scholarly journals Dietary Betaine Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Ameliorates the Impact of Heat Stress in Multiple Vital Organs as Measured by Evans Blue Dye in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Shakeri ◽  
Jeremy James Cottrell ◽  
Stuart Wilkinson ◽  
Weicheng Zhao ◽  
Hieu Huu Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Villous Height ◽  
The Impact

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 60 male Ross-308 broilers were fed either a control or 1 g/kg betaine diet and housed under thermoneutral (TN) or heat stress (HS) conditions. Broilers were acclimated to diets for 1 week under TN (25 °C), then either kept at TN or HS, where the temperature increased 8 h/day at 33 °C and 16 h/day at 25 °C for up to 10 days. Respiration rate (RR) was measured at four time points, and on each of 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 days of HS, 12 broilers were injected with 0.5 mg/kg of Evans Blue Dye (EBD) solution to quantify regional changes in tissue damage. Betaine was quantified in tissues, and ileal damage was assessed via morphometry and transepithelial resistance (TER). Heat stress elevated RR (p < 0.001) and resulted in reduced villous height (p = 0.009) and TER (p < 0.001), while dietary betaine lowered RR during HS (p < 0.001), increased betaine distribution into tissues, and improved ileal villous height (p < 0.001) and TER (p = 0.006). Heat stress increased EBD in the muscle and kidney of chickens fed the control diet but not in those receiving betaine. Overall, these data indicate that supplemented betaine is distributed to vital organs and the gastrointestinal tract, where it is associated with improved tolerance of HS. Furthermore, EBD markers help reveal the effects of HS on organs dysfunction.

PSIX-25 Feed and water deprivation at weaning and subsequent heat stress impacts serum and ileal markers of gastrointestinal integrity in nursery pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Nathan L Horn ◽  
Adrienne Woodward ◽  
Kola Ajuwon ◽  
Layi Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social and environmental stressors impact nursery pig performance and may be linked to gastrointestinal dysfunction. The current experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of feed and water deprivation on serum stress markers and ileal mucosal gene expression in nursery pigs. Mixed-sex pigs were allotted on the basis of IBW (7.0 kg ± 0.89) in a RCBD with treatments in a split-plot arrangement and consisting of the whole-plot factor of with or without a 24-h feed and water deprivation at weaning and the sub-plot factor of with or without a cyclic 3-d heat stress starting 27 d post-weaning. On 1, 27, and 30 d post-weaning one pig from each pen was selected, blood was collected for measurement of serum cortisol, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), and endotoxins, and an ileal mucosal scraping was taken and gene expression of claudin 1 (CL-1), occludin (OC), and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) were measured by RT PCR. There was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in serum CRF and endotoxins and a tendency for an increase (P = 0.09) in serum cortisol due to the deprivation 1 d post-weaning. Further, there was a tendency for an increase (P &lt; 0.10) in serum endotoxins and CRF due to the deprivation at 27 and 30 d post-weaning, respectively. Gene expression of CL-1 tended to increase (P = 0.10), and OC decreased (P = 0.05) due to the deprivation 1 d post-weaning. Expression of the OC gene decreased (P &lt; 0.05) due to the deprivation 27 d post-weaning and OC and ZO-1 gene expression tended to decrease (P = 0.07) due to the heat stress 30 d post-weaning. These results show that post-weaning stress events alter serum stress markers and impact intestinal barrier function.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Stress and Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Breast Meat Quality, and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doyun Goo ◽  
Jong Hyuk Kim ◽  
Geun Hyeon Park ◽  
Jomari Badillo Delos Reyes ◽  
Dong Yong Kil
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of heat stress (HS) andstocking density (SD) on growth performance, breast meat quality, and intestinal barrier functionin broiler chickens. Experimental treatments included two different ambient temperatures (20 °C:thermoneutral conditions, or 27.8 °C: HS conditions) and two different SD (low: 9 birds/m2 andhigh: 18 birds/m2) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. A total of 1140 21-day-old broiler chickens wereallotted 1 of 4 treatments with five replicates. At the end of the experiment (35 days of age), twobirds per replicate were euthanized for sample collections. The results indicated no interactionsbetween HS and SD for all measurements. For main effects, HS decreased (p < 0.05) the growthperformance of broiler chickens. Similarly, high SD also decreased (p < 0.05) body weight gain andfeed intake. HS decreased (p < 0.01) jejunal trans-epithelial electric resistance (TER), whereas highSD did not affect TER. Neither HS nor high SD affected jejunal tight junction-related geneexpressions; however, high SD reduced (p < 0.05) occludin expression. In conclusion, HS and highSD are key environmental factors decreasing broiler performance; however, the interactive effectsof HS and high SD are not significant under the current conditions.

scholarly journals Spray-Dried Plasma Improves Body Weight, Intestinal Barrier Function, and Tibia Strength during Experimental Constant Heat Stress Conditions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2213
Author(s):  
Jared Ruff ◽  
Thaina L. Barros ◽  
Joy Campbell ◽  
Ricardo González-Esquerra ◽  
Christine N. Vuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽  
Prolonged Heat ◽  
Spray Dried

The aim of this study was to see how spray-dried plasma (SDP) supplementation affected broiler chicken performance, intestinal permeability, and bone strength during persistent heat stress. One-day-old chicks (n = 480) were randomly assigned into twelve environmental corrals; four thermoneutral (TN-negative control, maintained at 24 °C from d 21–42); four heat stress (HS, exposed to 35 °C from d 21–42); and four heat stress treated with 2% SDP in the feed until d 28 followed by 1% SDP until d 42 (HS-SDP). The performance and serum levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) were evaluated at d 21, 28, 35, and 42. The tibias strength was evaluated on d 21 and 42. The increment in chicken temperature (p < 0.05) was observed two h following the increase in environmental temperature in both HS groups and was associated with decreased performance parameters compared with the TN group. At d 42 of age, the chickens exposed to HS had an impaired gut permeability and decreased tibia strength compared to the TN group (p < 0.05). However, partially feeding SDP mitigated these adverse effects significantly. These findings imply that using SDP strategically during stressful times, such as prolonged heat stress, may help mitigate its negative consequences.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Dietary Levels of Whey Lactose as a Prebiotic Disaccharide on the Productive Performances and Selected Indices of the Caecal Micro-Environment in Broiler Chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Nabil Alloui ◽  
Witold Szczurek
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of three dietary levels of lactose (LAC) originating from conventional dried whey (DW) and the duration of these treatments (from 8 to 21 or to 42 days of age) on growth performance, basic post-slaughter traits and excreta quality of broiler chickens kept in cages. A secondary purpose was to investigate the effect of LAC level on some parameters of the caecal micro-environment and gross morphology in these birds. A total of 560 Ross 308 chickens (sex ratio 1:1) were assigned to 7 dietary combinations with 10 replicate cages of 8 birds per cage. The control group was fed basal diets consisting of maize, wheat and soybean meal. The other 6 groups received the same basal diets with DW added in amounts equivalent to a LAC dietary levels of 1, 2 or 3%. Only continuous feeding (day 8 to 42) with 1% and 2% levels of LAC was found to yield the overall body weight gain (BWG) during the whole 42-day rearing period, which was significantly higher than that on the control diet, with a larger share of breast meat in carcass at a 2% LAC. However, these effects were associated with greater faecal score values indicating more watery excreta compared with the control. Increasing levels of LAC augmented the relative caecal weight and length. A reduction in the caecal pH was confirmed at day 21 for birds fed 1% and 2% of dietary LAC. The lower pH values were correlated to an increased sum of total volatile fatty acids (VFA), causing large increases in the concentration of undissociated forms of individual VFA. The decline in plate counts of coliform bacteria was observed with 2% and 3% LAC, whereas the counts of lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) were higher at these two LAC levels. The present findings lead to the conclusion that the dietary level of 2% LAC originated from DW is the most effective in enhancing the productivity of broilers, with moderate occurrence of undesirable side effects.

Regional Deposition of Inhaled Evans Blue Dye in Mechanically Ventilated Rabbits with Air or Helium Oxygen Mixture

1998 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Svartengren ◽  
Patrik Skogward ◽  
Ola Nerbrink ◽  
Magnus Dahlbäck
Keyword(s):  
Evans Blue ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Regional Deposition

scholarly journals Acoustic enhanced Evans blue dye perfusion in neurological tissues

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Lewis Jr. ◽  
Willam L. Olbricht ◽  
George Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Evans Blue ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Evans Blue Dye

Flow of edema fluid into pulmonary airways

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1262-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Mason ◽  
R. M. Effros
Keyword(s):  
Evans Blue ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Edema Formation ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Colloid Particles ◽  
Edema Fluid ◽  
Pulmonary Airways ◽  
99Mtc Sulfur Colloid

An in situ rabbit preparation was used to characterize the manner in which edema fluid enters the airways when left atrial pressures are elevated. The airways were initially filled with fluid to minimize retrograde flow of edema fluid into the alveoli. The airway solution contained 125I-albumin and in some studies [14C]sucrose, and the lungs were perfused with a comparable solution which contained albumin labeled with Evans blue dye and 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) or 99mTc-sulfur-colloid particles (0.4-1.7 micron diam). After 30 min of perfusion, fluid was pumped from the airways into serial tubes. When left atrial pressures were low, there was very little transfer of labels detectable between the airway and perfusate solutions. However when left atrial pressures were increased to either 15 or 22 cmH2O, fluid entered the airways containing approximately the same concentrations of Evans blue dye and 99mTc-DTPA as those present in the perfusate. In contrast, the concentration of colloid particles averaged less than 5% perfusate concentrations, indicating that the fluid had not escaped through a tear in the barriers separating the vascular and airway compartments. Concentrations of the perfusate fluid and indicators were highest in the initial samples pumped from the airways. These observations suggest that some of the fluid entering the airways may be derived from peribronchial cuffs or that there are marked regional differences in edema formation from alveoli.

A modified bioassay for heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Stavric ◽  
D. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Stomach Distention ◽  
Time Required

Infant mice were injected orally with preparations containing Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) and Evans blue dye, and incubated at 22 °C. With enterotoxin-positive samples, the stomach was distended and contained essentially all of the dye. With enterotoxin-negative samples, the stomach remained normal in size and the dye passed freely into the intestines. The time required to obtain the maximum ratio of gut weight to body weight varied from 30 to 90 min and was dependent upon the concentration of enterotoxin. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) had no effect during this period.Based on these findings, the mouse incubation time was reduced from 4 h to 90 min, and the heating of test samples was retained only for confirmation of ST. The location of the dye and stomach distention served as an indicator of positive responses to ST. Incubation of the mice at room temperature (22 °C) was found satisfactory.

scholarly journals A Study of the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Central Pontine Myelinolysis in a Rat Model

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q-H Ke ◽  
T-B Liang ◽  
J Yu ◽  
S-S Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Central Pontine Myelinolysis ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Pontine Myelinolysis ◽  
Demyelinating Lesions ◽  
Central Pontine

The development of central pontine myelinolysis was studied in rats. Severe hyponatraemia was induced using vasopressin tannate and 2.5% dextrose in water and then rapidly corrected with hypertonic saline alone, hypertonic saline and dexamethasone simultaneously, or hypertonic saline plus dexamethasone 24 h later. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier was evaluated using the extravasation of Evans blue dye and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the brain was examined using Western blot analysis. Histological sections were examined for demyelinating lesions. In rats receiving hypertonic saline alone, Evans blue dye content and expression of iNOS began to increase 6 and 3 h, respectively, after rapid correction of hyponatraemia and demyelinating lesions were seen. When dexamethasone was given simultaneously with hypertonic saline, these increases were inhibited and demyelinating lesions were absent. These effects were lost if dexamethasone injection was delayed. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and increased iNOS expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of central pontine myelinolysis, and early treatment with dexamethasone may help prevent the development of central pontine myelinolysis.

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