scholarly journals The Healthy and Diseased Equine Endometrium: A Review of Morphological Features and Molecular Analyses

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Schöniger ◽  
Heinz-Adolf Schoon
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Endometrial Biopsy ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Mares are seasonally polyestric. The breeding season in spring and summer and the winter anestrus are flanked by transitional periods. Endometrial diseases are a frequent cause of subfertility and have an economic impact on the horse breeding industry. They include different forms of endometrosis, endometritis, glandular maldifferentiation, and angiosis. Except for suppurative endometritis, these are subclinical and can only be diagnosed by the microscopic examination of an endometrial biopsy. Endometrosis is characterized by periglandular fibrosis and nonsuppurative endometritis by stromal infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells. The pathogenesis of endometrosis and nonsuppurative endometritis is still undetermined. Some mares are predisposed to persistent endometritis; this has likely a multifactorial etiology. Glandular differentiation has to be interpreted under consideration of the season. The presence of endometrial diseases is associated with alterations in the expression of several intra- and extracellular molecular markers. Some of them may have potential to be used as diagnostic biomarkers for equine endometrial health and disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on pathomorphological findings of equine endometrial diseases, to outline data on analyses of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and to discuss the impact of these data on reproduction and treatment.

scholarly journals Quantification of plasma cell dynamics using mathematical modelling

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 170759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Mohr ◽  
Dirk Hose ◽  
Anja Seckinger ◽  
Anna Marciniak-Czochra
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Dynamics ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Potential Basis ◽  
The Impact

Plasma cells (PCs) are the main antibody-producing cells in humans. They are long-lived so that specific antibodies against either pathogens or vaccines are produced for decades. PC longevity is attributed to specific areas within the bone marrow micro-environment, the so-called ‘niche’, providing the cells with required growth and survival factors. With antigen encounters, e.g. infection or vaccination, new PCs are generated and home to the bone marrow where they compete with resident PCs for the niche. We propose a parametrized mathematical model describing healthy PC dynamics in the bone marrow. The model accounts for competition for the niche between newly produced PCs owing to vaccination and resident PCs. Mathematical analysis and numerical simulations of the model allow explanation of the recovery of PC homoeostasis after a vaccine-induced perturbation, and the fraction of vaccine-specific PCs inside the niche. The model enables quantification of the niche-related dynamics of PCs, i.e. the duration of PC transition into the niche and the impact of different rates for PC transitions into and out of the niche on the observed cell dynamics. Ultimately, it provides a potential basis for further investigations in health and disease.

scholarly journals The Impact of Purinergic System Enzymes on Noncommunicable, Neurological, and Degenerative Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarete Dulce Bagatini ◽  
Alessandra Antunes dos Santos ◽  
Andréia Machado Cardoso ◽  
Aline Mânica ◽  
Cristina Ruedell Reschke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
P2y Receptors ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Evidences show that purinergic signaling is involved in processes associated with health and disease, including noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases. These diseases strike from children to elderly and are generally characterized by progressive deterioration of cells, eventually leading to tissue or organ degeneration. These pathological conditions can be associated with disturbance in the signaling mediated by nucleotides and nucleosides of adenine, in expression or activity of extracellular ectonucleotidases and in activation of P2X and P2Y receptors. Among the best known of these diseases are atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The currently available treatments present limited effectiveness and are mostly palliative. This review aims to present the role of purinergic signaling highlighting the ectonucleotidases E-NTPDase, E-NPP, E-5′-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase in noncommunicable, neurological, and degenerative diseases associated with the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and cancer. In conclusion, changes in the activity of ectonucleotidases were verified in all reviewed diseases. Although the role of ectonucleotidases still remains to be further investigated, evidences reviewed here can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of highly complex diseases, which majorly impact on patients’ quality of life.

scholarly journals Epigenetic studies in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: pitfalls and key considerations for study design and interpretation

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Yamada ◽  
S. Chong
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

The field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) seeks to understand the relationships between early-life environmental exposures and long-term health and disease. Until recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena were poorly understood; however, epigenetics has been proposed to bridge the gap between the environment and phenotype. Epigenetics involves the study of heritable changes in gene expression, which occur without changes to the underlying DNA sequence. Different types of epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Increasingly, changes to the epigenome have been associated with early-life exposures in both humans and animal models, offering both an explanation for how the environment may programme long-term health, as well as molecular changes that could be developed as biomarkers of exposure and/or future disease. As such, epigenetic studies in DOHaD hold much promise; however, there are a number of factors which should be considered when designing and interpreting such studies. These include the impact of the genome on the epigenome, the tissue-specificity of epigenetic marks, the stability (or lack thereof) of epigenetic changes over time and the importance of associating epigenetic changes with changes in transcription or translation to demonstrate functional consequences. In this review, we discuss each of these key concepts and provide practical strategies to mitigate some common pitfalls with the aim of providing a useful guide for future epigenetic studies in DOHaD.

scholarly journals A Convergent Functional Genomics Analysis to Identify Biological Regulators Mediating Effects of Creatine Supplementation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2521
Author(s):  
Diego A. Bonilla ◽  
Yurany Moreno ◽  
Eric S. Rawson ◽  
Diego A. Forero ◽  
Jeffrey R. Stout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) are physiologically essential molecules for life, given they serve as rapid and localized support of energy- and mechanical-dependent processes. This evolutionary advantage is based on the action of creatine kinase (CK) isozymes that connect places of ATP synthesis with sites of ATP consumption (the CK/PCr system). Supplementation with creatine monohydrate (CrM) can enhance this system, resulting in well-known ergogenic effects and potential health or therapeutic benefits. In spite of our vast knowledge about these molecules, no integrative analysis of molecular mechanisms under a systems biology approach has been performed to date; thus, we aimed to perform for the first time a convergent functional genomics analysis to identify biological regulators mediating the effects of Cr supplementation in health and disease. A total of 35 differentially expressed genes were analyzed. We identified top-ranked pathways and biological processes mediating the effects of Cr supplementation. The impact of CrM on miRNAs merits more research. We also cautiously suggest two dose–response functional pathways (kinase- and ubiquitin-driven) for the regulation of the Cr uptake. Our functional enrichment analysis, the knowledge-based pathway reconstruction, and the identification of hub nodes provide meaningful information for future studies. This work contributes to a better understanding of the well-reported benefits of Cr in sports and its potential in health and disease conditions, although further clinical research is needed to validate the proposed mechanisms.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

Astrocytes in health and disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (15) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Murányi ◽  
Zsombor Lacza
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Dysfunction ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

It is now known that astrocytes are not merely supporting cells but they also play an important role in neuronal funcions. Astrocytes tightly ensheat neuronal synapses and regulate the excitation of neurons by uptaking neurotransmitters; reglulate the cerebral blood flow, cerebral fluid volume and extracellular concentrations of ions. They also supply fuel in the form of lactate and provide free radical scavangers such as glutathione for active neurons. These facts indicate that impaired function of astrocytes may lead to neuronal dysfunction. After brain injury (stroke, trauma or tumors) astrocytes are swollen and release active molecules such as glutamate or free radicals resulting in neuronal dysfunction. Thus, investigation of the molecular mechanisms of astrocyte function may reveal novel targets for the development of therapeutic tools in neuronal diseases.

The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on Barrier Function in Human Skin: Molecular Mechanisms and Topical Therapeutics

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (40) ◽  
pp. 5503-5511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Alhasaniah ◽  
Michael J. Sherratt ◽  
Catherine A. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transepidermal Water Loss ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
The Impact

A competent epidermal barrier is crucial for terrestrial mammals. This barrier must keep in water and prevent entry of noxious stimuli. Most importantly, the epidermis must also be a barrier to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sunlight. Currently, the effects of ultraviolet radiation on epidermal barrier function are poorly understood. However, studies in mice and more limited work in humans suggest that the epidermal barrier becomes more permeable, as measured by increased transepidermal water loss, in response UVR, at doses sufficiently high to induce erythema. The mechanisms may include disturbance in the organisation of lipids in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis) and reduction in tight junction function in the granular layer (the first living layer of the skin). By contrast, suberythemal doses of UVR appear to have positive effects on epidermal barrier function. Topical sunscreens have direct and indirect protective effects on the barrier through their ability to block UV and also due to their moisturising or occlusive effects, which trap water in the skin, respectively. Some topical agents such as specific botanical extracts have been shown to prevent the loss of water associated with high doses of UVR. In this review, we discuss the current literature and suggest that the biology of UVR-induced barrier dysfunction, and the use of topical products to protect the barrier, are areas worthy of further investigation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document