scholarly journals Species Interactions and Nitrogen Use during Early Intercropping of Intermediate Wheatgrass with a White Clover Service Crop

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Shoujiao Li ◽  
Erik Steen Jensen ◽  
Nan Liu ◽  
Yingjun Zhang ◽  
Linda-Maria Dimitrova Mårtensson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Four Levels

Perennial grain crops intercropped with legumes are expected to use nitrogen (N) resources efficiently. A pot experiment using the 15N isotope dilution method demonstrated interspecific competition and use of N from the soil and N2 fixation in intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey, IWG) and white clover (Trifolium repens L., WC) intercrops at five species-relative frequencies and four levels of inorganic N fertilizer in a replacement series design. The proportion of N in WC derived from the atmosphere increased from 39.7% in a sole crop to 70.9% when intercropped with IWG, and 10.1% N in IWG transferred from WC. Intermediate wheatgrass showed high fitness with maintained high total dry matter production at low relative frequencies. Decreasing IWG-relative frequency only increased dry matter and N accumulation of WC, resulting in increased amounts of N2 fixed. Increased levels of N fertilization increased the proportion of N acquired from the fertilizer in IWG and WC but decreased the N fixed by WC and N absorbed by IWG from the soil. Our study indicates that WC supply sufficient fixed N2 for IWG intercrop biomass yields under appropriate levels of soil N fertility and species-relative frequencies.

Dynamics of nitrogen and dry-matter partitioning and accumulation in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in relation to extractable soil inorganic nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Bowen ◽  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
P. M. A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Spring Planting ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

The effects of six rates of N fertilization (0, 125, 250, 375, 500 and 625 kg N ha−1) on the dynamics of N utilization relative to extractable inorganic N in the soil profile were determined for broccoli in three growing seasons. The amount of pre-existing extractable inorganic N in the soil was lowest for the spring planting, followed by the early-summer then late-summer plantings. During the first 2 wk after transplanting, plant dry-matter (DM) and N accumulation rates were low, and because of the mineralization of soil organic N the extractable soil inorganic N increased over that added as fertilizer, especially in the top 30 cm. From 4 wk after transplanting until harvest, DM and N accumulation in the plants was rapid and corresponded to a rapid depletion of extractable inorganic N from the soil. At high N-fertilization rates, leaf and stem DM and N accumulations at harvest were similar among the three plantings. However, the rates of accumulation in the two summer plantings were higher before and lower after inflorescence initiation than those in the spring planting. Under N treatments of 0 and 125 kg ha−1, total N in leaf tissue and the rate of leaf DM accumulation decreased while inflorescences developed. There was little extractable inorganic soil-N during inflorescence development in plots receiving no N fertilizer, yet inflorescence dry weights and N contents were ≥50 and ≥30%, respectively, of the maxima achieved with N fertilization. These results indicate that substantial N is translocated from leaves to support broccoli inflorescence growth under conditions of low soil-N availability. Key words: N translocation, N fertilizer

scholarly journals Quantification of Biologically Fixed Nitrogen by White Lupin (Lupins albus L.) and Its Subsequent Uptake by Winter Wheat Using the 15N Isotope Dilution Method

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Stanisław Kalembasa ◽  
Jerzy Szukała ◽  
Agnieszka Faligowska ◽  
Dorota Kalembasa ◽  
Barbara Symanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lupin Seeds

A field experiment was carried out in 2016–2018 in a white lupin (Lupinus albus L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Bogatka’) crop rotation. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of nitrogen (N) that was biologically fixed by the white lupin crop in the first year of the rotation and to estimate how much of this N was then taken up from the lupin residues by winter wheat in the second and third years of the rotation. Biologically fixed N was determined by the isotope-dilution method (ID15N) by applying 30 kg N ha−1 of 15N-labeled fertilizer (15NH4)2SO4 (containing 20.1 at.% 15N) to the white lupin and the reference plant spring wheat. The yields of white lupin seeds and crop residues were 3.92 t ha−1 and 4.30 t ha−1, respectively. The total amount of N in the white lupin biomass was 243.2 kg ha−1, which included 209.3 kg ha−1 in the seeds and 33.9 kg ha−1 in the residues. The 15N-labeled residue of white lupin was cut and ploughed into soil. Our results indicate that 111.2 kg N ha−1 was fixed from the atmosphere by the lupin plants, with 93.7 kg ha−1 found in the seeds and 17.5 kg ha−1 in the residues. In the second and third years of the rotation when winter wheat was cultivated, the plots were divided into two groups of subplots (1) without N-fertilization (control) and (2) with an application of 100 kg N ha−1. In the first year of winter wheat cultivation, 20.0% and 21.0% of N from the crop residues was taken up by the control and N-fertilization plots, respectively, while in the second year, uptake was lower at 7.12% and 9.27% in the control and N-fertilized plots, respectively.

Effects of strobilurin fungicide programmes and fertilizer nitrogen rates on winter wheat: leaf area, dry matter yield and nitrogen yield

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. ISHIKAWA ◽  
M. C. HARE ◽  
P. S. KETTLEWELL
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Strobilurin Fungicide ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

SUMMARYFour field experiments were conducted on wheat, using the bread-making cultivar Hereward, over 3 years to study the interactions between nitrogen (N) and strobilurin fungicides with respect to yield and grain N. In one of the field experiments, above-ground dry matter (DM) yield was greater when the plots were treated with a mixture of triazole and strobilurin than when either no fungicide or triazole alone was applied. On plots that received no N fertilizer, above-ground DM and grain yield were lower for the plots treated with fungicides than for plots not treated with fungicide, which implied that the benefit of applying fungicides could only be exploited with N fertilization. There was no difference in above-ground N accumulation between fungicide programmes; however, greater N accumulation in grains was observed following the application of a mixture of triazole and the strobilurin trifloxystrobin compared with plots treated with either no fungicide or triazole alone. This increase in grain N appeared to be attributable more to improved translocation of N to grains rather than to increased N uptake from the soil. The two strobilurin fungicide ingredients kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin, each mixed with a triazole and tested in the present study, performed differently. Better performance, especially with respect to grain N yield, was observed most frequently with trifloxystrobin compared to kresoxim-methyl.

Rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization of Russet Burbank potato: Nitrogen use efficiency

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
Y. Leclerc ◽  
G. Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

This study evaluated rate and timing of N fertilization effects on the N use efficiency characteristics of rain-fed Russet Burbank potato. Trials conducted in 1999–2001 included different rates of fertili zer N (0–160 kg N ha-1 in 1999 and 0–200 kg N ha-1 in 2000 and 2001) applied either at planting according to normal grower practice, or at hilling, the latest time that granular fertilizer can practically be applied. Whole-plant dry matter and N accumulation were determined at topkill. Soil inorganic N content was measured to 30-cm depth at planting and at tuber harvest. Soil N supply (plant N accumulation plus soil inorganic N content at harvest with no fertilizer N applied) varied from 77 to 146 kg N ha-1 depending on the year. Crop N supply (soil N supply plus fertilizer N applied) was a better predictor of plant N accumulation than fertilizer N rate, and was used to remove the confounding effect of variation in soil N supply when making among-year comparisons for N use efficiency characteristics. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE; plant N accumulation/crop N supply) decreased with increasing rates of N applied at hilling N rate in 1999, which was a dry year, but was not influenced by at-hilling N rate in 2000 and 2001, or by at-planting N rate in any year. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; dry matter accumulation/crop N supply) and N utilization efficiency (NUtE; dry matter accumulation/plant N accumulation) decreased curvilinearly with increasing crop N supply in each year. Similar relationships between NUE and crop N supply, and between NUtE and plant N accumulation, among the 3 yr of the study suggest that these relationships are largely independent of seasonal climatic variation, and are primarily genetically controlled. Timing of N fertilization had no effect on any N use efficiency parameter, with the exception of reduced NUpE associated with split N application in 1999. This suggests that under rain-fed potato production in Atlantic Canada, timing of N fertilization has no significant effect on N use efficiency of Russet Burbank potato in years of adequate soil moisture, but NUpE may be decreased by split application of N in dry years. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, soil inorganic N, apparent fertilizer N recovery

Sowing date and varietal effects on the N2 fixation of field pea and implications for improvement of soil nitrogen

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE O'Connor ◽  
J Evans ◽  
NA Fettell ◽  
I Bamforth ◽  
J Stuchberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Biomass N ◽  
Varietal Variation

Dry matter, biomass N, N2 fixation (determined by the 15N isotope dilution method), grain yield and grain N, were determined for five pea cultivars grown with three sowing times at six sites in south-eastern Australia. Earlier sowing (late April to early May) increased N2 fixation (by as much as 96 kg N/ha compared to sowing in late June to early July). Early sowing improved the probability of peas contributing to soil total N. The potential increment in soil N from the pea stubbles left after harvesting grain, averaged over the varieties, was as high as 98 kg N/ha with early sowing, and as low as -38 kg N/ha with late sowing. The benefits from earlier sowing were due to larger dry matter production with a higher N concentration and a greater proportion of plant N from N2 fixation. Varietal variation in fixed N and potential for augmenting soil total N, was generally smaller than the variation in these parameters due to different sowing dates.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilization on palisadegrass: phytomass decomposition and nutrients release

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Hideo Martins da Costa ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
Rogério Peres Soratto ◽  
Jayme Ferrari Neto ◽  
Edemar Moro
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Release Speed ◽  
Sampling Times

ABSTRACT Topdressing or pre-seeding nitrogen (N) application increases phytomass production, providing a higher nutrients accumulation and indirectly favoring the subsequent crop. However, N fertilization can alter the dry matter decomposition and nutrients release dynamics. This study aimed at evaluating the decomposition rate, cellulose, lignin and nutrients release speed from palisadegrass as a function of N fertilization. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, in a factorial scheme constituted by two N fertilization levels and six sampling times after desiccation [0, 14, 34, 41, 51 and 68 days after management (DAM)]. The topdressing N fertilization on palisadegrass increases the dry matter production and N accumulation, but does not alter the decomposition and release speed. N fertilization reduces the C/N ratio, but it does not change the contents of cellulose and lignin and the decomposition and release of N, K, Ca, Mg, C and Si. The amounts of P and S accumulated in the plant and released into the soil increase with N fertilization. The maximum release rates occur within 0-14 DAM, being more intensive for P and S when N is applied. These results demonstrate the high potential of this species for crop-livestock integration systems, with some advantages that can be potentialized with higher N doses.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER N AND SOIL MOISTURE ON YIELD, YIELD COMPONENTS, PROTEIN CONTENT AND N ACCUMULATION IN THE ABOVEGROUND PARTS OF SPRING WHEAT

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
H. R. DAVIDSON ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Parts

The accumulation of aboveground dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) by spring wheat (T. aestivum L. cv. Manitou) grown on stubble land in lysimeters at two moisture levels (irrigation and natural rainfall) and seven rates of N was measured at five sampling dates. With irrigation, DM increased exponentially with time and N fertilization. This also occurred on dryland except between shot blade and anthesis when DM accumulated more slowly and plants lost 20% of their N at application rates > 61.5 kg N/ha. Rainfall after anthesis increased grain yields of dryland crops fertilized with > 61.5 kg N/ha more than those receiving less N because the former plants still had residual fertilizer N available to them. Grain yield response to N fertility followed the law of diminishing returns on irrigated land, but on dryland the relationship fitted a logarithmic growth curve. Grain yield when neither water nor N was added was 1,600 kg/ha; it increased by 71, 47 and 300% when water, 164 kg N/ha, and water plus 164 kg N/ha, respectively, were applied. On dryland, grain protein was 15.4% with no N applied and 17.0% at rates > 61.5 kg/ha; on irrigation, it increased from 14.1 to 15.7% with increasing N levels. Number of heads and kernels and kernel weight were increased by irrigation but only the two former parameters were increased by N. Dry matter accumulation was related to N concentration in plants by: DM = (%N)−k where k was < 1. N accumulated in plants at a faster rate than DM. The maximum rate of N accumulation was not affected by moisture; it was highest (4.7 kg N/ha/day) at a fertilizer rate of 123 kg N/ha. Irrigated plants recovered one-half or more of the fertilizer N, and dryland plants recovered one-quarter to one-third. Fertilizer recovery decreased with increasing fertilizer N. At maturity more than 70% of the N in the aboveground plant parts was located in the grain; N fertilizer had little effect on this porportion but drought during flowering retarded translocation of assimilates to the grain.

scholarly journals Yield and quality of elephant grass biomass produced in the cerrados region for bioenergy

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rilner A. Flores ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
Bruno J. R. Alves ◽  
Leonardo S. Collier ◽  
Robert M. Boddey
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Yield And Quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two genotypes of elephant grass, fertilized with and without N, for biomass production for energy use under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Cerrado. The genotypes Roxo and Paraíso, grown in a field experiment in a Latosol in the Cerrado region were evaluated for biomass yield, nitrogen accumulation, C:N and stem:leaf ratios, fibre, ash and P and K contents and calorific value. The accumulated dry biomass ranged from 30 to 42 Mg ha-1 and showed no response to nitrogen fertilization with the lowest biomass obtained by the genotype Paraíso and the highest by Roxo. The total N accumulation followed the same pattern as for dry matter, ranging from 347 to 539 kg N ha-1. C:N and stem:leaf ratio of the biomass produced did not vary with treatments. The fibre contents were higher in genotype Paraíso and the highest levels of ash in the genotype Roxo. The K content in the biomass was higher in genotype Roxo and P did not vary between genotypes. The calorific value averaged 18 MJ kg-1 of dry matter and did not vary with the levels of N in leaves and stems of the plant. Both genotypes, independent of N fertilization, produced over 30 Mg ha-1 of biomass under Cerrado conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of binary seed mixtures of ryegrass, cocksfoot and tall fescue on pasture production

2000 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
M.J. Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Pasture Production

This study measured total dry matter production and botanical composition of binary mixtures of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), as a replacement series in proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 from June 1987 until May 1993. The binary mixtures were sown in March 1986 with white clover, on an occasionally drought affected Kaweku silt loam, with an average annual rainfall of 750 mm near Riversdale, in Southland. Mixtures with ryegrass were allowed a 6-month establishment period before ryegrass was overdrilled in early October 1986. Total yields of ryegrass/cocksfoot mixtures increased as ryegrass seeding rate increased. Clover yields were generally unaffected. Mixtures of cocksfoot/tall fescue produced more sown grass than either species sown alone. This lowered clover and other grass yields, resulting in no total dry matter yield improvement in mixtures compared to pure sowings. Tall fescue/ ryegrass mixtures were competitive in winter and spring with lower total yields than either species sown alone. This competition also lowered other grass yields. During summer and autumn the total production increased as the amount of ryegrass increased. Seed mixtures with two perennial temperate pasture grasses did not provide any extra pasture production in a cool temperate environment under infrequent hard grazing management. The best choice for the region would be the grass that provided the greatest dry matter yield. Other components such as clover may be reduced when mixing grasses. Keywords: cocksfoot, competition, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, mixtures, pasture yield, replacement series, ryegrass, tall fescue, white clover

ON THE VALUE OF SOME PARAMETERS OF ADRENOCORTICAL GLUCOCORTICOID FUNCTION

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Der Straeten ◽  
A. Vermeulen ◽  
N. Orie ◽  
P. Regniers
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
Colorimetric Methods

ABSTRACT The authors studied the correlation between cortisol production, as measured by an isotope dilution method, and the urinary excretion of total and free Porter-Silber chromogens, as well as of 17-ketogenic steroids. Although a significant correlation exists between total Porter-Silber chromogens, 17-ketogenic steroid excretion and cortisol production, discrepancies are occasionally observed. Hence, different colorimetric methods should be used to assess the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex.

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