Effects of Dietary Cereal and Protein Source on Fiber Digestibility, Composition, and Metabolic Activity of the Intestinal Microbiota in Weaner Piglets

This study aimed to investigate the effect of fiber-rich rye and rapeseed meal (RSM) compared to wheat and soybean meal (SBM) on fiber digestibility and the composition and metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota. At weaning, 88 piglets were allocated to four feeding groups: wheat/SBM, wheat/RSM, rye/SBM, and rye/RSM. Dietary inclusion level was 48% for rye and wheat, 25% for SBM, and 30% for RSM. Piglets were euthanized after 33 days for collection of digesta and feces. Samples were analyzed for dry matter and non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) digestibility, bacterial metabolites, and relative abundance of microbiota. Rye-based diets had higher concentrations of soluble NSP than wheat-based diets. RSM-diets were higher in insoluble NSP compared to SBM. Rye-fed piglets showed a higher colonic and fecal digestibility of NSP (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). RSM-fed piglets showed a lower colonic and fecal digestibility of NSP than SBM-fed piglets (p < 0.001). Rye increased jejunal and colonic concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) compared to wheat (p < 0.001, p = 0.016, respectively). RSM-fed pigs showed a lower jejunal concentration of SCFA (p = 0.001) than SBM-fed pigs. Relative abundance of Firmicutes was higher (p = 0.039) and of Proteobacteria lower (p = 0.002) in rye-fed pigs compared to wheat. RSM reduced Firmicutes and increased Actinobacteria (jejunum, colon, feces: p < 0.050), jejunal Proteobacteria (p = 0.019) and colonic Bacteroidetes (p = 0.014). Despite a similar composition of the colonic microbiota, the higher amount and solubility of NSP from rye resulted in an increased fermentative activity compared to wheat. The high amount of insoluble dietary fiber in RSM-based diets reduced bacterial metabolic activity and caused a shift toward insoluble fiber degrading bacteria. Further research should focus on host–microbiota interaction to improve feeding concepts with a targeted use of dietary fiber.

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Barley Leaf Insoluble Dietary Fiber Alleviated Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mice Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030846 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 846

Author(s):

Meiling Tian ◽

Daotong Li ◽

Chen Ma ◽

Yu Feng ◽

Xiaosong Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Soluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Barley Leaf ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Secondary Bile Acids

Supplementation of dietary fiber has been proved to be an effective strategy to prevent and relieve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through gut microbiota modulation. However, more attention has been paid to the efficacy of soluble dietary fiber than that of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). In the present study, we investigated whether IDF from barley leaf (BLIDF) can inhibit gut inflammation via modulating the intestinal microbiota in DSS-induced colitis mice. The mice were fed 1.52% BLIDF-supplemented diet for 28 days. Results demonstrated that feeding BLIDF markedly mitigated DSS-induced acute colitis symptoms and down-regulated IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels in the colon and serum of colitis mice. BLIDF supplementation effectively reduced the abundance of Akkermansia and increased the abundance of Parasutterella, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Alistipes. Importantly, the anti-colitis effects of BLIDF were abolished when the intestinal microbiota was depleted by antibiotics. Furthermore, the targeted microbiota-derived metabolites analysis suggested that BLIDF feeding can reverse the DSS-induced decline of short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids in mice feces. Finally, BLIDF supplementation elevated the expression of occludin and mucin2, and decreased the expression of claudin-1 in colons of DSS-treated mice. Overall, our observations suggest that BLIDF exerts anti-inflammatory effects via modulating the intestinal microbiota composition and increasing the production of microbiota-derived metabolites.

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Effect of Yuzu (Citrus junos) Seed Limonoids and Spermine on Intestinal Microbiota and Hypothalamic Tissue in the Sandhoff Disease Mouse Model

Medical Sciences ◽

10.3390/medsci9010017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Mayumi Minamisawa ◽

Takuma Suzumura ◽

Sudeep Bose ◽

Tetsuyuki Taniai ◽

Gota Kawai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mouse Model ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Neuronal Degeneration ◽

Sandhoff Disease ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Wild Type ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

Citrus Junos ◽

Hypothalamic Tissue

The effect of limonoids and spermine (Spm) extracted from yuzu (Citrus junos) seeds on the gut and the brain in a mouse model with Sandhoff disease (SD) was investigated. Wild-type and SD mice were fed a normal diet, or a diet supplemented with limonoid, Spm, or limonoid + Spm for 14–18 weeks, and then 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with extracted DNA from their feces was executed. For SD control mice, intestinal microbiota was mostly composed of Lactobacillus and linked to dysbiosis. For SD and wild-type mice fed with limonoids + Spm or limonoids alone, intestinal microbiota was rich in mucin-degrading bacteria, including Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Firmicutes, and displayed a higher production of short-chain fatty acids and immunoglobulin A. Additionally, SD mice fed with limonoids + Spm or limonoids alone had less inflammation in hypothalamic tissues and displayed a greater number of neurons. Administration of limonoids and/or Spm improved the proportions of beneficial intestinal microbiota to host health and reduced neuronal degeneration in SD mice. Yuzu seed limonoids and Spermine may help to maintain the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota and hypothalamic tissue in the SD mouse model.

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Fiber substrates in the nutrition of weaned piglets – a review

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.1515/aoas-2016-0077 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 627-644 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Marianna Flis ◽

Wiesław Sobotka ◽

Zofia Antoszkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Oat Hulls ◽

Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽

Diarrhea Incidence

Abstract The present review summarizes the results of 37 experiments in which different types and levels (from 0.5 to 29.7%) of fibrous supplements were used in the formulation of diets for weaned piglets. Diets were supplemented with different sources of insoluble dietary fiber (iDF), soluble dietary fiber (sDF), or mixed DF sources. Most of the applied DF sources decreased the ileal and fecal organic matter digestibility, and they often lowered crude protein digestibility. A moderate addition (1.5-8%) of iDF sources increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and, frequently, average daily gains (ADG). Sources of sDF as well as high inclusion levels of fiber-rich feeds tended to decrease ADFI and ADG. Improved fecal consistency, decreased diarrhea incidence and antibiotic interventions were confirmed in piglets fed diets with added lignocellulose, cooked or raw oat hulls and wheat bran. The dietary inclusion of iDF rather than sDF sources improved gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, enzyme activity and gut morphology. An increase in the counts of beneficial gut microbiota and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids was stimulated by diets with addition iDF or sDF sources. Such diets also slowed down proteolytic fermentation which negatively affects the colonic mucosa. Some research findings indicate that iDF sources improve intestinal barrier function. The analyzed experimental data suggest that the addition of 1.5-2% of a lignocellulose preparation, 2% of oat hulls, 4-8% of coarse wheat bran to diets for weaned piglets may be recommended to promote GIT development and health, and to improve growth performance.

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The fermentation characteristics of Sparassis crispa polysaccharides and their effects on the intestinal microbes in mice

Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture ◽

10.1186/s40538-021-00225-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Meng-yang Liu ◽

Shao-jun Yun ◽

Jin-ling Cao ◽

Feier Cheng ◽

Ming-chang Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Control Group ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Sparassis Crispa ◽

Abundance And Diversity

Abstract Background Sparassis crispa polysaccharides (SCPs) have multiple pharmacological activities. Fermentation characteristics of SCPs and its effects on the intestinal microbes in mice remain inconclusive. Results In this study, SCPs were fermented by the human feces and used to administer the Kunming mice to explore the fermentation characteristics of SCPs in the intestinal tract and the effects on the intestinal microbes in mice. Results from in vitro experiments revealed that SCPs were utilized by intestinal microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The specific monosaccharide composition of SCPs determines which SCFAs are produced. Furthermore, the colon index and villi length of the SCPs-treated mice were significantly higher compared with the control group. In addition, SCPs exhibited beneficial effect on the relative abundance and diversity of dominant bacteria in the intestinal tract, such as increasing Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and up-regulating SCFA-producing bacteria, including Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Alloprevotella, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Parabacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Oscillibacter. SCPs increased the abundance of genes in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Conclusion Our results indicate SCPs can improve the physiological indices of the colon in mice, which is likely to be associated with the increase in the relative abundance and diversity of SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFAs level produced by intestinal microbiota. Graphic abstract

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Physical development and its relationship to the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota in young children

Уральский медицинский журнал ◽

10.52420/2071-5943-2021-20-5-35-42 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 35-42

Author(s):

I. V. Vakhlova ◽

G. V. Fedotova ◽

L. G. Boronina ◽

Yu. N. Ibragimova

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Intestinal Resection ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Physical Development ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Fecal Matter ◽

Important Indicator

Introduction. The metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota is an important indicator of the functioning of the digestive tract, one of the main functions of which is the absorption of nutrients.The aim of the study was to analyze the content of short chain fatty acids in feces and assess their relationship with the indicators of physical development in children 3 years of age.Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 89 children 3rd year of life. The 1st observation group included children of the I and II health groups, the children of the 2nd group underwent surgical treatment on the intestine in the first months of life, the children of the3rd group are with atopic dermatitis. FD assessment was carried out in accordance with WHO recommendations (2017) the spectrum of FGC in feces was determined by gas-liquid chromatography.Results. It was determined the features of the rates of FD in healthy children, children with a history of intestinal resection and children with atopy in relation to the indicators of metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota. The percentile distribution of the values of FGC in feces and their comparative assessment in the observation groups are given.Discussion. The content of FGM in feces has differences depending on the health status of children of the 3rd year of life. Different level of FGC shows a close relationship with the indicators of FD. Conclusions. A decrease in growth rates (body length SD: from -1 to -2) was revealed at low values (<25%) of the amount of acids, with an increase in propionate (25%) in feces. Reduced nutrition (body weight SD: from -1 to -2) it was associated with low values of the sum of isoacids and AI(-) (<25%); by 3rd year of life, the risk of low nutrition decreased in 4 times with high values (75%) of the sum of acids in feces (OR=4.33[1.09-17.71]). The multidirectionality of the content of fecal matter in young children and their influence on the indicators of FD emphasizes the versatility of the functions of the intestinal microbiota, which has a local and systemic effect on the human body.

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Metabolism of the intestinal microbiota in children of the first year of life with intestinal pathology and its surgical correction as a potential marker of biological age

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20202202024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 02024

Author(s):

Galina Fedotova ◽

Irina Vakhlova ◽

Lyubov Boronina

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Intestinal Resection ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

First Year ◽

Fecal Matter ◽

Potential Marker ◽

Intestinal Pathology ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Liquid Chromatographic

The article presents data on the study of the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota in children of the first year of life. The study was performed by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis with the determination of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in fecal matter, which reflects the microbiota metabolic activity. The content of fecal matter was determined, reflecting the activity of aerobic microbiota-acetic acid (C2); anaerobic microbiota – propionic (C3), butyric (C4) acids; the sum of acids (E); anaerobic index (AI), which is an integral indicator of the intestinal environment. It was found that despite surgical intervention in the intestine in the first months of life, the metabolic activity of microbiota in children with intestinal resection remains stable throughout the first year of life.

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Effects of body weight and fiber sources on fiber digestibility and short chain fatty acid concentration in growing pigs

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.19.0713 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 1975-1984

Author(s):

Jinbiao Zhao ◽

Xuzhou Liu ◽

Yi Zhang ◽

Ling Liu ◽

Junjun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Short Chain ◽

Total Dietary Fiber ◽

Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽

High Fiber ◽

Dietary Treatments

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effects of body weight (BW) and fiber sources on nutrient digestibility, fiber fermentation and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration in different intestinal segments of growing pigs fed high-fiber diets.Methods: Nine barrows with initial BW of 25.17±0.73 kg and 9 barrows with initial BW of 63.47±2.18 kg were allotted to a duplicate 9×2 Youden Square design with 3 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The dietary treatments were formulated with 3 different high-fiber ingredients: corn bran, sugar beet pulp, and soybean hulls, respectively. Each diet was fed to 3 barrows with different stage of BW in each period.Results: There were no differences in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of most nutrients between pigs at different BW stages. Pigs at 60 kg had greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and had greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of IDF and cellulose than pigs at 25 kg. The acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations in ileal digesta and feces of pigs at 60 kg were greater (p<0.05) than those of pigs at 25 kg. In addition, fiber sources affected (p<0.05) the AID of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein, SDF and hemicellulose, the hindgut disappearance and ATTD of dietary fiber components, the lactate and propionate concentrations in ileal digesta and the butyrate, valerate and total SCFA concentrations in feces. There were interactions (p<0.05) between BW and fiber sources on the AID of GE, OM, EE, SDF, hemicellulose, the ATTD of EE, TDF, and IDF, and the hindgut disappearance of SDF and hemicellulose.Conclusion: Increasing BW mainly improved the digestibility of dietary fiber fractions, and the dietary fiber sources influenced the digestibility of almost all the dietary nutrients in growing pigs.

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Probiotics-induced changes in gut microbial composition and its effects on cognitive performance after stress: exploratory analyses

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-021-01404-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mirjam Bloemendaal ◽

Joanna Szopinska-Tokov ◽

Clara Belzer ◽

David Boverhoff ◽

Silvia Papalini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Placebo Group ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Memory Task ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Degrading Bacteria

AbstractStress negatively affects cognitive performance. Probiotics remediate somatic and behavioral stress responses, hypothetically by acting on the gut microbiota. Here, in exploratory analyses, we assessed gut microbial alterations after 28-days supplementation of multi-strain probiotics (EcologicBarrier consisting of Lactobacilli, Lactococci, and Bifidobacteria in healthy, female subjects (probiotics group n = 27, placebo group n = 29). In an identical pre-session and post-session, subjects performed a working memory task before and after an acute stress intervention. Global gut microbial beta diversity changed over time, but we were not able to detect differences between intervention groups. At the taxonomic level, Time by Intervention interactions were not significant after multiple comparison correction; the relative abundance of eight genera in the probiotics group was higher (uncorrected) relative to the placebo group: Butyricimonas, Parabacteroides, Alistipes, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Family_XIII_AD3011_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-003, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010. In a second analysis step, association analyses were done only within this selection of microbial genera, revealing the probiotics-induced change in genus Ruminococcaceae_UCG-003 was significantly associated with probiotics’ effect on stress-induced working memory changes (rspearman(27) = 0.565; pFDR = 0.014) in the probiotics group only and independent of potential confounders (i.e., age, BMI, and baseline dietary fiber intake). That is subjects with a higher increase in Ruminococcaceae_UCG-003 abundance after probiotics were also more protected from negative effects of stress on working memory after probiotic supplementation. The bacterial taxa showing an increase in relative abundance in the probiotics group are plant fiber degrading bacteria and produce short-chain fatty acids that are known for their beneficial effect on gut and brain health, e.g., maintaining intestinal-barrier and blood–brain-barrier integrity. This study shows that gut microbial alterations, modulated through probiotics use, are related to improved cognitive performance in acute stress circumstances.

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Combined Soluble Fiber-Mediated Intestinal Microbiota Improve Insulin Sensitivity of Obese Mice

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12020351 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 351 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chuanhui Xu ◽

Jianhua Liu ◽

Jianwei Gao ◽

Xiaoyu Wu ◽

Chenbin Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Soluble Fiber ◽

Water Binding

Dietary fiber, an important regulator of intestinal microbiota, is a promising tool for preventing obesity and related metabolic disorders. However, the functional links between dietary fiber, intestinal microbiota, and obesity phenotype are still not fully understood. Combined soluble fiber (CSF) is a synthetic mixture of polysaccharides and displays high viscosity, water-binding capacity, swelling capacity, and fermentability. We found that supplementing high-fat diet (HFD) with 6% CSF significantly improved the insulin sensitivity of obese mice without affecting their body weight. Replacing the HFD with normal chow basal diet (NCD), the presence of CSF in the feed significantly enhanced satiety, decreased energy intake, promoted weight and fat loss, and augmented insulin sensitivity. CSF also improved the intestinal morphological integrity, attenuated systemic inflammation, promoted intestinal microbiota homeostasis, and stabilized the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that was perturbed during HFD-induced obesity, and these stabilizing effects were more prominent when the basal diet was switched to NCD. The enrichment of bacteria of the S24-7 family and Allobaculum genus increased markedly in the intestine following 6% CSF supplementation- and correlated with decreased adiposity and insulin resistance. Five bacterial genera that were decreased by CSF, including Oscillospira, unclassified Lachonospitaceae, unclassified Clostridiales, unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae, and unclassified Ruminococcae, were subjected to co-occurrence network analysis and were positively correlated to adiposity and insulin resistance, indicating a key role in the microbial response to CSF. Thus, CSF has a potential to promote insulin sensitivity and even reduce obesity via beneficial regulation of the gut microecosystem.

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Effects of inclusion of dietary fibers in the composition of the diet in obesity

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/omet2018235-39 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 35-39

Author(s):

Albert А Kurmangulov ◽

Elena F Dorodneva ◽

Irina A Troshina ◽

Yulianna A Petrova ◽

Tatyana I Golubeva

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Dietary Fibers ◽

Anthropometric Data ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

BACKGROUND. In recent years, clinical work, discovered a correlation between the violations of quantitative and/or qualitative composition of the intestinal microbiota and the development of various dysmetabolic disorders, including obesity. AIMS. To evaluate the effect of the additional inclusion in the diet program of foods with a high content of dietary fibers and microbiotics on anthropometric indicators of obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The dynamic 6-month observation study included 50 people with 2–3 degrees of obesity (BMI≥35 kg/m2) according to WHO criteria, divided depending on the method of exposure (the traditional scheme of rational diet/or additionally enriched diet with fiber) into two comparable groups. Among the methods of the study were allocated anthropometry, the actual nutritional analysis and chromatographic study of short-chain fatty acids in the feces. RESULTS. Analysis of anthropometric data (body weight, BMI, waist circumference) using the Wilcoxon test showed a more pronounced dynamics of basic anthropometric data in the group with additional enrichment diet dietary fiber (p<0.01). The data of chromatographic studies showed more significant changes in the total concentration of short chain fatty acids (p<0.01) and in their profile (p<0.05) in the group with additional enrichment diet dietary fiber. Clinically normalization of symbiotic digestion in the intestine in the group with additional enrichment diet dietary fiber was confirmed by reducing the frequency of presented complaints, for flatulence and flatulence from 38.3% to 13.7% (p<0.05), abdominal discomfort from 63.4% to 25.5% (p<0.05), constipation from 44.5% to 13.8% (p<0.05), rumbling in the abdomen on palpation from 50.4% to 18.8% (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS. Complex effect of dietary fiber within the food products of functional purpose on the processes and symbiotic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract leads to improved clinical and metabolic (normalization of functional activity of the intestinal microbiota) and anthropometric parameters (lower values of body weight, waist circumference), which predetermines the possibility of using dietary fiber in programmes for the treatment and prevention of obesity.

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