eimeria maxima
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Author(s):  
Muhammad Haseeb ◽  
Jianmei Huang ◽  
Shakeel Ahmed Lakho ◽  
Zhang Yang ◽  
Muhammad Waqqas Hasan ◽  
...  

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Di Tian ◽  
Xiaoqian Liu ◽  
Xiangrui Li ◽  
Lixin Xu ◽  
Ruofeng Yan ◽  
...  

Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) is one of the most prevalent species that causes chicken coccidiosis on chicken farms. During apicomplexan protozoa invasion, rhomboid-like proteins (ROMs) cleave microneme proteins (MICs), allowing the parasites to fully enter the host cells, which suggests that ROMs have the potential to be candidate antigens for the development of subunit or DNA vaccines against coccidiosis. In this study, a recombinant protein of E. maxima ROM5 (rEmROM5) was expressed and purified and was used as a subunit vaccine. The eukaryotic expression plasmid of pVAX–EmROM5 was constructed and was used as a DNA vaccine. Chickens who were two weeks old were vaccinated with the rEmROM5 and pVAX–EmROM5 vaccines twice, with a one-week interval separating the vaccination periods. The transcription and expression of pVAX–EmROM5 in the injected sites were detected through reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB) assays. The cellular and humoral immune responses that were induced by EmROM5 were determined by detecting the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, the cytokine levels, and the serum antibody levels. Finally, vaccination-challenge trials were conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of EmROM5 in forms of the recombinant protein (rEmROM5) and in the DNA plasmid (pVAX–EmROM5) separately. The results showed that rEmROM5 was about 53.64 kDa, which was well purified and recognized by the His-Tag Mouse Monoclonal antibody and the chicken serum against E. maxima separately. After vaccination, pVAX–EmROM5 was successfully transcribed and expressed in the injected sites of the chickens. Vaccination with rEmROM5 or pVAX–EmROM5 significantly promoted the proportion of CD4+/CD3+ and CD8+/CD3+ T lymphocytes, the mRNA levels of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, TNF SF15, and IL-10, and specific IgG antibody levels compared to the control groups. The immunization also significantly reduced the weight loss, oocyst production, and intestinal lesions that are caused by E. maxima infection. The anticoccidial index (ACI)s of the vaccinated groups were beyond 160, showing moderate protection against E. maxima infection. In summary, EmROM5 was able to induce a robust immune response and effective protection against E. maxima in chickens in the form of both a recombinant protein and DNA plasmid. Hence, EmROM5 could be used as a candidate antigen for DNA vaccines and subunit vaccines against avian coccidiosis.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. F. CRUZ ◽  
S. A. SAMPAIO ◽  
T. F. COSTA ◽  
S. L. S. A. ALEXANDRINO ◽  
C. S. SOUZA ◽  
...  

O trato gastrointestinal das aves é colonizado por microrganismos benéficos e maléficos, vivendo de maneira comensal. As bactérias benéficas influenciam positivamente a integridade intestinal, funcionalidade da barreira de proteção, resposta imunológica, digestão e absorção dos nutrientes. As bactérias maléficas causadoras de enterites nas aves são: Clostridium colinum (enterite ulcerativa), Clostridium perfringens (enterite necrótica), Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli (enterite hemorrágica), Escherichia coli, Salmonella entérica (Salmonella pullorum - pulorose e Salmonella gallinarum - tifo aviário). Os protozoários causadores de enterites são: Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella (causam a coccidiose), Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium baileyi e Cryptosporidium galli. Os vírus que acometem aves são: Paramoxivírus aviário tipo I (doença de Newcastle), rotavírus, astrovírus e reovírus. Porém, as lesões intestinais provocadas pelo microbioma maléfico podem ser amenizadas com o uso de prebióticos e probióticos na dieta das aves. Os prebióticos e probióticos fortalecem o sistema imunológico da ave, previne contra doenças entéricas infecciosas e melhora a digestão e absorção intestinal. Algumas bactérias que pertencem a microbiota intestinal das aves são utilizadas como probióticos, as espécies mais utilizadas pertencem ao gênero Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium. Esta revisão analisa as informações científicas disponíveis sobre os principais microrganismos que afetam a saúde intestinal das aves e o uso de prebióticos e probióticos como aditivos preventivos na literatura vigente.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelkrim Ferdji ◽  
Nora Mimoune ◽  
Tahar Amrouche ◽  
Djilali Degui ◽  
Soraya Temim ◽  
...  

This study aimed to determine the resistance of coccidia to ionophores used in broiler farms in Tizi-Ouzou province, Algeria. Droppings were collected and recovered Eimeria oocyst isolates were analysed by morphometry to determine their composition, and then inoculated by peros into chicks of the Arbor Acres strain, reared on the ground. Four of six groups of chicks were treated to test the sensitivity of oocysts to four anticoccidial agents added to their growth feeds [(robenidine (33 ppm), monensin (120 ppm), narasin-nicarbazin (80 ppm) and salinomycin (60 ppm)], while the other two groups were controls. The results revealed the presence of total resistance to monensin and robenidine, and partial resistance to salinomycin and the narasin-nicarbazin combination. The lack of sensitivity to monensin and robenidine was unsurprising, given their inappropriate and unreasonable use for years as the only anticoccidial compounds. The appearance of partial resistance to narasin-nicarbazin and salinomycin suggests the development of cross-resistance in the Eimeria population. The possibility of a relatively uniform composition of Eimeria species collected in these farms indicates that Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima develop resistance more quickly to these ionophores. Finally, a control strategy must be rigorously developed by considering other molecules that are alternatives to anticoccidials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohong Liu ◽  
Xueting Ma ◽  
Jianping Cai

Coccidiosis, caused by various Eimeria species, is a major parasitic disease in chickens. Our understanding of how chickens respond to coccidian infections is highly limited at both the molecular and cellular levels. In this study, coexpression modules were identified by weighted gene coexpression network analysis in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. A total of 15 correlation modules were identified using 5,175 genes with 24 chicken samples, 12 with primary and 12 with secondary E. tenella infection. The analysis of the interactions between these modules showed a high degree of scale independence. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that genes in these functional modules were involved in a broad categories of functions, such as immune response, amino acid metabolism, cellular responses to lipids, sterol biosynthetic processes, and RNA transport. Two modules viz yellow and magenta were identified significantly associating with infection status. Preservation analysis showed that most of the modules identified in E. tenella infections were highly or moderately preserved in chickens infected with either Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria maxima. These analyses outline a biological responses landscape for chickens infected by E. tenella, and also indicates that infections with these three Eimeria species elicit similar biological responses in chickens at the system level. These findings provide new clues and ideas for investigating the relationship between parasites and host, and the control of parasitic diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Yun Teng ◽  
Janghan Choi ◽  
Yuguo Tompkins ◽  
Hyun Lillehoj ◽  
Woo Kim

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the impacts of graded severity of Eimeria maxima infection on the growth performance and intestine health of broiler chickens. Four different levels of E. maxima-challenged treatments were used, including a non-challenged control group, a low challenge (12 500 oocysts), a medium challenge (25 000 oocysts), and a high challenge dose (50 000 oocysts). There were eight replicate cages per treatment, with 12 birds in each cage, and chickens in the challenged groups orally received sporulated oocysts on day 14. Gastrointestinal permeability was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran at 5 days post-infection (dpi), whereas intestinal morphology and gene expression of nutrient transporters and tight junction proteins were determined at 6 dpi. The results demonstrate a linear reduction in growth performance, jejunal villus height, and jejunal integrity with graded challenge doses of E. maxima (P < 0.01). Moreover, linear regulation of nutrient transporters and tight junction proteins was a consequence of increasing Eimeria infection levels (P < 0.01). The linear increase of Claudin 1, cationic amino acid transporter, glucose transporter 1, and L-type amino acid transporter genes was associated with increased severity of coccidiosis (P < 0.01). Furthermore, expression of nutrient transporters located at the brush border membrane were down-regulated (P < 0.01) with increasing E. maxima inoculation dose. In conclusion, growth performance and key intestinal integrity biomarkers in broiler chickens were adversely influenced in a dose-dependent manner by E. maxima infection.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M. Petrone-Garcia ◽  
Raquel Lopez-Arellano ◽  
Gabriela Rodríguez Patiño ◽  
Miriam Aide Castillo Rodríguez ◽  
Daniel Hernandez-Patlan ◽  
...  

AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate and determine the concentration of prostaglandin GF2α (PGF2α) and isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α in plasma and intestine of specific pathogen-free (SPF) Leghorn chickens challenged with Eimeria maxima, with or without dietary supplementation of curcumin using solid‐phase microextraction and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Eighty 1-day-old male SPF chickens were randomly allocated to one of four groups with four replicates (n = 5 chickens/replicate). Groups consisted of: (1) Control (no challenge), (2) Curcumin (no challenge), (3) Eimeria maxima (challenge), and (4) Eimeria maxima (challenge) + curcumin. At day 28 of age, all chickens in the challenge groups were orally gavaged with 40,000 sporulated E. maxima oocysts. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the groups regardless of the treatment or challenge with E. maxima. Enteric levels of both isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and PGF2α at 7 days and 9 days post-challenge were significantly increased (P < 0.01) compared to the non-challenge control chickens. Interestingly, the enteric levels of both isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α and PGF2α at 7 days post-challenge were significantly reduced in chickens fed curcumin, compared to control chickens challenge with E. maxima. At 9 days post-challenge, only levels of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α in the enteric samples were significantly reduced in chickens challenged with E. maxima supplemented with curcumin, compared with E. maxima challenge chickens. No differences of isoprostane 8‐iso‐PGF2α or PGF2α were observed in plasma at both days of evaluation. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the challenge control or chickens challenge with E. maxima and supplemented with curcumin at both times of evaluation. The results of this pilot study suggests that the antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin reduced the oxidative damage and subsequent intestinal mucosal over-production of lipid oxidation products. Further studies to confirm and extend these results in broiler chickens are required.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inkyung Park ◽  
Doyun Goo ◽  
Hyoyoun Nam ◽  
Samiru S. Wickramasuriya ◽  
Kichoon Lee ◽  
...  

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of maltol as a postbiotic on innate immunity, gut health, and enteric infection. In the first study, an in vitro culture system was used to evaluate the effects of maltol on the innate immune response of chicken macrophage cells (CMC), gut integrity of chicken intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), anti-parasitic activity against Eimeria maxima, and differentiation of quail muscle cells (QMC) and primary chicken embryonic muscle cells (PMC). All cells seeded in the 24-well plates were treated with maltol at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg. CMC and IEC were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide to induce an innate immune response, and QMC and PMC were treated with 0.5 and 2% fetal bovine serum, respectively. After 18 h of incubation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins (TJPs), and muscle cell growth markers were measured. In the second study, the dietary effect of maltol was evaluated on disease parameters in broiler chickens infected with E. maxima. Eighty male 1-day-old broiler chickens were allocated into the following four treatment groups: (1) Control group without infection, (2) Basal diet with E. maxima, (3) High maltol (HI; 10.0 mg /kg feed) with E. maxima, and (4) Low maltol (LO; 1.0 mg/kg feed) with E. maxima. Body weights (BW) were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 20, and 22. All chickens except the CON group were orally infected with 104E. maxima per chicken on day 14. Jejunum samples were collected for gut lesion scoring, and the gene expression of cytokines and TJPs. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. In vitro, maltol not only increased TJPs in IEC and cytokines in the LPS-stimulated CMC but also showed direct cytotoxicity against sporozoites of E. maxima. In vivo, the HI group improved the BW, reduced the gut lesion scores and fecal oocyst shedding, and decreased jejunal TNFSF15 and IL-1β expression in E. maxima-infected chickens. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the beneficial effects of dietary maltol in the enhancement of growth performance, gut health, and coccidiosis resistance and the applicability of maltol as a postbiotic for the replacement of antibiotic growth promoters in commercial poultry production.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Makenly E. Coles ◽  
Aaron J. Forga ◽  
Roberto Señas-Cuesta ◽  
Brittany D. Graham ◽  
Callie M. Selby ◽  
...  

The objective of the present research was to evaluate dietary supplementation of essential oils from Lippia origanoides (LEO) on necrotic enteritis (NE). Chickens were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1: negative control; Group 2: positive control challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (day 1), Eimeria maxima (day 18), and C. perfringens (CP, days 22-23); Group 3: dietary supplementation LEO and challenged. On d 25 of age, serum samples were collected to evaluate fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Group 3 showed a significant reduction of the harmful effects of induced infection/dysbiosis and a significant reduction in NE lesion scores, morbidity and mortality compared with the positive challenge control group (p < 0.05) compared with Group 2. Digested feed supernatant, supplemented with LEO and inoculated with CP, reduced CP burden (p < 0.05). Group 3 also exhibited a significant reduction in FITC-d, IFN-γ and IgA compared with Group 2. However, a significant increase SOD was observed in Group 3 compared with both control groups. Further investigation to compare the effect of LEO and the standard treatment of clostridial NE is required.


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