scholarly journals Late Gestation Maternal Feed Restriction Decreases Microbial Diversity of the Placenta while Mineral Supplementation Improves Richness of the Fetal Gut Microbiome in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2219
Author(s):  
Gwendolynn Hummel ◽  
Kelly Woodruff ◽  
Kathleen Austin ◽  
Ryan Knuth ◽  
Scott Lake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Placental Efficiency

Feed intake restriction impacts both humans and ruminants in late gestation, although it is unknown whether this adverse maternal environment influences the microbiome of the reproductive tract, and through it, the colonization of the fetal gut. A 2 × 2 factorial design including a 70% feed intake restriction (feed restricted ‘FR’ or control diets ‘CON’) and mineral supplementation (unsupplemented ‘S−’ or supplemented ‘S+’) was used to analyze these effects in multiparous cows (n = 27). Vaginal swabs were obtained 60, 30, and 10 days prior to the estimated calving date, along with neonatal rumen fluid and meconium. Placental tissues and efficiency measurements were collected. Microbial DNA was extracted for 16S sequencing of the V4 region. Feed restriction decreased the diversity of the placental microbiome, but not the vagina, while mineral supplementation had little impact on these microbial communities. Mineral supplementation did improve the richness and diversity of the fetal gut microbiomes in relation to reproductive microbes. These differences within the placental microbiome may influence individual health and performance. Adequate maternal nutrition and supplementation yielded the greatest placental efficiency, which may aid in the establishment of a healthy placental microbiome and fetal microbial colonization.

SEVERE FEED RESTRICTION OF THE SOW DURING LATE PREGNANCY

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. ELLIOT ◽  
G. A. LODGE
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Short Term

Thirty-two Yorkshire sows were given either 0.45 or 2.27 kg feed/day from day 100 of gestation to farrowing to determine whether short-term restriction of feed intake during late gestation affected either the reproduction or lactation performance of the sows. Level of feeding from day 100 of gestation significantly affected prefarrowing weight change (P <.01) and the net weight change from day 100 to immediately postfarrowing (P <.01). An inverse relationship in the pattern of prefarrowing and lactation weight changes was observed. Restriction of prefarrowing feed intake did not significantly affect litter size, birth weight or weaning weight of the piglets. However, reduced intake prefarrowing was counterbalanced by increased intake postfarrowing with no overall saving in feed.

scholarly journals Maternal nutrition during early and late gestation in gilts and sows under commercial conditions: impacts on maternal growth and litter traits1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 4957-4964 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L Mallmann ◽  
Deivison P Fagundes ◽  
Carlos E Vier ◽  
Gabriela S Oliveira ◽  
Ana P G Mellagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Litter Traits ◽  
Placental Efficiency ◽  
High Level

Abstract The effects of two different feeding levels, offered in two phases during gestation, on body measurements and litter traits were evaluated in 152 gilts and 551 sows. The treatments consisted of the combination of two gestation phases (phase 1—days 22 to 42; phase 2—days 90 to 110) and two feed amounts (1.8 or 3.5 kg/d). Females were weighed on days 22, 42, 90, and 110 of gestation. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Total placental efficiency (ratio between litter weight and total placental weight) was measured in 518 females. Variables concerning body measurements at days 42 and 90 of gestation were analyzed considering the effects of feed amount, parity order (PO) and its interaction as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Body measurements at day 110 of gestation and litter traits were analyzed considering the effects of feed amounts in phase 1, feed amounts in phase 2, PO and their interactions, as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. As expected, BW, backfat, and caliper units were greater at days 42, 90, and 110 (P ≤ 0.006) for females fed 3.5 kg/d during the previous phase than those fed 1.8 kg. No differences were observed among feed levels in total number of piglets born, mummified fetuses, sum of born alive and stillborn piglets, and within-litter birth weight CV (P ≥ 0.118). The percentage of stillborn piglets was affected by a three-way interaction (feed level at phase 1 × feed level at phase 2 × PO). Gilts fed 1.8 kg/d at phase 1 and 3.5 kg/d at phase 2 had fewer stillborn piglets than the other females (P ≤ 0.004). Birth weight was not affected by feed levels (P ≥ 0.153); however, sows had heavier piglets than gilts (P &lt; 0.001). Females fed 3.5 kg/d during phase 2 tended to have heavier litters (P = 0.054) than those fed 1.8 kg/d. Feeding a high level at phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets in gilts, but not in sows (feed level phase 2 × PO; P = 0.031). Total placental weight, average placental weight, and total placental efficiency were not affected by feed level at phase 1, feed level at phase 2 or interactions (P &gt; 0.14). Sows had total placental weight and average placental weight greater (P ≤ 0.003) than gilts. In conclusion, increasing feed intake during phase 1, phase 2, or both phases resulted in increased maternal BW gain, without expressive effects on litter traits. Feeding 3.5 kg/d to gilts during phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets.

scholarly journals 27 Defining a robust sow: swine nutrition perspective on reproduction and lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 13-13
Author(s):  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Embryo Survival

Abstract Improvements in modern sow prolificacy have markedly increased the number of pigs weaned, thus the ability of sows to provide nutrients to support fetal growth and milk production has been enhanced. The goals of the gestation nutrition program consist of meeting the nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth and for adequate conceptus development, while managing body condition. Early gestation represents the best opportunity for replenishing body reserves, whereas in late gestation, both estimated protein deposition and energy requirement are exponentially increased and directed towards fetal growth and mammary development. Increased feed intake after breeding has been presumed to be detrimental to embryo survival; however, data with modern line sows demonstrates to feed thin sows to recover body condition as quickly as possible while avoiding feed deprivation immediately after breeding. Importance of body condition scoring remains unchanged: feed thin sows to bring back to adequate body condition and prevent over-conditioned sows at farrowing. A recent meta-analysis showed increasing late gestation feed intake seems to modestly improve piglet birth weight by 28 g per piglet in gilts and sows. Also, recent findings in gestating sows suggest modern genotypes have improved feed efficiency and propensity for growth. Therefore, increasing energy intake during late gestation has a modest effect on piglet birth weight and a negative effect on stillborn rate. Historically, lactation catabolism impacted subsequent reproductive performance of sows, particularly in first-parity. However, contemporary sows appear to be increasingly resistant to the negative effects of lactational catabolism. Even so, continued emphasis on maximizing lactation feed intake is critical to support milk production and prevent excessive lean tissue mobilization. Research data suggests that ad libitum feeding and offering lactation diets during the wean-to-estrus interval is not needed. Modern genetic sow lines appear to be more robust from a nutritional perspective than in the past.

The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low-quality roughage by Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn steers

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Moran ◽  
BW Norton ◽  
JV Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Fluid Flow Rate ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low quality (0.8% nitrogen) sorghum hay was studied in Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn steers. Comparisons of diet utilization were made after data were adjusted for differences in liveweight and feed intake. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between species in voluntary feed intake, faecal excretion of organic matter, cellulose and energy, and urinary excretion of nitrogen, phosphorus and energy. Utilization of water was least efficient in the buffaloes and most efficient in the banteng. The concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumens of Brahman crosses, buffaloes and bantengs were similar, but the Brahman crosses had a higher proportion of butyric and a lower proportion of propionic acid than the other two species. The bantengs had a smaller rumen fluid volume and a slower rumen fluid flow rate but all three species had similar mean marker residence times in the rumen. The results from this experiment support the view that there are few differences between cattle species in their ability to digest and utilize a low quality roughage when comparisons are made between animals of similar liveweight and feed intake.

scholarly journals Impact of diet deprivation and subsequent overallowance during gestation on lactation performance of primiparous sows1

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Farmer ◽  
Kevin Herkelman ◽  
Brad James ◽  
Pierre Lessard ◽  
Arnaud Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Metabolic Status ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of diet deprivation followed by overallowance during gestation on metabolic status of pregnant gilts and their lactation performance was determined. Gilts were fed a standard diet until day 27 of gestation and were subsequently reared under a control (CTL; n = 28) or an experimental (treatment, TRT; n = 26) dietary regimen. The experimental regimen provided 70% (restriction diet, RES) and 115% (overallowance diet, OVER) of the protein and NE contents provided by the CTL diet. The RES diet was given from days 28 to 74 of gestation followed by the OVER diet from day 75 until farrowing. Blood samples were obtained from all gilts on days 28, 75, and 110 of gestation, and on days 3 and 20 of lactation to measure concentrations of IGF-1, urea, FFA, and glucose. Milk samples were collected from 12 sows per treatment on day 19 of lactation and sow feed intake was recorded daily throughout lactation. Piglets were weighed at 24 h (after standardization of litter size), and on days 7, 14, and 21 (weaning). The TRT gilts gained less BW than CTL gilts (17.3 vs. 31.7 kg; P &lt; 0.01) from days 28 to 75 of gestation and more BW (29.5 vs. 21.9 kg; P &lt; 0.01) from days 75 to 110, but their overall gain from mating to day 110 was lower (61.4 vs. 67.2 kg; P &lt; 0.05). Metabolic status during gestation was affected, with TRT gilts having less IGF-1 and urea, and more FFA than CTL gilts on day 75 (P &lt; 0.01), and more urea on day 110 (P &lt; 0.01). Growth rate of suckling piglets, sow lactation feed intake, and standard milk composition in late lactation (DM, fat, protein, lactose) were not affected by treatment (P &gt; 0.10). In conclusion, diet deprivation of gilts as of day 28 of gestation followed by overfeeding from day 75 of gestation until farrowing did not improve lactation performance. It is likely that the compensatory growth that took place in late gestation was not adequate to illicit beneficial effects.

EFFECTS OF MATERNAL NUTRITION ON THE HUMAN FETUS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-503
Author(s):  
Richard L. Naeye ◽  
William Blanc ◽  
Cheryl Paul
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Body Organ

In a study of 467 gestations maternal stature had little correlation with fetal growth but mother's pregravid body weight as well as weight gain and low-calorie diets during pregnancy did have such a correlation. Maternal undernutrition before the third trimester had little or no influence on fetal body, organ, and cellular growth while such effects were pronounced in late gestation. Fetal body and organ growth improved with successive pregnancies except in the most poorly nourished mothers, whose successive neonates became more growth retarded.

scholarly journals Feed Restriction Reveals Distinct Serum Metabolome Profiles in Chickens Divergent in Feed Efficiency Traits

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Metzler-Zebeli ◽  
Sina-Catherine Siegerstetter ◽  
Elizabeth Magowan ◽  
Peadar Lawlor ◽  
Niamh O’Connell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Almost All

Restrictive feeding influences systemic metabolism of nutrients; however, this impact has not been evaluated in chickens of diverging feed efficiency. This study investigated the effect of ad libitum versus restrictive feeding (85% of ad libitum) on the serum metabolome and white blood cell composition in chickens of diverging residual feed intake (RFI; metric for feed efficiency). Blood samples were collected between days 33 and 37 post-hatch. While serum glucose was similar, serum uric acid and cholesterol were indicative of the nutritional status and chicken’s RFI, respectively. Feed restriction and RFI rank caused distinct serum metabolome profiles, whereby restrictive feeding also increased the blood lymphocyte proportion. Most importantly, 10 amino acids were associated with RFI rank in birds, whereas restrictive feeding affected almost all detected lysophosphatidylcholines, with 3 being higher and 6 being lower in restrictively compared to ad libitum fed chickens. As indicated by relevance networking, isoleucine, lysine, valine, histidine, and ornithine were the most discriminant for high RFI, whereas 3 biogenic amines (carnosine, putrescine, and spermidine) and 3 diacyl-glycerophospholipids (38:4, 38:5, and 40:5) positively correlated with feed intake and body weight gain, respectively. Only for taurine, feed intake mostly explained the RFI-associated variation, whereas for most metabolites, other host physiological factors played a greater role for the RFI-associated differences, and was potentially related to insulin-signaling, phospholipase A2, and arachidonic acid metabolism. Alterations in the hepatic synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and the need for precursors for gluconeogenesis due to varying energy demand may explain the marked differences in serum metabolite profiles in ad libitum and restrictively fed birds.

scholarly journals PSXI-24 Rumen temperature, fermentation and microbial signatures are poorly associated with steer feed-efficiency profiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 382-382
Author(s):  
Obioha N Durunna ◽  
Daalkhaijav Damiran ◽  
John R Campbell ◽  
Jeffery A Carroll ◽  
Bart Lardner
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Breeding feed-efficient cattle can reduce the environmental footprint of beef operations but assessing all replacement candidates for feed-intake is not practical due to cost implications. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate if rumen temperature (RumT), measured with wireless rumen Thermobolus® can distinguish steers with different feed-efficiency profiles and whether steers with divergent efficiency profiles have different nutrient fermentation signatures. The study also validated the relationship between rectal temperature (RecT) and RumT measured with automatic thermistors. Residual feed intake (RFI) profiles of 160 steers were measured over two years. All steers were assessed for RFI profiles using high and moderate forage diets, respectively, over two successive periods each year. Each steer was fitted with a rumen Thermobolus® throughout each ~80-d test period while half of the steers wore an automatic temperature-logger rectal device for ~30d. The devices recorded the RumT and RecT every 5 minutes, respectively. Rumen fluid samples were collected from high-RFI (n = 5) and low-RFI (n = 5) steers to assess if differences in rumen fermentation and microbial profiles exist. Circadian-adjusted RumT and RecT for each steer were used for analysis. The within-period correlations between RumT and RecT ranged between 49 and 77%. There was a trend (P = 0.08) that differences exist for rhythm-adjusted temperatures among different RFI profiles with low-RFI steers (39.72±0.01oC) having lower average RumT than those in high (39.75±0.01oC) or medium (39.74±0.01oC) classes. The correlation between the two test-periods for rhythm-adjusted RumT was 65% while the correlation between RFI from both periods was 47%. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.30) between high- and low-RFI animals for the total or individual volatile fatty acid fractions or microbial populations. The narrow temperature variation among RFI classes limits its use as screening tool but the higher across-period correlation encourages the need for further studies into alternative potential applications.

scholarly journals PSXI-5 Effect of increasing feed intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and weaning weight of low backfat thickness sows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 387-388
Author(s):  
Yuanfei Zhou ◽  
Zuhong Liu ◽  
Jian Peng
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Large White ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
High Feed

Abstract This study investigated the effect of feed intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and weaning weight of sows with the low backfat thickness (BF) at gestation 90 d. A total of 397 crossbred Landrance × Large White sows according to feed intakes were randomly allotted to three groups 2.8 kg/d (the energy requirement for sow maintenance), 3.6 kg/d and 4.0 kg/d from day 90 to day 110 of gestation. Sows were weighed and measured BF at 90 d and at 110 d of gestation and at weaning. Piglet performance at parturition and at weaning and wean-to-estrus of sows were recorded. Although sows had a tendency to increase BF at gestation 110 d (P = 0.09) and had more BF gain during late gestation with higher feed intake (P &lt; 0.01), there was no evidence for differences in piglet birth weight, within-litter birth weight variation and weak piglet rate, and the number of total born, born alive and stillborn. During lactation, sows fed with high feed intake in late gestation increased body weight loss (P &lt; 0.01). And no differences were observed in piglet performance at weaning and wean-to-estrus interval of sows. In conclusion, during late gestation, sows fed with feed intake more than energy requirement for maintenance had no effect on piglet birth weight or weaning weight.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document