Author(s):

Lorena Gabriela Almeida ◽

Paulo César Magalhães ◽

Décio Karam ◽

Eder Marcos da Silva ◽

Amauri Alves Alvarenga

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Water Restriction ◽

Biophysical Parameters ◽

Relative Water ◽

Maize Plants

The present research seeks to elucidate the feasibility of chitosan (CHT) in the induction of water deficit tolerance in different maize hybrids, contrasting tolerance to water restriction, tolerance and sensitivity. The maize plants were subjected to water deficit and foliar application of different chitosan doses (60, 100, 140, and 180 mg L-1) at the pre-flowering growth stage and evaluated during the stress period of fifteen days. To understand the induction behaviour of the tolerance to water restriction, biophysical parameters, such as water potential, relative water content and chlorophyll content, gas exchange, and biochemical assays, were quantified based on the activity of SOD, CAT, APX, and PAL antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation activity and hydrogen peroxide content. Among the treatments, maize plants subjected to chitosan foliar application at a dose of 140 mg L-1 presented similar behavioural responses to plants under favourable irrigation conditions. Such positive responses are related to the high degree of activity of antioxidant enzymes, gas exchange and low levels of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide. The results support the potential use of CHT to increase tolerance to water stress.

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Effect of fertigation with potassium and nitrogen on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant1

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/1983-40632016v4747885 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 345-352

Author(s):

Álvaro Henrique Cândido de Souza ◽

Roberto Rezende ◽

Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni ◽

Fernando André Silva Santos ◽

André Maller

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Use ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Internal Co2 ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT Adequate crop fertilization is one of the challenges for agriculture. Measuring gas exchange and biomass accumulation may be used to adjust crop management. The effect of fertigation with potassium (0 kg ha-1, 54 kg ha-1, 108 kg ha-1 and 216 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0 kg ha-1, 67 kg ha-1, 134 kg ha-1 and 268 kg ha-1) on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant was assessed under greenhouse conditions. The net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, water-use efficiency and total dry weight were evaluated. With the exception of K for water-use efficiency and N for internal CO2 concentration, all the other gas exchange parameters were significantly affected by the K and N doses. There was an interaction between N and K doses for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The highest values for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation instantaneous efficiency and total dry weight were found in the range of 125-185 kg ha-1 of K and 215-268 kg ha-1 of N.

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The pleiotropic effects of extract containing rhizobial Nod factors on pea growth and yield

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.2478/s11535-013-0277-7 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 396-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Janusz Podleśny ◽

Jerzy Wielbo ◽

Anna Podleśna ◽

Dominika Kidaj

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Root Nodules ◽

Growth Dynamics ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Growth Stimulation ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Nod Factors ◽

Nod Factor ◽

Beneficial Effects

AbstractRhizobial lipochitooligosacharides (Nod factors) influence the development of legume roots, including growth stimulation, nodule induction and root hair curling. However, their effect on the green parts of plants is less known, therefore we evaluated seed and foliar application of an extract containing Nod factors on pea growth and yield. Pea plants were examined from emergence to full maturity, including growth dynamics and morphological (nodule number and weight, the quantity and surface area of leaves) or physiological (photosynthesis and transpiration intensity, chlorophyll and nitrogen content) parameters. The foliar application Nod factor extract, or seed dressing followed by foliar application, resulted in the best outcomes. The number and weight of root nodules, the chlorophyll content in leaves, and the intensity of net photosynthesis were all elevated. As a consequence of Nod factor treatment, the dynamics of dry mass accumulation of pea organs were improved and the pod number was increased. A significant increase in pea yield was observed after Nod factor application. Increase of nodule and pod numbers and improved growth of roots appear to be amongst the beneficial effects of Nod factor extract on the activation of secondary plant meristems.

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Influence of Bulk and Nanoparticles Titanium Foliar Application on some Agronomic Traits, Seed Gluten and Starch Contents of Wheat Subjected to Water Deficit Stress

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha4119093 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 201 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Amir JABERZADEH ◽

Payam MOAVENI ◽

Hamid Reza TOHIDI MOGHADAM ◽

Hossein ZAHEDI

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Starch Content ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Water Deficit Stress ◽

Beneficial Effects

Titanium (Ti) is a very interesting chemical element, especially physiologically. Although Ti is not toxic for animals and humans, its effects on plants show remarkable concentration dependence. Whereas for plants, it shows beneficial effects on various physiological parameters at low doses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bulk and nanoparticles titanium foliar. Application on some agronomic traits, seed gluten and starch contents of wheat under water deficit stress conditions during 2010-2011 growing seasons. The experimental design was randomized in complete blocks arranged in split-split plots with four replications. The factors included normal irrigation, water deficit stress (irrigation withholding at two growing stages of stem elongation and flowering), two growing stages for water deficit stress induction and titanium applications, five titanium concentrations, sources including control of titanium oxide (bulk), and three concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03% of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Plant height, ear weight, ear number, seed number, 1000-seed weight, final yield, biomass, harvest index, gluten, and starch contents were assayed. The results showed that water deficit stress caused significant decrease in plant growth, yield and yield components. In addition, among the different titanium treatments, titanium dioxide nanoparticles at 0.02% increased almost all agronomic traits including gluten and starch content. Thus, the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles under conditions of water deficit stress is recommended.

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Salicylic Acid-Induced Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Changes Triggered Water Deficit Tolerance in Syzygium cumini L. Saplings

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 491

Author(s):

Zikria Zafar ◽

Fahad Rasheed ◽

Rana Muhammad Atif ◽

Muhammad Maqsood ◽

Oliver Gailing

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Water Deficit ◽

Water Stress Tolerance

Fruit tree culture is at the brink of disaster in arid to semi-arid regions due to low water availability. A pot experiment was carried out to analyze whether foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) can improve water stress tolerance in Syzygiumcumini. Saplings were subjected to control (CK, 90% of field capacity, FC), medium stress (MS, 60% of FC) and high stress (HS, 30% of FC) along with foliar application of 0.5 and 1.0 mM of SA. Results showed that soil water deficit significantly decreased leaf, stem and total dry weight, leaf gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll a, b. However, root dry weight and root/shoot ratio increased under MS and HS, respectively. Contrarily, foliar application of SA significantly improved chlorophyll a, b, leaf gas exchange attributes, and dry weight production under soil water deficit. Concentration of oxidants like hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals, along with malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage increased under soil water deficit; however, decreased in plants sprayed with SA due to the increase in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Results suggest that the foliar application of SA can help improve water stress tolerance in Syzygiumcumini saplings; however, validation of the results under field conditions is necessary.

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Foliar application of processed calcite particles improves leaf photosynthesis of potted Vitis vinifera L. (var. ‘Cot’) grown under water deficit

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.4.1691 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 237

Author(s):

Faouzi Attia ◽

Laurent Martinez ◽

Thierry Lamaze

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Evaporative Demand ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Mineral Particles ◽

Water Potentials ◽

Psii Photochemistry

Aim: To determine the effect of foliar sprays of processed mineral particles (micronized calcite, Megagreen®) on leaf water relations and photosynthesis in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. var. Cot) grown under water deficit.Methods and results: Potted plants were grown in a glasshouse in summer under natural light (Toulouse, lat. 43°32’14.50’’N; long. 1°29’44.25’’W; altitude 148 m a.s.l.). Well-watered and drought stressed vines were foliar sprayed with various doses of micronized calcite. Leaf water potential, gas exchange (light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate, ACO2; stomatal conductance, gs) and chlorophyll fluorescence (quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry, ФPSII) were measured. Water stress affected predawn and midday leaf water potentials, ACO2, gs and ФPSII of the 40-day-old (younger fully expanded) leaves. Megagreen® application did not lead to appreciable changes in leaf water potentials but was able to mostly restore ACO2 and ФPSII in water stressed plants to levels of well-watered control plants. This effect was associated with a positive, although less pronounced, effect on gs. The beneficial effects of processed calcite particles were also observed on younger and older leaves, at low and high atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, and in the morning as well as in the afternoon. In well-watered plants, processed calcite particles had no effect on photosynthesis except under very high evaporative demand. In water stressed plants, ACO2 was increased by increasing ambient CO2 concentration. At elevated CO2, calcite particles did not increase CO2 assimilation.Conclusion: Foliar application of processed calcite particles alleviated most of the adverse effects of water stress on grapevine photosynthesis. This was associated with enhanced gs in the whole plant canopy.Significance and impact of the study: In the context of climate change, grapevine will most likely experience long periods of drought during its seasonal cycle. Foliar application of processed mineral particles is widely used to reduce heat stress in perennial fruit crops. Here, the micronized calcite Megagreen® does improve photosynthesis of water stressed grapevines.

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Effect of Water Deficit on Gas Exchange, Osmotic Solutes, Leaf Abscission, and Growth of Four Birch Genotypes (Betula L.) Under a Controlled Environment

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.42.6.1383 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 1383-1391 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mengmeng Gu ◽

Curt R. Rom ◽

James A. Robbins ◽

Derrick M. Oosterhuis

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Leaf Abscission ◽

Betula Alleghaniensis ◽

Osmotic Solutes ◽

Foliar Concentrations ◽

Chlorophyll A And B

Water was withheld from 2-year-old seedlings or rooted cuttings of four birch genotypes (Betula alleghaniensis Britton, B. davurica Pall., B. nigra L. ‘Cully’, and B. papyrifera Marsh.) until the combined weight of the container and plant decreased below 40% of its original value to induce plant predawn water potential between −1.5 MPa and −2.1 MPa, after which plants were supplied with a requisite amount of water to reach 40% of its original value for 5 weeks under controlled conditions to investigate changes in gas exchange, osmotic solutes, leaf abscission, and growth compared with well-watered (WW) plants. Observations indicated that three of the four genotypes (except B. papyrifera) expressed three stages of photosynthetic response during water deficit: 1) a stress stage, 2) an acclimation stage, and 3) an adapted (or tolerance) stage. The stages were characterized by decreasing, increasing, and stabilized Pnws/ww (net photosynthesis presented as a ratio of water-deficit stressed (WS) plants to WW plants), respectively. A strong relationship between Pn and g S observed in the WS plants of the four genotypes, suggested inhibition of Pn by stomatal closure. After exposure to water deficit for 5 weeks, Pnws/ww recovered to 70% of the initial value for B. alleghaniensis and B. nigra ‘Cully’ and 98% for B. davurica and B. papyrifera. WS plants had higher foliar concentrations of chlorophyll a and b (nmol/g) and potassium (%) than the WW plants. Increased levels of polyols (mg/g) were detected only in the WS plants of B. allegahaniensis. Increased levels of carbohydrates or organic acid under water deficit were not detected. A significant increase in leaf abscission in the WS plants of B. papyrifera compared with the other genotypes could be a morphological adaptation to water deficit conditions and facilitate recovery of Pnws/ww during the acclimation stage.

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