scholarly journals Use of Pelleted Diets in Commercially Farmed Decapods during Juvenile Stages: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Mohd Amran Aaqillah-Amr ◽  
Ariffin Hidir ◽  
Mohamad N. Azra ◽  
Abdul Rahim Ahmad-Ideris ◽  
Muyassar H. Abualreesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Formulated Feed

The increasing market demand for decapods has led to a considerable interest in cultivating decapod species at a larger scale. Following the development of hatchery technologies, most research has focused on the development of formulated feeds for commercially farmed decapods once they enter the juvenile stages. The use of formulated feed for decapods at a commercial scale is still in the early stages. This is probably because of the unique feeding behavior that decapods possess: being robust, slow feeders and bottom dwellers, their feeding preferences change during the transition from pelagic larvae to benthic juveniles as their digestive systems develop and become more complex. The current practice of decapod aquaculture involves the provision of juveniles with food such as natural diet, live feed, and formulated feed. Knowledge of nutrient requirements enables diets to be better formulated. By manipulating the levels of proteins and lipids, a formulated feed can be expected to lead to optimal growth in decapods. At the same time, the pellet’s physical characteristics are important factors to be considered upon formulating commercially farmed decapod feeds, considering the unique feeding behavior of the decapod. However, most published studies on decapod nutrition lack data on the physical characteristics of the feed types. Thus, it is difficult to establish a standard feed formulation that focuses on the physical pellet properties. Moreover, careful consideration must be given to the feeding behavior of species, as decapods are known as bottom feeders and are robust in terms of handling feed. Information on the pellet forms, diet composition, and unique feeding behaviors in commercially farmed decapods is gathered to suggest potential better formulated diets that can optimize growth and reproduction. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the information that has been published to date and to come up with suggestions on ways to improve the feed formulation in decapods that comply with their feeding behavior and nutrient requirements. Further research is needed to explore the potential of the pelleted feed at the adult stage so the decapod can take full advantage of the nutrients present in the pellets.

scholarly journals Foraging behaviour and performance of steers from two local breeds (Asturian Valley and Asturian Mountain) grazing in Cantabrian (N Spain) summer pastures

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0601
Author(s):  
Alicia Román-Trufero ◽  
Antonio Martínez ◽  
Luis M. M. Ferreira ◽  
Valentín García-Prieto ◽  
Rocío Rosa-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
And Performance

Steer meat production in northern Spain is deficient to attend market demand. This research aimed to compare the foraging behaviour and production of yearling steers from two local breeds differing in body weight (BW), Asturian Valley (AV, 372 kg) and Asturian Mountain (AM, 307 kg), grazing in summer pastures consisting of 70% grassland and 30% heathland. Bodyweight gains from a total of 42 steers were recorded during four grazing seasons (from June to October). In two years, in July and September, plant community selection and diet composition were estimated by direct observation and using faecal markers, respectively. Grazing time increased from July to September (488 vs. 557 min/day; p<0.001) as sward height in the grassland decreased. Although AV steers grazed proportionally for longer on herbaceous pastures than AM steers (81.3 vs. 73.3%; p<0.05), no differences between breeds were found in diet composition. AM steers showed greater mean daily BW gains than AV steers (252 vs. 133 g/day; p<0.01). From June to August, steers from both breeds gained BW (487 vs. 360 g/day for AM and AV, respectively; p<0.01), but thereafter BW gains decreased (120 vs. –12 g/day for AM and AV, respectively; p<0.05), because of reduced availability of grassland herbage. Yearling steers from AM breed seem to be better suited to mountain conditions than those from AV breed, probably because of their smaller body size and lower total nutrient requirements for maintenance.

scholarly journals Development and functional morphology of the foreguts of larvae and postlarvae of three crustacean decapods

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Abrunhosa ◽  
M. Melo
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Lateral Tooth ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Digestive Function ◽  
Juvenile Stages

The development of the foregut structure and the digestive function of the decapods Litopenaeus vannamei, Sesarma rectum and Callichirus major larvae and post larvae were examined. The protozoeal foregut of L. vannamei is simple, lacking a cardiopyloric valve and bearing a rudimentary filter press. In mysis, the filter press is more developed. In the juvenile stage, grooves and a small lateral tooth arise. In S. rectum, the foregut has a functional cardiopyloric valve and a filter press. The megalopal and juvenile stages of this species have a gastric mill similar to those in adult crabs. In C. major, the foregut of the zoeae is specialized, with the appearance of some rigid structures, but no gastric mill was found. Calcified structures are observed in the megalopae and they become more developed in the juvenile stage. The results support suppositions, previously reported in other studies, that feeding behavior of each larval and postlarval stage is directly related to the morphological characteristics of the foreguts.

Leaf Analysis as a Means of Diagnosing Nutrient Requirements of Tropical Orchard Crops

1935 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hardy ◽  
J. A. McDonald ◽  
G. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

1. Attention is drawn to the remarkable dissimilarity between the cacao and the grapefruit tree in their nutrient requirements, indicating that grapefruit is calcicolous in physiological habit. This conclusion is mainly based on a consideration of the results of chemical analysis of representative leaf material produced by trees grown on soil of known chemical and physical characteristics, under the same climatic conditions in Trinidad.2. The nutrient relationships that obtain between the cacao and the grapefruit tree respectively and the soil in which they are growing have been gauged by means of chemical analysis of representative leaf material.3. For this purpose, leaf material was obtained from trees growing on the differently manured plots of two large-scale field experiments in Trinidad.

scholarly journals Precision feeding and precision nutrition: a paradigm shift in broiler feed formulation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-362
Author(s):  
Amy F. Moss ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
David J. Cadogan ◽  
Stuart J. Wilkinson ◽  
Tamsyn M. Crowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
The Impact

Broiler chickens grow rapidly, and their nutrient requirements change daily. However, broilers are fed three to five diet phases, meaning nutrients are under or oversupplied throughout production. Increasing diet phases improves production efficiency as there is less time in the production cycle that nutrients are in under or over-supply. Nevertheless, the process of administering four or more diets is costly and often impractical. New technologies are now available to blend feed to match the daily nutrient requirements of broilers. Thus, the aim of this review is to evaluate previous studies measuring the impact of increasing feed phases on nutrient utilisation and growth performance, and review recent studies taking this concept to the extreme; precision nutrition - feeding a new diet for each day of the production cycle. This review will also discuss how modern precision feeding technologies have been utilised and the potential that new technologies may bring to the poultry industry. The development of a precision nutrition regime which targets daily requirements by blending dietary components on farm is anticipated to improve the efficiency of production, reduce production cost and therefore improve sustainability of the industry. There is also potential for precision feeding technology along with precision nutrition strategies to deliver a plethora of other management and economic benefits. These include increased fluidity to cope with sudden environmental or market changes, and the ability to alter diets on a farm by farm level in a large, integrated operation. Thus, the future possibilities and practical implications for such technologies to generate a paradigm shift in feed formulation within the poultry industry to meet the rising demand for animal protein is also discussed.

202 Nature versus the NRC: Utilizing an Understanding of the “natural” Diet of the Horse in Contrast to Defined Guidelines

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 107-108
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Health It ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract A comprehensive look at nutrients available in nature compared to equine nutrient requirements and the modern diets we feed them. Horses can survive on a variety of feedstuffs that they ingest if they are relatively equine-specific and the horses’ forage requirements are met for basic gastrointestinal health. It is safe to say that some horses in the United States continue to be fed as “nature-intended” with 24/7 access to fresh pasture or adequate plant material and enough room to continually move and graze. Many other horses, however, have only limited or no access to pasture and their movement is greatly restricted via stall confinement or small areas to move. In addition, there is a wide variety in what we ask horses to do, from horses that are simply pasture pets, to horses performing as elite-level athletes in racing and competitions. And when we look at all these factors from a nutrition perspective, how do the nutrients provided by nature match up with the requirements as set by the National Research Council’s Nutrient Requirements for Horses? And how do these nutrients provided by nature compare to how we are feeding many modern horses today? This presentation will examine these factors and shed light on differences between the NRC nutrient requirements and what is provided by both nature and/or modern feeding practices in several scenarios, to identify areas of mismatch that could be potentially addressed or researched further in an effort to improve the health and well-being of horses.

scholarly journals Constitutional types of horses and resources for their homeopathic correction

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
Victoria Tsvetkova ◽  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Novosaduyk
Keyword(s):  
Life Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Constitutional Type ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
Animal Activity ◽  
Young Horses

Selective breeding is in vogue since centuries to improve horse’ breed. It aims at production of horses with special performance and bodily characteristics. It is a complex, costly and time-consuming occupation. But the characteristics of horses depends upon market demands. Many a times a horse, which possesses planned kineto, behavior, exterior characteristics, is not in demand anymore. For many years we performed horse “homeopathic correction” studies at ‘Griffon’ Stud Farm and Horse Club on the basis of A.A. Komissarenko’s theoretical developments. We have established that not only physical characteristics of studs are inherited, but also their psychic traits, which fit into a certain constitutional type of the stud. Among such different types it is possible to identify both harmonious and disharmonious type of animals. It has been established the homeopathic remedy regimen depends on the age of an animal. In our experience, efficient homeopathic correction should be performed once in three months during the entire life-time of a horse, to maintain their bodily and psychic characters. It is advisable to differentiate the constitutional characteristics of growing horses before fence training, as it may make it easier for the horse to grow and mature. In this case young horses attain good standard, have good height and psychic and physical characteristics. At the farm we performed homeopathic correction of pregnant animals once in the eight month of pregnancy that is at three months before colt delivery. Four colts were born, which were rated as top grade on the zootechnic scale of All-Russia’s Horse-breeding Research Institute (VNIIKВ). The evaluation is based on the animal activity at different times, during the first three years of the life. In our observation, colts born after homeopathic correction in the pregnancy period present better exterior and behavioural characteristics than others in their ancestor line. The outcome of our research is the conclusion that in horse breeding it makes sense to have early homeopathic correction. It improves animal’s performance, the rapport between horses and men and ensures horse’s career success. Achievements in production of impeccable growing horses were highly appreciated by Trakehner Union in Russia, and the Griffon Stud Farm became a full-fledged member of the Union in 2015. Utilization of homeopathy resources allows advance of zootechnic industry, as well as prompt response to market demand; the earlier such work begins, the more efficient and cost-effective it becomes.

Maximising the benefits of pelleting diets for modern broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reza Abdollahi ◽  
Faegheh Zaefarian ◽  
Velmurugu Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The importance of feeding pelleted feed to broilers is no longer questionable. However, the extent of performance benefits associated with feeding pelleted diets to broilers depends on available nutrient intake, which, in turn, is influenced by grain type, processing variables such as conditioning temperature, feed texture and birds’ digestive-tract development. The current practice of a high degree of feed processing, especially fine grinding, and ad libitum feeding do not support the normal development and functionality of the foregut. Incorporation of structural components in contemporary broiler diets can impart benefits to the birds’ digestive system. Benefits from pelleting could be improved by using diets with lesser nutrient densities and a pellet-appropriate approach is suggested for broiler-feed formulation. In this strategy, dietary nutrient density must be considered to maximise the benefits from the steam-pelleting process. Identification of the optimum density to be used will warrant further research that also involves the economics. On the basis of available evidence, it is reasonable to assume that nutrient requirements of modern broilers may depend on the feed form and there is a need to determine the nutrient requirements of broilers using pelleted diets.

scholarly journals MICROFLORAL COMPOSITION OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF BROILER CHICKENS EXPOSED TO FEED FORMULATIONS FROM FERMENTED CASHEW APPLE RESIDUE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
M. A. Oyetayo ◽  
F. I. Akinnibosun ◽  
S. E. Omonigho
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Cashew Apple ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Formulated Feed

Broiler feed was formulated from fermented cashew apple residue (CAR) and its effect on the intestinal microflora balance of the birds was evaluated. CAR was subjected to fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum before being incorporated into the feed. The feeds were formulated by substituting maize with CAR at three levels: 100:0 (Diet A), 50:50 (Diet B), and 70:30 (Diet C) maize to CAR. Forty Day-old chicks were placed on the formulated feed for 6 weeks until they reached table size weight (2.2-2.5 Kg). The results indicated a slight difference in the colour and formation of the faeces of the experimental birds and there were no significant differences in the feed intake of the treatment groups and the control during the trial period. There were no significant differences in the feed conversion ratio (1.531±0.02 to 1.710±0.01) and the total weight gain (2.226±0.08 to 2.355±0.10) of the experimental groups and the control. Further, there was a higher level of lactic acid bacteria in the intestine of the groups fed with the feed containing fermented CAR recording 3.8 x 107 and 2.9 x 107cfu/g compared with the controls (2.2 x 107cfu/g). Also, the total Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and Salmonella counts in the intestinal content of the birds fed with the formulated feed containing the CAR were significantly lower than those found in the control group. These suggest that the cashew apple residue does not have negative effect on the intestinal microflora balance of the birds therefore, it may be used in the poultry feed formulation since it is cheap and available in large quantities during maize scarcity.

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