The Response of Broiler Chickens to Dietary Soybean Meal Reduction with Glycine and Cysteine Inclusion at Marginal Sulfur Amino Acids (SAA) Deficiency

The responses of broiler chickens to dietary protein reduction were investigated in the presence of glycine and cysteine inclusion at the marginal deficiency of sulfur-containing amino acids. A total of 432 broiler chickens were allotted to six dietary treatments; SP1 is standard protein diet with 100% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), SP2 is standard protein diet with 85% TSAA, RP is reduced protein diet without glycine and cysteine supplementation, RPC is reduced protein diet with cysteine supplementation at 0.1%, and RPG is reduced protein diet with 1% glycine supplementation, while RPGC is reduced protein diet with 0.1% cysteine and 1% glycine supplementation. In this study, 4.5% protein is reduced in diets—thus, 17.5% CP (crude protein) for starter phase and 15.5% CP for the grower phase. Reduced protein diets contained 85% TSAA. Broiler chickens fed standard protein diet SP2 had superior bodyweight (BW) (p ≤ 0.05) in the starter and grower phase, average daily gain (ADG) (p ≤ 0.05) in the starter and entire feeding period, average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p ≤ 0.05) in the starter phase, and better feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p ≤ 0.05) in the starter, grower and entire feeding period; however, RPGC showed higher ADG (p ≤ 0.05) in the grower phase, and ADFI (p ≤ 0.05) in the grower and entire feeding period. RPC and RPG diet improved BW (p ≤ 0.05), ADG (p ≤ 0.05), ADFI (p ≤ 0.05), and better FCR (p ≤ 0.05) in starter, grower, entire feeding period compared to RP. The RPGC group had higher BW (p ≤ 0.05), ADG (p ≤ 0.05), ADFI (p ≤ 0.05) and better FCR (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the RPC group. Blood biochemical parameters showed that Broiler chickens fed on the SP2 diet had higher levels of total protein (TP) (p ≤ 0.05), albumin (ALB) (p ≤ 0.05), creatinine (CRE) (p ≤ 0.05), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p ≤ 0.05) and, lower level of uric acid (UA) (p ≤ 0.05), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p ≤ 0.05), glucose (GLU) (p ≤ 0.05), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p ≤ 0.05) in the starter phase; however, higher level of TP (p ≤ 0.05), GLU (p ≤ 0.05), CRE (p ≤ 0.05), and AST (p ≤ 0.05), and lower level of ALB (p ≤ 0.05), UA (p ≤ 0.05), and ALT (p ≤ 0.05) in the grower phase; RPGC had higher level of TP (p ≤ 0.05), UA (p ≤ 0.05), GLU (p ≤ 0.05), ALT (p ≤ 0.05) and AST (p ≤ 0.05), and lower level of ALB (p ≤ 0.05), BUN (p ≤ 0.05), and CRE (p ≤ 0.05) in the starter phase; however, in grower phase, RPGC had higher level of TP (p ≤ 0.05), and ALB (p ≤ 0.05), and lower level of UA (p ≤ 0.05), CRE (p ≤ 0.05), ALT (p ≤ 0.05), and AST (p ≤ 0.05). Free amino acids profile showed that broiler fed on standard protein diet SP2 had reduced the methionine (p ≤ 0.05) concentration; RPC increased the concentrations of taurine (p ≤ 0.05), phosphoethanolamine (p ≤ 0.05), threonine (p ≤ 0.05), valine (p ≤ 0.05), isoleucine (p ≤ 0.05), phenylalanine (p ≤ 0.05), ornithine (p ≤ 0.05), and lysine (p ≤ 0.05) and reduced the citrulline (p ≤ 0.05) concentration; RPG increased the concentration of glutamate (p ≤ 0.05), glycine (p ≤ 0.05), cysteine (p ≤ 0.05), and arginine (p ≤ 0.05), and decreased the concentration of tyrosine (p ≤ 0.05); and RPGC increased the concentration of serine (p ≤ 0.05) and reduced the concentration of hydroxyproline (p ≤ 0.05). Serum metabolites analysis showed that reduced protein downregulated the 54 metabolites; however, glycine fortification up-regulated the Benzamide, Pro-Ser, N-Carbamylglutamate, D-gluconate, and Gamma-Glutamylcysteine. Carcass quality showed that SP2 decreased the abdominal fat percentage (p ≤ 0.05). Nitrogen digestibility was higher by the diet RP (p ≤ 0.05). This study demonstrated that protein content could be reduced up to 4.5% with 1% glycine and 0.1% cysteine fortification in diet, which has the potential to inhibit the adverse effect of reduced protein and attain the standard growth performance.

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Effect of Azomite With Low Energy Diet on Growth, Carcass Performance and Blood Biochemical Indexes in Broiler Chickens

10.47363/jalp/2020(1)105 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Pirzado Shoaib Ahmed ◽

◽

Wu Zhengke ◽

Liu Jiao ◽

Aijuan Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Low Energy ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Blood Biochemical ◽

Carcass Performance ◽

Present Trial ◽

Low Energy Diet

The present trial was investigated the dietary effect of Azomite with low energy on growth, carcass and biochemical indexes in broiler chickens. A total of 180 AA broiler chicks were randomly allotted in to three treatment groups with six replicates and 10 birds/replicate: Control fed a basal diet, (2) Low ME fed (basal diet -100kcal kg1 (3) AZO-0.25 fed (Low ME +AZO-0.25). The results showed that, birds fed diet with AZO-0.25 had higher average daily gain (ADG) than that in Low ME group (P>0.05), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (P>0.05) compared to Low ME. Percentage of eviscerated carcass, breast muscle and leg muscle were higher significantly (P<0.05) in the AZO-0.25 than Low ME. Serum TP, IgG and CT levels significantly (P<0.05) higher in AZO-0.25 than Low ME. Overall, 0.25% Azomite showed positive effect on growth and carcass performance and it could compensate the negative effect of low-energy diet for broiler chickens by improving the digestion and utilization of nutrients.

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Utilization of Shredded Steam-Exploded Pine Particles as a Dietary Ingredient to Modify Cecal Microbiota in Broilers

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11121196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1196

Author(s):

Akshat Goel ◽

Beom-June Kim ◽

Chris-Major Ncho ◽

Chae-Mi Jeong ◽

Vaishali Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Organ Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Blood Biochemical ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

Microbial Analysis ◽

To Receive

Sawdust and wood shavings are the major industrial waste from wood and its related industries. Steam-explosion treatment enhances the utilizable fiber fraction in pinewood particles. This study investigated the effects of adding up to 2% of steam-exploded pine particles (SPPs) in diets on the growth performance and cecal microbiome of broilers. On the 8th day of age, 216 Ross 308 broilers were allocated to three treatments of 72 broilers/group, with 12 replicates of 6 broilers each, to receive 0%, 1%, and 2% SPPs in their diets. The experimental period was from the 8th to 28th day of age. The parameters recorded included growth performance, relative organ weight (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver, and spleen), absolute organ length (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum), blood biochemicals (glucose, total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol), and microbial analysis from cecum samples. Growth performance parameters, such as the average daily gain, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, organ weight, length, and blood biochemical parameters, were not influenced by dietary supplementation of SPP. The abundance of fibrolytic bacterial genera, such as Mediterraneibacter and Anaerobutyricum, was increased in 2% SPP-supplemented chickens. An unknown bacterial genus was also enhanced in 2% SPP-supplemented diets related to the family of fiber-degrading bacteria and needs further investigation. In conclusion, 2% SPP can be supplemented in chicken diets as a source of fiber from wood industry-related waste without having any harmful effects on broiler chickens.

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PSIV-6 Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acids Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.507 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 281-282

Author(s):

Cedrick N Shili ◽

Mohammad Habibi ◽

Julia Sutton ◽

Jessie Barnes ◽

Jacob Burchkonda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Mrna Abundance ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Blood Calcium ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Standard Protein

Abstract Moderately low protein (MLP) diets can help decrease nutrient excretion from the swine production. However, MLP diets negatively impact growth performance. We hypothesized that supplementing MLP diets with phytogenics may reduce the negative effects of these diets on growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA; Herbanimal®) on growth performance, blood metabolite and gene expression of amino acids transporters in pigs fed with MLP diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments (n = 8) for 4 weeks: >CON-NS: standard protein diet-no PWA; CON-LS: standard protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); CON-HS: standard protein diet-high PWA dose (8 ml/L); LP-NS: low protein diet-no PWA; LP-LS: low protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); LP-HS: low protein diet- high PWA dose (8 ml/L). Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using a chemistry analyzer and amino acid transporters using qPCR, respectively. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM (SPSS®) and the means were separated using paired Student’s t-test corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg. Pigs fed CON-HS improved the average daily gain and serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to CON-NS. Pigs fed LP-LS had higher serum phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen compared to the pigs fed with LP-NS. The mRNA abundance of SLC7A11 in the jejunum was lower in CON-LS and CON-HS compared to CON-NS. Additionally, mRNA abundance of SLC6A19 in the jejunum of pigs fed with LP-LS was higher compared to LP-NS and lower in CON-HS relative to pigs fed with CON-LS. In conclusion, PWA improved the growth performance of pigs fed standard protein diets but not low protein diets. Further, the PWA improved the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorous in pigs fed MLP diets. Funding: Agrivida and Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals from the USDA-NIFA.

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Performance of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets with Lysine and Methionine Supplements

Science and Humanities Journal ◽

10.47773/shj.1998.061.4 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 47-59

Author(s):

Nancy Montilla ◽

◽

Lolito Bestil ◽

Sulpecio Bantugan ◽

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Amino Acid Supplementation ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Acid Supplementation ◽

Low Protein

A feeding trial with broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids (lysine and methionine) supplementation of diets low in protein content on the voluntary intake, feed conversion efficiency, broiler performance, and cost and return of broiler production. Results showed cumulative voluntary feed intake was not significantly affected by lowering the protein content of the diet. Cumulative weight gain of broilers was lower with diet when supplemented iwht lysine and methionine to meet requirements. Birds fed with diets low in protein has less efficient feed converstion, but became comparable with those receiveing diets high in protein when supplemented with amino acids. Feed cost per kilogram broiler produced was not significantly affected by diets used in the study, although the low-protien diet with amino acid supplement had the lowest values. In terms of return above feed and chick cost, broilers fed with high-protein diet had the greatest value, but not significantly different from birds fed with low-protien diet with amino acid supplementation which gave about P10 per bird higher returns than those fed low-protein diet without amino acid supplementation.

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Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LFB112 on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Immune, and Serum Biochemical Response in Broiler Chickens

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10111427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1427

Author(s):

Marhaba Ahmat ◽

Junhao Cheng ◽

Zaheer Abbas ◽

Qiang Cheng ◽

Zhen Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Traits ◽

Serum Triglyceride ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Vegetative Cells ◽

Serum Biochemical

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LFB112 on the growth performance, carcass traits, immune response, and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 396 1 day old, mixed-sex commercial Ross 308 broilers with similar body weights were allotted into six treatment groups. The assigned groups were the CON group (basal diet with no supplement), AB (antibiotics) group (basal diet + 150 mg of aureomycin/kg), C+M group (basal diet + 5 × 108 CFU/kg B. amyloliquefaciens LFB112 powder with vegetative cells + metabolites), C group (basal diet + 5 × 108 CFU/kg B. amyloliquefaciens LFB112 vegetative cell powder with removed metabolites), M group (basal diet + 5 × 108 CFU/kg B. amyloliquefaciens LFB112 metabolite powder with removed vegetative cells), and CICC group (basal diet + 5 × 108 CFU/kg Bacillus subtilis CICC 20179). Results indicated that chickens in the C+M, C, and M groups had higher body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p = 0.02) compared to the CON group. The C+M group showed the lowest abdominal fat rate compared to those in the CON, AB, and CICC groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the CON group, serum IgA and IgG levels in the C+M, C, and M groups significantly increased while declining in the AB group (p < 0.05). B. amyloliquefaciens LFB112 supplementation significantly reduced the serum triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, and creatinine levels, while increasing the serum glucose and total protein (p < 0.05). In conclusion, B. amyloliquefaciens LFB112 significantly improved the growth performance, carcass traits, immunity, and blood chemical indices of broiler chickens and may be used as an efficient broiler feed supplement.

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Effects of low protein diet and low protein diet supplemented with synthetic essential amino acids on meat quality of broiler chickens

Animal Science Journal ◽

10.1111/asj.12021 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 84 (6) ◽

pp. 489-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Kobayashi ◽

Kazuki Nakashima ◽

Aiko Ishida ◽

Akane Ashihara ◽

Masaya Katsumata

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein

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Betaine and Antioxidants Improve Growth Performance, Breast Muscle Development and Ameliorate Thermoregulatory Responses to Cyclic Heat Exposure in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani8100162 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 162 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Majid Shakeri ◽

Jeremy Cottrell ◽

Stuart Wilkinson ◽

Mitchell Ringuet ◽

John Furness ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Heat Exposure ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Breast Muscle ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Muscle Weight

Heat stress (HS) is an environmental stressor challenging poultry production and requires a strategy to cope with it. A total of 288-day-old male broiler chicks were fed with one of the following diets: basal diet, basal with betaine (BET), or with selenium and vitamin E (AOX), or with a combination of BET and AOX, under thermoneutral and cyclic HS. Results showed that HS reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.001), and impaired feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p = 0.03) during rearing period (0–42 day). BET increased ADG (p = 0.001) and decreased FCR (p = 0.02), whereas AOX had no effects. Breast muscle weight was decreased by HS (p < 0.001) and increased by BET (p < 0.001). Rectal temperature was increased by HS (p < 0.001) and improved by BET overall. Respiration rate was increased by HS (p < 0.001), but BET decreased it during HS (p = 0.04). Jejunum transepithelial resistance was reduced by HS and had no effect on permeability whereas BET increased jejunum permeability (p = 0.013). Overall, the reductions in ADG of broiler chickens during HS were ameliorated by supplementation with BET, with much of the increase in ADG being breast muscle.

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Effects of dietary supplement of mulberry leaf (Morus alba) on growth and meat quality in rabbits

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Q.R. Hou ◽

J. Zhang ◽

T. Chen ◽

W.G. Zhao ◽

L. Li

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

B Value ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Leg Muscles ◽

Mulberry Leaf ◽

Leaf Powder ◽

Daily Gain

This research evaluated the effects of mulberry leaf in diet on growth and meat quality in rabbits. Five treatment diets were prepared by using a proportion of 0% (CK), 5% (ML5), 10% (ML10), 15% (ML15) and 20% (ML20) mulberry leaf powder (MLP), respectively. Results showed that average daily gain (ADG) in the ML20 group was significantly (P£ 0.05) lower than that in the CK, ML5 and ML10 treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the ML20 treatment was significantly (P£ 0.05) higher than that in all other treatments. Most of the carcass characteristics had no significant differences among the five treatments (P>0.05), however, abdominal fat percentage in the four MLP treatments was significantly (P£ 0.05) lower than that in the CK. The L* and a* values in most of MLP treatment samples of longissimus dorsi and hind leg muscles were significantly increased, and the b* value significantly declined than those in the CK (P£ 0.05). Drip loss values in the ML10, ML15 and ML20 group were significantly (P£ 0.05) lower than those in the CK. Moisture, fat and ash contents in the higher MLP level treatments (ML15 and ML20) were significantly (P£ 0.05) lower than those in the CK. In conclusion, MLP for a certain proportion in diet (£ 15%)is greatly valuable for improvement of growth and meat appearance of rabbits, and a high proportion of MLP (e.g. ³ 20%) may impede growth of young rabbits.

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Caecal microbiome and metabolites associated with different growth performances of broilers

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1062 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Xue Chen ◽

Wei Zhao ◽

Yang-zhi Liu ◽

Natnael Demelash ◽

Zhe Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Hexadecanoic Acid ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Growth Performances ◽

Daily Gain

We investigated changes in the caecal microbial composition and metabolic compounds of broiler chickens weighing approximately 0.8–1.5 kg. Arbor Acres (AA) broilers (n =186) were divided into four groups (A–D) according to body weight on day 35. The results showed that there were significant differences in the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) of chickens (P less than 0.05). The abundance of 11 genera were found to be significantly different in the four groups (P less than 0.05). The broilers with poor performance had increased levels of D-mannose, hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol, L-valine, L-leucine, glutamic acid, glucopyranose, á-D-allopyranose, and phosphoric acid (P less than 0.05) in the cecum. Microbial compositions were different in the ceca of broilers with different growth performances, and higher growth performance correlated with changes in metabolic pathways related to energy, amino acids, and others.

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Propolis supplementation affects performance, intestinal morphology, and bacterial population of broiler chickens

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v51i4.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (4) ◽

pp. 477-487

Author(s):

S. Sadarman ◽

E. Erwan ◽

A. Irawan ◽

M.M. Sholikin ◽

R. Solfaine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Bacterial Population ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Detectable Effect ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Feed Conversion

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect of supplementing the diet of broiler chickens with propolis on growth, bacterial population of the intestine, antiviral serum concentration, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities in broiler chickens. Forty peer-reviewed articles that had been published between 2003 and 2019 were identified using the PRISMA protocol and included in the study. Data were analysed with mixed model methodology, in which the studies were considered random effects, whereas the level of supplemental propolis was considered a fixed effect. Responses to propolis supplementation in bodyweight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were quadratic, but average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not affected. Propolis supplementation improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly as a linear function of the level of supplement. The optimum level of supplementation was between 256 and 262 mg/kg feed and produced maximum ADG and final BW. There was a tendency for mortality to decrease because of propolis supplementation. Propolis had no detectable effect on serum antiviral concentration, intestinal bacterial population or intestinal morphology. Among digestive enzymes, only sucrase increased linearly as propolis was increased. Thus, supplementation with propolis increased the growth performance of broiler chickens positively and the effect was dose dependent. This may have been partly because of an improvement in sucrase activity and other factors related to the nutritional content of propolis. Future study to evaluate specific bioactive compounds of propolis is therefore warranted.

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