Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Enzyme-Inhibitory, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oil from Hedychiumpuerense Rhizome

Hedychium puerense, a perennial rhizomatous herb, is used as an ornamental, medicinal, and edible plant in Yunnan Province, China. Essential oils from Hedychium plants are widely used in perfumes and traditional medicine, but there are no studies on the constituents and bioactivities of H. puerense essential oil (EO). Therefore, this study was designed to explore the chemical composition, antibacterial, enzyme-inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory activities of H. puerense rhizome EO. The gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass selective detection (GC-FID/MS) results indicated that H. puerense EO was mainly composed of linalool (26.5%), β-pinene (18.6%), γ-terpinene (12.1%), terpinen-4-ol (7.7%), α-pinene (5.8%), sabinene (4.9%), E-nerolidol (4.1%), and p-cymene (3.6%). For biological activities, H. puerense EO displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial properties against Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) values ranging from 7.44 to 10.30 mm, a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.13–6.25 mg/m), and a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 3.13–12.50 mg/mL. Moreover, the EO significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 0.94 ± 0.02 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 1.32 ± 0.06 mg/mL) activities, and exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 5.42 ± 0.32 mg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 3.23 ± 0.21 mg/mL). Furthermore, the EO significantly suppressed the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) (99.23 ± 0.26%), cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (97.14 ± 0.11%), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (82.42 ± 0.16%) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 250 μg/mL without cytotoxicity. Hence, H. puerense EO can be considered a bioactive, natural product that has great potential for utilization in the fields of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics.

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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Essential Oil from Rhynchanthus beesianus Rhizome

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26010167 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Xiaoge Zhao ◽

Qi Chen ◽

Tingya Lu ◽

Feng Wei ◽

Yao Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Proinflammatory Mediators ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽

Ache Inhibitory Activity ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Factor Α

Rhynchanthus beesianus W. W. Smith, an edible, medicinal, and ornamental plant, is mainly cultivated in China and Myanmar. The essential oil (EO) from R. beesianus rhizome has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. The chemical composition and biological activities of EO from R. beesianus rhizome were reported for the first time. Based on gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass selective detection (GC-FID/MS) results, the major constituents of EO were 1,8-cineole (47.6%), borneol (15.0%), methyleugenol (11.2%), and bornyl formate (7.6%). For bioactivities, EO showed a significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris with the diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) (8.66–10.56 mm), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (3.13–6.25 mg/mL), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (6.25–12.5 mg/mL). Moreover, EO (128 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO) (92.73 ± 1.50%) and cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (20.29 ± 0.17%) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (61.08 ± 0.13%) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages without any cytotoxic effect. Moreover, EO exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (the concentration of the sample that affords a 50% inhibition in the assay (IC50) = 1.03 ± 0.18 mg/mL) and moderate α-glucosidase inhibition effect (IC50 = 11.60 ± 0.25 mg/mL). Thus, the EO could be regarded as a bioactive natural product and has a high exploitation potential in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

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Comparative Analysis of In-Vitro Biological Activities of Methyl Eugenol Rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., Leaf Essential Oil with Pure Methyl Eugenol Compound

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201021666200217113921 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 927-938 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Roktim Gogoi ◽

Rikraj Loying ◽

Neelav Sarma ◽

Twahira Begum ◽

Sudin K. Pandey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Methyl Eugenol ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Pure Compound ◽

Allium Cepa Assay ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Lemongrass Essential Oil

Background: The essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack. was evaluated and its bioactivities were compared with pure methyl eugenol. So far, methyl eugenol rich essential oil of lemongrass was not studied for any biological activities; hence, the present study was conducted. Objective: This study examined the chemical composition of essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., and evaluated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and herbicidal properties and genotoxicity, which were compared with pure compound, methyl eugenol. Material and Methods: Methyl eugenol rich variety of Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., with registration no. INGR18037 (c.v. Jor Lab L-9) was collected from experimental farm CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam (26.7378°N, 94.1570°E). The essential oil wasobtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was evaluated using GC/MS analysis and its antioxidant (DPPH assay, reducing power assay), anti-inflammatory (Egg albumin denaturation assay), and antimicrobial (Disc diffusion assay, MIC) properties, seed germination effect and genotoxicity (Allium cepa assay) were studied and compared with pure Methyl Eugenol compound (ME). Results: Major components detected in the Essential Oil (EO) through Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis were methyl eugenol (73.17%) and β-myrcene (8.58%). A total of 35components were detected with a total identified area percentage of 98.34%. DPPH assay revealed considerable antioxidant activity of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil (IC50= 2.263 μg/mL), which is lower than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 2.58 μg/mL), and higher than standard Methyl Eugenol (ME) (IC50 2.253 μg/mL). Methyl eugenol rich lemongrass EO showed IC50 38.00 μg/mL, ME 36.44 μg/mL, and sodium diclofenac 22.76 μg/mL, in in-vitro anti-inflammatory test. Moderate antimicrobial activity towards the 8 tested microbes was shown by methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil whose effectiveness against the microbes was less as compared to pure ME standard. Seed germination assay further revealed the herbicidal properties of methyl eugenol rich essential oil. Moreover, Allium cepa assay revealed moderate genotoxicity of the essential oil. Conclusion: This paper compared the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, genotoxicity and herbicidal activities of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass with pure methyl eugenol. This methyl eugenol rich lemongrass variety can be used as an alternative of methyl eugenol pure compound. Hence, the essential oil of this variety has the potential of developing cost-effective, easily available antioxidative/ antimicrobial drugs but its use should be under the safety range of methyl eugenol and needs further clinical trials.

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Anti-Inflammatory Investigations of Extracts of Zanthoxylum rhetsa

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/5512961 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Chureeporn Imphat ◽

Pakakrong Thongdeeying ◽

Arunporn Itharat ◽

Sumalee Panthong ◽

Sunita Makchuchit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

No Production ◽

Water Distillation ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Zanthoxylum rhetsa has been consumed in the diet in northern Thailand and also used as a medicament in ancient scripture for arthropathies. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the activity of various extracts from differential parts of Z. rhetsa via inhibition of inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-α, and PGE2) in RAW264.7 macrophages. The chemical composition in active extracts was also analyzed by GC/MS. The parts of this plant studied were whole fruits (F), pericarp (P), and seed (O). The methods of extraction included maceration in hexane, 95% ethanol and 50% ethanol, boiling in water, and water distillation. The results demonstrated that the hexane and 95% ethanolic extract from pericarp (PH and P95) and seed essential oil (SO) were the most active extracts. PH and P95 gave the highest inhibition of NO production with IC50 as 11.99 ± 1.66 μg/ml and 15.33 ± 1.05 μg/ml, respectively, and they also showed the highest anti-inflammatory effect on TNF-α with IC50 as 36.08 ± 0.55 μg/ml and 34.90 ± 2.58 μg/ml, respectively. PH and P95 also showed the highest inhibitory effect on PGE2 but less than SO with IC50 as 13.72 ± 0.81 μg/ml, 12.26 ± 0.71 μg/ml, and 8.61 ± 2.23 μg/ml, respectively. 2,3-Pinanediol was the major anti-inflammatory compound analyzed in PH (11.28%) and P95 (19.82%) while terpinen-4-ol constituted a major anti-inflammatory compound in SO at 35.13%. These findings are the first supportive data for ethnomedical use for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in acute (SO) and chronic (PH and P95) inflammation.

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Neolitsea aciculata Essential Oil Inhibits Drug-Resistant Skin Pathogen Growth and Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammatory Effects of Human Monocyte Leukemia

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100600837 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sang Suk Kim ◽

Jung Eun Kim ◽

Chang-Gu Hyun ◽

Nam Ho Lee

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Human Monocyte ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Factor Α

This study examined the chemical composition of Neolitsea aciculata essential oil (NAE) and its biological activities. NAE was obtained by hydrodistillation of N. aciculata leaves collected in Jeju Island and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer detector. 1-Dodecen-3-yne (12.5%), calarene (11.5%) and elemol (9.5%) were identified as the major components of NAE. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of NAE against skin pathogens were examined to determine the protective properties against acne vulgaris. NAE exhibited moderate to strong antibacterial activity against drug-susceptible and -resistant Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are known as acne-causing bacteria. In addition, NAE reduced the P. acnes-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in THP-1 cells, highlighting its anti-inflammatory effects. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of NAE also revealed moderate antioxidant properties (IC50, 21.3 μL/mL). Overall, NAE is an attractive candidate as an ingredient in skin care products.

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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oil from Ocotea Auriculiformis Kost. (Lauraceae) Leaves, Endemic of Madagascar

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2017.v13n33p364 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (33) ◽

pp. 364 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrianantenaina Rigobert ◽

Ralambondrahety Rahanira ◽

Andriambeloson Onja ◽

Rabehaja Delphin ◽

Ralamboranto Laurence ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Quantitative Measure ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Endemic Plant

Plants constitute an important source of secondary metabolites in which essential oils are well-known for their use in various domains such as pharmacy, therapeutic, cosmetology and foods. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Ocotea auriculiformis Kost. (Lauraceae) leaves essential oil is demonstrated and its chemical composition is reported in the present study. The essential oil from Ocotea auriculiformis Kost. (Lauraceae) leaves, an endemic plant of Madagascar was extracted by hydrodistillation method. Chemical composition using GC, GC/ MS and NMR13C methods showed that the essential oil contained around 47 products in which 93.95% were identified. Known compounds are constituted by 74.7% of hydrocarbons and 19.25% of oxygenated products. The essential oil is rich in sesquiterpene and monoterpene. In vitro antibacterial capacity of the essential oil was assessed by disc method against human and food pathogens. Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were very sensitive to the essential oil with 11 mm and 25 mm of inhibition zone respectively. The MIC of the essential oil was 1mg/mL for Bacillus cereus and 0.25 mg/mL for Streptococcus pneumoniae. MBC values were 2.5 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The ratio MBC/MIC for both strains was inferior to 4 concluding hence that the essential oil has bactericidal effect against the two sensitive strains. In vitro antioxidant capacity of the essential oil was performed according to qualitalive (TLC) and quantitative (measure of DPPH radical scavengening) methods. The essential oil showed antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 0.35 mg/mL.

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Chemical composition and biological activities of Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer essential oil

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2020-0028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (5-6) ◽

pp. 171-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh ◽

Shamsul Khamis ◽

Muhammad Nurakmal Abdul Rahman ◽

Mohd Azlan Nafiah

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

First Time

AbstractThe design of this study was developed to examine the chemical composition, anticholinesterase and anti-inflammatory inhibitory activities of the essential oil of Dipterocarpus cornutus Dyer from Malaysia. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil revealed 20 components, representing 94.6% of the oil. The major components identified were α-gurjunene (50.6%), α-selinene (8.3%), spathulenol (5.7%), and bicyclogermacrene (5.4%). Anticholinesterase and anti-inflammatory activity were also evaluated using the Ellman method and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme, respectively, in which the essential oil revealed weak inhibitory activity against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (I%: 30.2%) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (I%: 32.5%), while moderate inhibitory activity was reported in the LOX (I%: 70.2%). The approach adopted in this study and results are reported for the first time which could be useful for the characterization, pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications of the essential oil from Dipterocarpus genus.

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Chemical composition and antibacterial effect of Smyrnium olusatrum L. Fruit Essential Oil

Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.13171/mjc10602006231292iz ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 577

Author(s):

Saida Cherif Hamida ◽

Imane Zalegh ◽

Fairouz Saidi ◽

Nabahat Benmanssour ◽

M. Carmen González-Mas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Therapeutic Properties

The plants of the Apiaceae family are mainly used for food purposes and their multiple therapeutic properties and biological activities. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of Essential Oil (EO) of the fruits of Smyrnium olusatrum L. obtained by hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type apparatus. GC/MS analyzed the EO and the antibacterial activity was evaluated against clinical bacterial strains by two complementary methods (Disc diffusion and micro-atmosphere) and determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The results of chemical composition show that the EO is dominated by hydrocarbon monoterpenes (55,95%). The antibacterial effect shows that Gram-positive bacteria are the most sensitive to the inhibitory action of EO with inhibition zone diameters (DZI) ranging from 18 to 20 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium strains. The same results were reported with the micro-atmosphere

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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Flower, Leaf, and Stem of Rhynchanthus beesianus

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/5562461 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Qi Chen ◽

Xiaoge Zhao ◽

Tingya Lu ◽

Yao Yang ◽

Yi Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Leaf Essential Oil ◽

Application Potential ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Main Components ◽

Factor Α

Rhynchanthus beesianus is a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant, and its essential oil has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. In this study, the chemical constituents, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of flower essential oil (F-EO), leaf essential oil (L-EO), and stem essential oil (S-EO) of R. beesianus were investigated for the first time. According to the GC-FID/MS assay, the F-EO was mainly composed of bornyl formate (21.7%), 1,8-cineole (21.6%), borneol (9.7%), methyleugenol (7.7%), β-myrcene (5.4%), limonene (4.7%), camphene (4.5%), linalool (3.4%), and α-pinene (3.1%). The predominant components of L-EO were bornyl formate (33.9%), borneol (13.2%), 1,8-cineole (12.1%), methyleugenol (8.0%), camphene (7.8%), bornyl acetate (6.2%), and α-pinene (4.3%). The main components of S-EO were borneol (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (21.3%), methyleugenol (14.6%), bornyl formate (11.6%), and bornyl acetate (3.9%). For the bioactivities, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO exhibited significant antibacterial property against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with the inhibition zones (7.28–9.69 mm), MIC (3.13–12.50 mg/mL), and MBC (6.25–12.50 mg/mL). Besides, the F-EO, L-EO, and S-EO significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) (93.15–94.72%) and cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (23.99–77.81%) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (17.69–24.93%) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at the dose of 128 μg/mL in the absence of cytotoxicity. Hence, the essential oils of R. beesianus flower, leaf, and stem could be used as natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents with a high application potential in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

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Medicinal Plants: Antibacterial Effects and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare

International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research ◽

10.25258/ijcprr.v8i01.9082 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (01) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Azadeh Foroughi ◽

Pouya Pournaghi ◽

Fariba Najafi ◽

Akram Zangeneh ◽

Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Screen Test ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Effects ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare

Medicinal plants are considered modern resources for producing agents that could act as alternatives to antibiotics in demeanor of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial activities of essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (FV) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was done to specify chemical composion. As a screen test to detect antibacterial properties of the essential oil, agar disk and agar well diffusion methods were employed. Macrobroth tube test was performed to determinate MIC. The results indicated that the most substance found in FV essential oil was Trans-anethole (47.41 %), also the essential oil of FV with 0.007 g/ml concentration has prevented P. aeruginosa and with 0.002 g/ml concentration has prevented B. subtilis from the growth. Thus, the research represents the antibacterial effects of the medical herb on test P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. We believe that the article provide support to the antibacterial properties of the essential oil. The results indicate the fact that the essential oil from the plant can be useful as medicinal or preservatives composition.

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Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial activity, In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Leukotoxin Neutralization of Essential Oil from Origanum vulgare against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9030192 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 192 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sanae Akkaoui ◽

Anders Johansson ◽

Maâmar Yagoubi ◽

Dorte Haubek ◽

Adnane El hamidi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Neutralizing Capacity ◽

Broth Microdilution Method

In this study, the essential oil of Origanum vulgare was evaluated for putative antibacterial activity against six clinical strains and five reference strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, in comparison with some antimicrobials. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed, using chromatography (CG) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled (CG–MS). The major compounds in the oil were Carvacrol (32.36%), α-terpineol (16.70%), p-cymene (16.24%), and Thymol (12.05%). The antimicrobial activity was determined by an agar well diffusion test. A broth microdilution method was used to study the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was also determined. The cytotoxicity of the essential oil (IC50) was <125 µg/mL for THP-1 cells, which was high in comparison with different MIC values for the A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. O. vulgare essential oil did not interfere with the neutralizing capacity of Psidium guajava against the A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin. In addition, it was shown that the O. vulgare EO had an antibacterial effect against A. actinomycetemcomitans on a similar level as some tested antimicrobials. In view of these findings, we suggest that O.vulgare EO may be used as an adjuvant for prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases associated to A. actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, it can be used together with the previously tested leukotoxin neutralizing Psidium guajava.

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