scholarly journals Effect of Insect Live Larvae as Environmental Enrichment on Poultry Gut Health: Gut Mucin Composition, Microbiota and Local Immune Response Evaluation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2819
Author(s):  
Elena Colombino ◽  
Ilaria Biasato ◽  
Ilario Ferrocino ◽  
Sara Bellezza Oddon ◽  
Christian Caimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Caecal Microbiota

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) live larvae as environmental enrichment on the mucin composition, local immune response and microbiota of broilers. A total of 180 four-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment; ten animals/replicate): (i) control (C); (ii) C+HI; (iii) C+TM. Live larvae were distributed based on 5% of the expected daily feed intake. At slaughter (39 days of age), samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum (twelve animals/diet) were submitted to mucin histochemical evaluation. Expression of MUC-2 and cytokines was evaluated by rt-qPCR in jejunum. Mucin staining intensity was not influenced by diet (p > 0.05); however, this varied depending on the intestinal segment (p < 0.001). No significant differences were recorded for IL-4, IL-6 TNF-α, MUC-2 and INF-γ gene expression in jejunum, while IL-2 was lower in the TM group compared to HI and C (p = 0.044). Caecal microbiota showed higher abundance of Clostridium, Saccharibacteria and Victivallaceae in the HI group, while Collinsella was higher in the TM group. The results suggested that live insect larvae did not impair mucin composition or local immune response, and can slightly improve caecal microbiota by enhancing a minor fraction of short chain fatty acid-producing taxa.

scholarly journals Dietary Enteromorpha Polysaccharide Enhances Intestinal Immune Response, Integrity, and Caecal Microbial Activity of Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teketay Wassie ◽  
Zhuang Lu ◽  
Xinyi Duan ◽  
Chunyan Xie ◽  
Kefyalew Gebeyew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Caecal Microbiota

Marine algae polysaccharides have been shown to regulate various biological activities, such as immune modulation, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic. However, litter is known about the interaction of these polysaccharides with the gut microbiota. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of marine algae Enteromorpha (Ulva) prolifera polysaccharide (EP) supplementation on growth performance, immune response, and caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. A total of 200 1-day-old Ross-308 broiler chickens were randomly divided into two treatment groups with ten replications of ten chickens in each replication. The dietary treatments consisted of the control group (fed basal diet), and EP group (received diet supplemented with 400 mg EP/kg diet). Results showed that chickens fed EP exhibited significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) body weight and average daily gain than the chicken-fed basal diet. In addition, significantly longer villus height, shorter crypt depth, and higher villus height to crypt depth ratio were observed in the jejunal and ileal tissues of chickens fed EP. EP supplementation upregulated the mRNA expression of NF-κB, TLR4, MyD88, IL-2, IFN-α, and IL-1β in the ileal and jejunal tissues (P &lt; 0.05). Besides, we observed significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) short-chain volatile fatty acids (SCFAs) levels in the caecal contents of the EP group than in the control group. Furthermore, 16S-rRNA analysis revealed that EP supplementation altered gut microbiota and caused an abundance shift at the phylum and genus level in broiler chicken. Interestingly, we observed an association between microbiota and SCFAs production. Overall, this study demonstrated that supplementation of diet with EP promotes growth performance, improves intestinal immune response and integrity, and modulates the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. This study highlighted the application of marine algae polysaccharides as an antibiotic alternative for chickens. Furthermore, it provides insight to develop marine algae polysaccharide-based functional food and therapeutic agent.

Effects of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut microflora status of broiler chickens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Biswas ◽  
R. Messam ◽  
M. Kumawat ◽  
M. Namit ◽  
A.B. Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Soybean Diet

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health status of broiler chickens. A total number of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatment groups having five replicates each with eight birds per replicate for six weeks. A basal corn-soybean diet was formulated that served as control (T1). The rest five test dietary treatments were prepared by adding antibiotic (bacitracin methylene di-salicylate-BMD at 0.002% of diet (T2), prebiotics i.e., mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T3 and T4) and fructo oligosaccharides (FOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T5, T6 respectively) with basal diet. Total anaerobes counts were significantly (P LESS THAN 0.05) reduced at 21 and 42 d at ileum in T2, T3 and T4 groups whereas, coliforms count were reduced (P LESS THAN 0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count were significantly (P Less than 0.05) increased in T3 and T4 groups but lactobacillus count were increased (P less than 0.05) in only T3 group at 21 and 42 d in ileum. Villus height (VH) and width (VW) were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) at 21d and 42 d in T3 and T4 groups, whereas, at 21 d, crypt depth (CD) were increased (P less than 0.05) in T3 and T4 groups but at 42 d, CD were significantly improved in T3 and T4 or T5 and T6 groups. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in ratio between VH and CD at 21d or 42 d. Thus, it might he concluded that 0.1% or 0.2% MOS inclusion in basal diet improved intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health in broiler chickens and it is a better alternate feed additive to replacement of antibiotic growth promoter.

scholarly journals Yellow Mealworm Inclusion in Diets for Heavy-Size Broiler Chickens: Implications for Intestinal Microbiota and Mucin Dynamics

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1909
Author(s):  
Ilaria Biasato ◽  
Ilario Ferrocino ◽  
Elena Grego ◽  
Sihem Dabbou ◽  
Francesco Gai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Present Trial ◽  
Dietary Treatments

In the present trial, 160 heavy-size male broiler chickens were allocated to 4 dietary treatments (control feed [C] and 5, 10 and 15% TM meal inclusion, respectively, with 5 replicate pens/treatment and 8 birds/pen) to evaluate the influence of TM meal on intestinal microbiota and mucin composition. The broiler chickens fed TM-based diets showed higher beta diversity of their cecal microbiota in comparison with the C birds (p < 0.001). A significant decrease of the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum and lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios (False Discovery Rate [FDR] < 0.05) were also identified in TM15 broiler chickens when compared to the C group. Furthermore, the TM birds showed decreased relative abundance of Clostridium, Coprococcus, L-Ruminococcus and Ruminococcus genera (FDR < 0.05). In relation to the gut mucin composition, higher mucin staining intensity was detected in the intestinal crypts of TM5 birds in comparison with the other TM groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary TM meal inclusion negatively influenced the cecal microbiota of heavy-size broiler chickens in terms of partial alteration of the physiological microbial population and reduction of the potential beneficial bacteria (with slightly more pronounced effects when testing the 10–15% inclusion levels).

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Maltol on Innate Immunity, Gut Health, and Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens Challenged With Eimeria maxima

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inkyung Park ◽  
Doyun Goo ◽  
Hyoyoun Nam ◽  
Samiru S. Wickramasuriya ◽  
Kichoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Eimeria Maxima

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of maltol as a postbiotic on innate immunity, gut health, and enteric infection. In the first study, an in vitro culture system was used to evaluate the effects of maltol on the innate immune response of chicken macrophage cells (CMC), gut integrity of chicken intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), anti-parasitic activity against Eimeria maxima, and differentiation of quail muscle cells (QMC) and primary chicken embryonic muscle cells (PMC). All cells seeded in the 24-well plates were treated with maltol at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg. CMC and IEC were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide to induce an innate immune response, and QMC and PMC were treated with 0.5 and 2% fetal bovine serum, respectively. After 18 h of incubation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins (TJPs), and muscle cell growth markers were measured. In the second study, the dietary effect of maltol was evaluated on disease parameters in broiler chickens infected with E. maxima. Eighty male 1-day-old broiler chickens were allocated into the following four treatment groups: (1) Control group without infection, (2) Basal diet with E. maxima, (3) High maltol (HI; 10.0 mg /kg feed) with E. maxima, and (4) Low maltol (LO; 1.0 mg/kg feed) with E. maxima. Body weights (BW) were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 20, and 22. All chickens except the CON group were orally infected with 104E. maxima per chicken on day 14. Jejunum samples were collected for gut lesion scoring, and the gene expression of cytokines and TJPs. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. In vitro, maltol not only increased TJPs in IEC and cytokines in the LPS-stimulated CMC but also showed direct cytotoxicity against sporozoites of E. maxima. In vivo, the HI group improved the BW, reduced the gut lesion scores and fecal oocyst shedding, and decreased jejunal TNFSF15 and IL-1β expression in E. maxima-infected chickens. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the beneficial effects of dietary maltol in the enhancement of growth performance, gut health, and coccidiosis resistance and the applicability of maltol as a postbiotic for the replacement of antibiotic growth promoters in commercial poultry production.

scholarly journals Effect of calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate and lipase supplementation on growth performance, gut health, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samiru Sudharaka Wickramasuriya ◽  
Hyun Min Cho ◽  
Shemil Priyan Macelline ◽  
Eunjoo Kim ◽  
Taeg Kyun Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Objective: To evaluate calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate (CSL) performance as an exogenous emulsifier together with lipase for broiler diets.Methods: In total, 252 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 6 replications per treatment with 7 birds in each cage. There were six dietary treatments representing a 2×3 factorial arrangement consisted of two energy levels (standard energy [positive control, PC] and –100 kcal/kg of the requirement level [negative control, NC]) and three dietary treatments (without additives [CON], CON+CSL [CSL], and CON+CSL+lipase [CSL-Lipase]). Corn and soybean meal-based experimental diets containing vegetable oil were formulated. Growth performance, blood parameters, visceral organ weights, ileal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and cytokine gene expression were measured.Results: Birds fed a diet including CSL increased (p<0.05) lipase level in blood compared to birds fed a diet including CSL-Lipase on day 21. Similarly, higher (p<0.05) liver weight was observed in birds fed a diet including either CSL or CSL-Lipase on day 21. Birds fed NC diet with CSL improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility compared to the NC diet on day 21. However, birds fed a diet supplemented with CSL or CSL-Lipase did not affect (p>0.05) the weight gain, feed efficiency, ileal morphology, and cytokine concentrations during the experiment period, regardless of dietary energy levels.Conclusion: Our results indicated that CSL has a role in improving nutrient digestibility in young birds when supplemented to a corn-soybean meal based broiler diet.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Mucin Composition in Female Broiler Chickens Fed Diets including Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, L.)

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Biasato ◽  
Ilario Ferrocino ◽  
Elena Grego ◽  
Sihem Dabbou ◽  
Francesco Gai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Intestinal Villi ◽  
False Discovery ◽  
Intestinal Mucin ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A total of 160 female broiler chickens were divided into four dietary treatments (control feed [C] and 5, 10 and 15% TM meal inclusion, respectively, with five replicate pens/treatment and eight birds/pen) to investigate the effects of Tenebrio molitor (TM) meal utilization on poultry gut microbiota and mucin composition. The cecal microbiota assessment displayed a shift in the beta diversity in chickens fed TM-based diets. The TM10 and TM15 birds showed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum and lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios (False Discovery Rate [FDR] < 0.05), respectively, than the TM5 group. The relative abundance of Clostridium, Alistipes and Sutterella genera significantly increased in TM chickens (FDR < 0.05), while birds fed TM-based diets displayed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Ruminococcus genus in comparison with the C group (FDR < 0.05). Gut mucin composition evaluation revealed higher mucin staining intensity in the intestinal villi of TM5 birds than the other TM groups, as well as mucin reduction in the intestinal villi of TM10 birds when compared to the C group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary TM meal utilization (especially the 10–15% inclusion levels) may negatively influence either the cecal microbiota or the intestinal mucin dynamics of broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Sorghum and wheat differentially affect caecal microbiota and associated performance characteristics of meat chickens

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Crisol-Martínez ◽  
Dragana Stanley ◽  
Mark S. Geier ◽  
Robert J. Hughes ◽  
Robert J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Caecal Microbiota

This study compared the effects of wheat- and sorghum-based diets on broiler chickens. The growth performance and caecal microbial community of chickens were measured and correlations between productivity and specific gut microbes were observed. Cobb broilers 15 days of age were individually caged and two dietary treatments were used, one with a wheat-based diet (n = 48) and another one with a sorghum-based diet (n = 48). Growth performance measurements were taken over a 10 day period and samples for microbiota analysis were taken at the end of that period. Caecal microbiota was characterised by sequencing of 16S bacterial rRNA gene amplicons. Overall, the results indicated that a sorghum-based diet produced higher apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and body-weight gain (BWG) values in chickens, compared to a wheat-based diet. Nevertheless, sorghum-fed birds had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) values than wheat-fed birds, possibly because of some anti-nutritional factors in sorghum. Further analyses showed that caecal microbial community was significantly associated with AME values, but microbiota composition differed between dietary treatments. A number of bacteria were individually correlated with growth performance measurements. Numerous OTUs assigned to strains ofLactobacillus crispatusand Lachnospiraceae, which were prevalent in sorghum-fed chickens, were correlated with high AME and BWG values, respectively. Additionally, a number of OTUs assigned to Clostridiales that were prevalent in wheat-fed chickens were correlated with low FCR values. Overall, these results suggest that between-diet variations in growth performance were partly associated with changes in the caecal microbiota.

Production performance, immune response and carcass traits of broiler chickens fed diet incorporated with probiotics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Junaid ◽  
Avishek Biswas ◽  
M. Kumawat ◽  
A. B. Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was carried out to evaluate the production performance, immune response and carcass traits in broiler chickens (0 to 6 weeks) fed diets incorporated with probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidi). One-day-old chicks (192) were randomly selected and divided into 24 groups with 8 chicks in each group (6 dietary treatments x4 replicates). Six experimental diets T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 were formulated to contain an additional 0, BMD @20mg, Lactobacillus acidophilus (106 and 107 cfu/g feed) and Bifidobacterium bifidi (106 and 107 cfu/g feed), respectively. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality were not (P>0.05) affected by dietary supplementation of probiotics. On 28d of age, antibody responses to inoculated sheep red blood cells were determined. Antibody titres were higher (P less than 0.05) after feeding probiotics (L. acidophilus) supplemented diets (T3 and T4). During 4th week of age, the response to intra-dermally injected phytohaemagglutinin, an index of the in vivo cell-mediated immune response, increased in the groups fed on probiotic (L. acidophilus) supplemented diets. After 6 weeks, the three birds from each treatment group were sacrificed. Relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were greater in broiler chickens given the probiotic supplemented diets but there was no effect on carcass traits, cut up parts and relative weights of organs among the dietary treatments. It was concluded that supplementing the diet with probiotic i.e., L. acidophilus (106 cfu/g feed) had a beneficial effect on immune responses but did not affect production performance and carcass traits in broiler chickens.

Effects of feeding Isomaltooligosaccharides on the growth performance, carcass traits and immune response of broiler chickens

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Khalid M. Gaafar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Flu Vaccine ◽  
Lipids Profile

The research was conducted to study the effect of feeding broiler chickens on diets containing isomaltooligosaccharides on the growth performance, carcass traits and immune response. 90-one day old broiler chicks were used according to completely randomized two treatment groups and one control, 30 birds each. Birds fed ad-libitum on basal starter and grower-finisher diets for 35 day. Diets of treatment`s groups contained 0.5 g/Kg and 1 g/Kg of Isomaltooligosaccharides, while the control group fed on the basal diets without Isomaltooligosaccharides supplementation. Dietary supplementation of broiler chickens with Isomaltooligosaccharides improved body weight, feed conversion, carcass traits, two lymphoid organs weight and log antibody titer against avian flu vaccine. Most of the highest values were for birds fed low levels of Isomaltooligosaccharides. Feed intake decreases as Isomaltooligosaccharides level increases. Dietary supplementation with Isomaltooligosaccharides did not affect the lipids profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL), however the blood VLDL levels decreased with increased levels of Malondialdehyde and Glutathione reductase. Collectively, Dietary supplementation of broiler chickens with 0.5 g/Kg diet of Isomaltooligosaccharides improved growth performance, carcass traits and immune status.

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