Ground Truthing and Physiological Validation of Vis-NIR Spectral Indices for Early Diagnosis of Nitrogen Deficiency in cv. Barbera (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapevines

Several narrow or broadband spectral indices can be calculated at varying spatial and spectral resolution, which can then be correlated with the physiological and nutritional status of the leaves. In a three-year trial carried out on fruiting, potted cv. Barbera grapevines subjected to full (N+) or no (N0) nitrogen supply, seasonal evolution of different leaf spectral indices were correlated with non-destructive chlorophyll readings (Minolta SPAD meter), leaf gas exchange, and vine performance. Throughout the entire trial, N starvation resulted in greater-than-proportional limitation of vine yield as compared to vegetative growth (55% compared to 26% less than values measured on N+). Indices calculated within the red-edge spectral domain had highest sensitivity to relative change between N+ and N0, also indicating that the promptest response was recorded at the median shoot zone level. Twelve broadband indices were linearly correlated with leaf blade N concentration at veraison, indicating that N values ≤ 1.8% of dry matter identify a limiting N status. Any of these indices collected at the leaf level can be reliably used as a non-destructive predictor of N availability, albeit due to significant between-year variation in their absolute values at a given N level, readings should always include a well-supplied N treatment.

Download Full-text

Gas exchange, vine performance and modulation of secondary metabolism in Vitis vinifera L. cv Barbera following long-term nitrogen deficit

Planta ◽

10.1007/s00425-021-03590-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 253 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Cecilia Squeri ◽

Begoña Miras-Moreno ◽

Matteo Gatti ◽

Alessandra Garavani ◽

Stefano Poni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Secondary Metabolism ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Nitrogen Deficiency ◽

Metabolic Reprogramming ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Nitrogen Deprivation ◽

Cv Barbera ◽

Accumulation Trend

Abstract Main Conclusion A reprogramming of secondary metabolism to acclimate to nitrogen deficiency was seen in grapevine eliciting an accumulation of strigolactones and jasmonate. This response links with photosynthetic compensation and enhanced ripening. In addition to the metabolism directly related to nitrogen assimilation, long-term nitrogen depletion may affect plant secondary metabolism, in turn affecting grapevine performance. In this work, the effect of nitrogen deficit was investigated in V. vinifera cv. Barbera potted vines following three years of deprivation, using a combination of morpho-physiological assessments and mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics. Plants grown under nitrogen limitation showed reduced growth and even more curtailed yields, lowered SPAD values, and a quite preserved leaf gas exchange, compared to plants grown under non-limiting nitrogen availability. Ripening was decidedly accelerated, and berry composition improved in terms of higher sugar and phenolic contents under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Metabolomics showed the broad involvement of secondary metabolism in acclimation to nitrogen deficiency, including a distinctive modulation of the phytohormone profile. Several nitrogen-containing metabolites were down accumulated under nitrogen-limiting conditions, including alkaloids, glucosinolates, hypoxanthine, and inosine. On the other hand, phenylpropanoids showed an accumulation trend. Concerning the recruitment of hormones, nitrogen deprivation elicited an accumulation of strigolactones and jasmonate. Noteworthy, both strigolactones and jasmonates have been previously related to increased photosynthetic efficiency under abiotic stress. Furthermore, the severe reduction of lateral shoot development we recorded in N-deprived vines is consistent with the accumulation of strigolactones. Overall, our results suggest that nitrogen deprivation induced a rather broad metabolic reprogramming, mainly including secondary metabolism and hormones profile, reflected in the modulation of photosynthetic performance, canopy growth, and possibly fruit quality.

Download Full-text

Protective Netting Improves Leaf-level Photosynthetic Light Use Efficiency in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple Under Heat Stress

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13096-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (10) ◽

pp. 1416-1422 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Giverson Mupambi ◽

Stefano Musacchi ◽

Sara Serra ◽

Lee A. Kalcsits ◽

Desmond R. Layne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Growing Season ◽

High Light ◽

Weather Data ◽

Light Use Efficiency ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Use Efficiency

Globally, apple production often occurs in semiarid climates characterized by high summer temperatures and solar radiation. Heat stress events occur regularly during the growing season in these regions. For example, in the semiarid eastern half of Washington State, historic weather data show that, on average, 33% of the days during the growing season exceed 30 °C. To mediate some of the effects of heat stress, protective netting (PN) can be used to reduce the occurrence of fruit sunburn. However, the impacts of reduced solar radiation in a high light environment on light-use efficiency and photosynthesis are poorly understood. We sought to understand the ecophysiological response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Honeycrisp) under blue photoselective PN during days with low (26.6 °C), moderate (33.7 °C), or high (38.1 °C) ambient temperatures. Two treatments were evaluated; an uncovered control and blue photoselective PN. Maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, or photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly greater at all measurement times under blue photoselective PN compared with the control on days with high ambient temperatures. Fv/Fm dropped below 0.79, which is considered the threshold for stress, at 1000 hr in the control and at 1200 hr under blue photoselective PN on a day with high ambient temperature. On days with low or moderate ambient temperatures, Fv/Fm was significantly greater under blue photoselective PN at 1400 hr, which coincided with the peak in solar radiation. ‘Honeycrisp’ apple exhibited dynamic photoinhibition as shown by the diurnal decline in Fv/Fm. Quantum photosynthetic yield of PSII (ΦPSII) was also generally greater under blue photoselective PN compared with the control for days with moderate or high ambient temperatures. Photochemical reflectance index (ΔPRI), the difference in reflectance between a stress-responsive and nonstress-responsive wavelength, was greater under PN compared with the control on the day with high ambient temperatures, with no differences observed under low or moderate ambient temperatures. Leaf gas exchange did not show noticeable improvement under blue photoselective netting when compared with the control despite the improvement in leaf-level photosynthetic light use efficiency. In conclusion, PN reduced incoming solar radiation, improved leaf-level photosynthetic light use efficiency, and reduced the symptoms of photoinhibition in a high-light, arid environment.

Download Full-text

Microstructural and physiological responses to cadmium stress under different nitrogen levels in Populus cathayana females and males

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpz115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 30-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Miao Liu ◽

Jingwen Bi ◽

Xiucheng Liu ◽

Jieyu Kang ◽

Helena Korpelainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Deficiency ◽

Ion Homeostasis ◽

N Availability ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

N Supply ◽

Populus Cathayana ◽

N Deficiency ◽

Cellular Compartments ◽

Cd Translocation

Abstract Although increasing attention has been paid to the relationships between heavy metal and nitrogen (N) availability, the mechanism underlying adaptation to cadmium (Cd) stress in dioecious plants has been largely overlooked. This study examined Cd accumulation, translocation and allocation among tissues and cellular compartments in Populus cathayana Rehder females and males. Both leaf Cd accumulation and root-to-shoot Cd translocation were significantly greater in females than in males under a normal N supply, but they were reduced in females and enhanced in males under N deficiency. The genes related to Cd uptake and translocation, HMA2, YSL2 and ZIP2, were strongly induced by Cd stress in female roots and in males under a normal N supply. Cadmium largely accumulated in the leaf blades of females and in the leaf veins of males under a normal N supply, while the contrary was true under N deficiency. Furthermore, Cd was mainly distributed in the leaf epidermis and spongy tissues of males, and in the leaf palisade tissues of females. Nitrogen deficiency increased Cd allocation to the spongy tissues of female leaves and to the palisade tissues of males. In roots, Cd was preferentially distributed to the epidermis and cortices in both sexes, and also to the vascular tissues of females under a normal N supply but not under N deficiency. These results suggested that males possess better Cd tolerance compared with females, even under N deficiency, which is associated with their reduced root-to-shoot Cd translocation, specific Cd distribution in organic and/or cellular compartments, and enhanced antioxidation and ion homeostasis. Our study also provides new insights into engineering woody plants for phytoremediation.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Non-Equibiaxial Residual Stresses in Metallic Materials via Instrumented Spherical Indentation

Metals ◽

10.3390/met10040440 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 440 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Guangjian Peng ◽

Fenglei Xu ◽

Jianfeng Chen ◽

Huadong Wang ◽

Jiangjiang Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Residual Stresses ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Asymmetry Factor ◽

Spherical Indentation ◽

Engineering Structures ◽

Surface Residual Stresses ◽

Aa 7075 ◽

Relative Change ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Indentation Imprint

Residual stresses, existed in engineering structures, could significantly influence the mechanical properties of structures. Accurate and non-destructive evaluation of the non-equibiaxial residual stresses in these structures is of great value for predicting their mechanical performance. In this work, investigating the mechanical behaviors of instrumented spherical indentation on stressed samples revealed that non-equibiaxial residual stresses could shift the load-depth curve upwards or downwards and cause the residual indentation imprint to be an elliptical one. Through theoretical, experimental, and finite element (FE) analyses, two characteristic indentation parameters, i.e., the relative change in loading curvature and the asymmetry factor of the residual indentation imprint, were found to have optimal sensitivity to residual stresses at a depth of 0.01R (R is the radius of spherical indenter). With the aid of dimensional analysis and FE simulations, non-equibiaxial residual stresses were quantitatively correlated with these two characteristic indentation parameters. The spherical indentation method was then proposed to evaluate non-equibiaxial residual stress based on these two correlations. Applications were illustrated on metallic samples (AA 7075-T6 and AA 2014-T6) with various introduced stresses. Both the numerical and experimental verifications demonstrated that the proposed method could evaluate non-equibiaxial surface residual stresses with reasonable accuracy.

Download Full-text

Shoot Development and Non-Destructive Determination of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Leaf Area

South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture ◽

10.21548/25-2-2138 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Costanza ◽

B. Tisseyre ◽

J.J. Hunter ◽

A. Deloire

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Non Destructive

Download Full-text

Partial rootzone drying improves almond tree leaf-level water use efficiency and afternoon water status compared with regulated deficit irrigation

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp10247 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 372 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Gregorio Egea ◽

Ian C. Dodd ◽

María M. González-Real ◽

Rafael Domingo ◽

Alain Baille

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Potential ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Water Status ◽

Stem Water Potential ◽

Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Stem Water ◽

Partial Rootzone Drying

To determine whether partial rootzone drying (PRD) optimised leaf gas exchange and soil–plant water relations in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) compared with regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), a 2 year trial was conducted on field-grown trees in a semiarid climate. Five irrigation treatments were established: full irrigation (FI) where the trees were irrigated at 100% of the standard crop evapotranspiration (ETc); three PRD treatments (PRD70, PRD50 and PRD30) that applied 70, 50 and 30% ETc, respectively; and a commercially practiced RDI treatment that applied 50% ETc during the kernel-filling stage and 100% ETc during the remainder of the growth season. Measurements of volumetric soil moisture content in the soil profile (0–100 cm), predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), midday stem water potential (Ψms), midday leaf gas exchange and trunk diameter fluctuations (TDF) were made during two growing seasons. The diurnal patterns of leaf gas exchange and stem water potential (Ψs) were appraised during the kernel-filling stage in all irrigation regimes. When tree water relations were assessed at solar noon, PRD did not show differences in either leaf gas exchange or tree water status compared with RDI. At similar average soil moisture status (adjudged by similar Ψpd), PRD50 trees had higher water status than RDI trees in the afternoon, as confirmed by Ψs and TDF. Although irrigation placement showed no effects on diurnal stomatal regulation, diurnal leaf net photosynthesis (Al) was substantially less limited in PRD50 than in RDI trees, indicating that PRD improved leaf-level water use efficiency.

Download Full-text

Effects of Natural Hail on the Growth, Physiological Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless under Mediterranean Growing Conditions

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9040197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 197 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Despoina G. Petoumenou ◽

Katerina Biniari ◽

Efstratios Xyrafis ◽

Dimitrios Mavronasios ◽

Ioannis Daskalakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Natural Phenomenon ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Berry Quality ◽

Soluble Solid ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Grape Varieties

Hailstorms are typically localized events, and very little is known about their effect on crops. The objective of this study was to examine the physiological and vine performance responses to natural hail, registered four weeks after full bloom, of field-grown Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines, one of the most important table grape varieties cultivated in Greece and especially in the Corinthian region in northeastern Peloponnese. Leaf gas exchange, vegetative growth, vine balance indices, cane wood reserves, yield components, and fruit chemical composition were recorded from hail-damaged vines and compared with control vines. Visibly, the extent of the hailstorm damage was great enough to injure or remove leaves as well as cause partial stem bruising and partial injury or total cracking of berries. Our results indicated that natural hail did not affect leaf photosynthesis, berry weight, total acidity, and cane wood reserves but significantly reduced the total leaf area, yield, and the total phenolics of berries at harvest. At the same time, hail-damaged vines increased the leaf area of lateral canes and presented a higher total soluble solid (TSS) accumulation, while no effect on the next year’s fertility was registered. The present work is the first attempt to enhance our understanding of the vegetative yield, berry quality, and physiological responses of grapevines to natural hail, which is an extreme and complex natural phenomenon that is likely to increase due to climate change.

Download Full-text

Sustainable Viticulture: Effects of Soil Management in Vitis vinifera

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10121949 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1949

Author(s):

Eleonora Cataldo ◽

Linda Salvi ◽

Sofia Sbraci ◽

Paolo Storchi ◽

Giovan Battista Mattii

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Water Potential ◽

Management Practices ◽

Leaf Gas Exchange ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Stem Water Potential

Soil management in vineyards is of fundamental importance not only for the productivity and quality of grapes, both in biological and conventional management, but also for greater sustainability of the production. Conservative soil management techniques play an important role, compared to conventional tillage, in order to preserve biodiversity, to save soil fertility, and to keep vegetative-productive balance. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate long-term adaptation strategies to create a balance between the vine and the surrounding environment. This work sought to assess the effects of following different management practices on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon during 2017 and 2018 seasons: soil tillage (T), temporary cover cropping over all inter-rows (C), and mulching with plant residues every other row (M). The main physiological parameters of vines (leaf gas exchange, stem water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, and indirect chlorophyll content) as well as qualitative and quantitative grape parameters (technological and phenolic analyses) were measured. Significant differences in gas exchanges related to the different season and inter-row management were observed. C showed more negative values of water potential, due to the grass–vine competition, especially when water availability was lower. The competition exerted by C led to differences in fruit setting with impact on yield; therefrom, significant differences also in sugar and anthocyanic content were observed.

Download Full-text