Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharides on Gas Emission, Protein and Energy Utilization, and Fasting Metabolism in Sheep

This study investigated the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on in vitro and in vivo gas emission, utilization of crude protein (CP) and energy, and relative parameters of sheep under fasting metabolism conditions. In vitro gas productions were evaluated over 12 h in sheep diets containing different amounts of MOS (from 0% to 6.0%/kg, the increment was 0.5%). A control experiment was used to assess the gas emission, utilization of CP and energy, and fasting metabolism in control sheep and sheep treated with 2.0% MOS over 24 days (d). The results showed that 2.0% MOS supplementation led to the lowest in vitro CO2 production and less CH4 production, while also leading to decrease in vivo nutrients intake, CP and energy excretion, digested and retained CP, and energy released as CH4 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 2.0% MOS supplementation appeared to decrease in vivo O2 consumption and CH4 production per metabolic body weight (BW0.75), and increase the CP retention rate of sheep (p < 0.074). MOS did not affect other parameters, along with the same parameters of sheep under fasting metabolism conditions (p > 0.05). The findings indicate MOS has only slight effects on the gas emission and nutrients and energy metabolism of sheep.

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A Systematic Review on Extracellular Vesicles-Enriched Fat Grafting: A Shifting Paradigm

Aesthetic Surgery Journal ◽

10.1093/asj/sjaa362 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Ghiasloo ◽

Laura De Wilde ◽

Kashika Singh ◽

Patrick Tonnard ◽

Alexis Verpaele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Graft Survival ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Retention Rate ◽

Fat Grafting ◽

Retention Rates ◽

Fat Graft ◽

Cochrane Central Register

Abstract Background Recent evidence confirms that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) facilitate angiogenesis mainly through paracrine function. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are regarded as key components of the cell secretome, possessing functional properties of their source cells. Subsequently, MSC-EVs have emerged as a novel cell-free approach to improve fat graft retention rate. Objectives To provide a systematic review of all studies reporting the use of MSC-EVs to improve graft retention rate. Methods A systematic search was undertaken using the Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. Outcome measures included donor/receptor organism of the fat graft, study model, intervention groups, evaluation intervals, EV research data, in vitro and in vivo results. Results Of the total 1717 articles, 62 full-texts were screened. Seven studies reporting on 294mice were included. Overall, EV treated groups showed higher graft retention rates compared to untreated groups. Notably, retention rate was similar following EV- and MSC-treatment. In addition to reduced inflammation, graft enrichment with EVs resulted in early revascularization and better graft integrity. Interestingly, hypoxic preconditioning of MSCs improved their beneficial paracrine effects and led to a more proangiogenic EV population, as observed by both in vitro and in vivo results. Conclusions MSC-EVs appear to offer an interesting cell-free alternative to improve fat graft survival. While their clinical relevance remains to be determined, it is clear that not the cells, but their secretome is essential for graft survival. Thus, a paradigm shift from cell-assisted lipotransfer towards ‘secretome-assisted lipotransfer’ is well on its way.

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In Vitro Evaluation of Different Dietary Methane Mitigation Strategies

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9121120 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1120 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Juana C. Chagas ◽

Mohammad Ramin ◽

Sophie J. Krizsan

Keyword(s):

Control Diet ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

Propynoic Acid ◽

Dietary Strategies

We assessed and ranked different dietary strategies for mitigating methane (CH4) emissions and other fermentation parameters, using an automated gas system in two in vitro experiments. In experiment 1, a wide range of dietary CH4 mitigation strategies was tested. In experiment 2, the two most promising CH4 inhibitory compounds from experiment 1 were tested in a dose-response study. In experiment 1, the chemical compounds 2-nitroethanol, nitrate, propynoic acid, p-coumaric acid, bromoform, and Asparagopsis taxiformis (AT) decreased predicted in vivo CH4 production (1.30, 21.3, 13.9, 24.2, 2.00, and 0.20 mL/g DM, respectively) compared with the control diet (38.7 mL/g DM). The 2-nitroethanol and AT treatments had lower molar proportions of acetate and higher molar proportions of propionate and butyrate compared with the control diet. In experiment 2, predicted in vivo CH4 production decreased curvilinearly, molar proportions of acetate decreased, and propionate and butyrate proportions increased curvilinearly with increased levels of AT and 2-nitroethanol. Thus 2-nitroethanol and AT were the most efficient strategies to reduce CH4 emissions in vitro, and AT inclusion additionally showed a strong dose-dependent CH4 mitigating effect, with the least impact on rumen fermentation parameters.

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Microtissues in Cardiovascular Medicine: Regenerative Potential Based on a 3D Microenvironment

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2016/9098523 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Julia Günter ◽

Petra Wolint ◽

Annina Bopp ◽

Julia Steiger ◽

Elena Cambria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Retention Rate ◽

3D Cell Culture ◽

Traditional Role ◽

Cell Culture Techniques ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

3D Microenvironment

More people die annually from cardiovascular diseases than from any other cause. In particular, patients who suffer from myocardial infarction may be affected by ongoing adverse remodeling processes of the heart that may ultimately lead to heart failure. The introduction of stem and progenitor cell-based applications has raised substantial hope for reversing these processes and inducing cardiac regeneration. However, current stem cell therapies using single-cell suspensions have failed to demonstrate long-lasting efficacy due to the overall low retention rate after cell delivery to the myocardium. To overcome this obstacle, the concept of 3D cell culture techniques has been proposed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and cell engraftment based on the simulation of an in vivo-like microenvironment. Of great interest is the use of so-called microtissues or spheroids, which have evolved from their traditional role as in vitro models to their novel role as therapeutic agents. This review will provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of microtissues by addressing primarily cardiovascular regeneration. It will accentuate their advantages compared to other regenerative approaches and summarize the methods for generating clinically applicable microtissues. In addition, this review will illustrate the unique properties of the microenvironment within microtissues that makes them a promising next-generation therapeutic approach.

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Produk Metabolisme Rumen pada Sapi Peranakan Ongole Fase Tumbuh

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v13i1.550 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 31-35

Author(s):

S.N.O. Suwandyastuti

Keyword(s):

Biological Treatment ◽

Volatile Fatty Acid ◽

Block Design ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Total Volatile ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

Rumen Metabolism ◽

Randomized Block Design

Rumen metabolism product on growing cattle ongole gradeABSTRACT. The utilization of fermented fibrous waste material had improved the product of rumen metabolism in vitro, nevertheless, it was not always the same result if treated on animal, in vivo. An experiment had been conducted to investigate the result of the in vitro trial to the growing male cattle of Ongole Grade. The experiment had been conducted by experimental method using twelve (12) growing male cattle of Ongole Grade. The trial was conducted in Completely Randomized Block Design, during seven months period, three months adaption, two weeks preliminary, three months feeding trial and two weeks digestion trial. The treatment tested were: R0 = control ration, non fermented; R1 = mesh type fermented and R2 = pellet type fermented. The variables measured were: the production of Total Volatile Fatty Acid (T-VFA); asetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4). The result shown that the treatment, biological and physical, of complete feed, does not influence on the production of T-VFA as well as on the composition (C2, C3 and C4). Nevertheless based on all the variables measured, the biological treatment with fermentation tends to increase the production of rumen metabolism, and the highest result of the products of T-VFA = 112,43 + 17,2 mM/L, C2 = 40,46 + 8,98 mM/L, C3 = 34,57 + 7,35 mM/L, C4 = 31,17 + 7,35 mM/L, were resulted from pellet type of complete feed. The result of experiment concludes : (1) based on the production of VFA as well as its composition, and the balance of C2 / C3, the utilization of complete feed both mesh and pellet type increases the efficiency of energy utilization on the growing male of Ongole Grade Cattle; (2) based on rumen metabolism product, the recommended complete feed for growing male cattle of Ongole grade is in the form of fermented pellet.

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Tracing Metabolic Fate of Mitochondrial Glycine Cleavage System Derived Formate In Vitro and In Vivo

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21228808 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (22) ◽

pp. 8808

Author(s):

Yee-Ling Tan ◽

Nga-Lai Sou ◽

Feng-Yao Tang ◽

Hsin-An Ko ◽

Wei-Ting Yeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Hepatoma Cell ◽

Model Systems ◽

Whole Body ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Glycine Cleavage System ◽

Metabolic Fate ◽

Glycine Cleavage

Folate-mediated one-carbon (1C) metabolism is a major target of many therapies in human diseases. Studies have focused on the metabolism of serine 3-carbon as it serves as a major source for 1C units. The serine 3-carbon enters the mitochondria transferred by folate cofactors and eventually converted to formate and serves as a major building block for cytosolic 1C metabolism. Abnormal glycine metabolism has been reported in many human pathological conditions. The mitochondrial glycine cleavage system (GCS) catalyzes glycine degradation to CO2 and ammonium, while tetrahydrofolate (THF) is converted into 5,10-methylene-THF. GCS accounts for a substantial proportion of whole-body glycine flux in humans, yet the particular metabolic route of glycine 2-carbon recycled from GCS during mitochondria glycine decarboxylation in hepatic or bone marrow 1C metabolism is not fully investigated, due to the limited accessibility of human tissues. Labeled glycine at 2-carbon was given to humans and primary cells in previous studies for investigating its incorporations into purines, its interconversion with serine, or the CO2 production in the mitochondria. Less is known on the metabolic fate of the glycine 2-carbon recycled from the GCS; hence, a model system tracing its metabolic fate would help in this regard. We took the direct approach of isotopic labeling to further explore the in vitro and in vivo metabolic fate of the 2-carbon from [2-13C]glycine and [2-13C]serine. As the 2-carbon of glycine and serine is decarboxylated and catabolized via the GCS, the original 13C-labeled 2-carbon is transferred to THF and yield methyleneTHF in the mitochondria. In human hepatoma cell-lines, 2-carbon from glycine was found to be incorporated into deoxythymidine (dTMP, dT + 1), M + 3 species of purines (deoxyadenine, dA and deoxyguanine, dG), and methionine (Met + 1). In healthy mice, incorporation of GCS-derived formate from glycine 2-carbon was found in serine (Ser + 2 via cytosolic serine hydroxy methyl transferase), methionine, dTMP, and methylcytosine (mC + 1) in bone marrow DNA. In these experiments, labeled glycine 2-carbon directly incorporates into Ser + 1, A + 2, and G + 2 (at C2 and C8 of purine) in the cytosol. It is noteworthy that since the serine 3-carbon is unlabeled in these experiments, the isotopic enrichments in dT + 1, Ser + 2, dA + 3, dG + 3, and Met + 1 solely come from the 2-carbon of glycine/serine recycled from GCS, re-enters the cytosolic 1C metabolism as formate, and then being used for cytosolic syntheses of serine, dTMP, purine (M + 3) and methionine. Taken together, we established model systems and successfully traced the metabolic fate of mitochondrial GCS-derived formate from glycine 2-carbon in vitro and in vivo. Nutritional supply significantly alters formate generation from GCS. More GCS-derived formate was used in hepatic serine and methionine syntheses, whereas more GCS-derived formate was used in dTMP synthesis in the bone marrow, indicating that the utilization and partitioning of GCS-derived 1C unit are tissue-specific. These approaches enable better understanding concerning the utilization of 1C moiety generated from mitochondrial GCS that can help to further elucidate the role of GCS in human disease development and progression in future applications. More studies on GCS using these approaches are underway.

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Rumen methanogens, and inhibition of methanogenesis

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar99005 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 50 (8) ◽

pp. 1293 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S. K. Baker

Keyword(s):

Normal Component ◽

Distinct Group ◽

Microbial Populations ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

Enhanced Production ◽

Wide Range ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Strong Inverse Relationship

Methane-producing archaea (known as methanogens) are a distinct group of organisms which are a normal component of the rumen microbial ecosystem. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are the principal substrates used by rumen methanogens to produce methane (CH4). Because hydrogen and formate are products of fermentation by other microorganisms in the rumen, inhibition of fermentation by other members of the rumen microbial population may in turn inhibit methanogenesis. As well, compounds that inhibit the activity of methanogens directly are likely to reduce or eliminate CH4 production. A strong inverse relationship between the molar proportion of propionate and CH4 production is predicted from knowledge of the interactions among microbial populations in the rumen, and compounds that promote greater production of propionate in the rumen may also have the effect of decreasing CH4 production. Although a wide range of ionophores, antibiotics, and other compounds have been evaluated in vivo and in vitro for their influence on rumen microbial populations and on propionate production, re-evaluation of some of these has been prompted by a search for compounds that both enhance propionate production and decrease production. Where there is a focus on CH4 production by livestock, interest necessarily is in the total amount of CH4 produced per day as a proportion of gross energy intake (%GEI) and its relationship with animal productivity. Because enhanced production of propionate in the rumen also can be associated with an increase in the flow of microbial protein from the rumen, evaluation or re-evaluation of compounds that may be effective in reducing methane production should also include evaluation of the effects on animal productivity, and appropriate approaches are discussed.

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Aloe derived nanovesicle as a functional carrier for indocyanine green encapsulation and phototherapy

Journal of Nanobiotechnology ◽

10.1186/s12951-021-01195-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lupeng Zeng ◽

Huaying Wang ◽

Wanhua Shi ◽

Lingfan Chen ◽

Tingting Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Indocyanine Green ◽

Retention Rate ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Heating System ◽

Melanoma Cells ◽

Transdermal Administration ◽

Promising Perspective ◽

And Storage

Abstract Background Cancer is one of the devastating diseases in the world. The development of nanocarrier provides a promising perspective for improving cancer therapeutic efficacy. However, the issues with potential toxicity, quantity production, and excessive costs limit their further applications in clinical practice. Results Herein, we proposed a nanocarrier obtained from aloe with stability and leak-proofness. We isolated nanovesicles from the gel and rind of aloe (gADNVs and rADNVs) with higher quality and yield by controlling the final centrifugation time within 20 min, and modulating the viscosity at 2.98 mPa S and 1.57 mPa S respectively. The gADNVs showed great structure and storage stability, antioxidant and antidetergent capacity. They could be efficiently taken up by melanoma cells, and with no toxicity in vitro or in vivo. Indocyanine green (ICG) loaded in gADNVs (ICG/gADNVs) showed great stability in both heating system and in serum, and its retention rate exceeded 90% after 30 days stored in gADNVs. ICG/gADNVs stored 30 days could still effectively damage melanoma cells and inhibit melanoma growth, outperforming free ICG and ICG liposomes. Interestingly, gADNVs showed prominent penetrability to mice skin which might be beneficial to noninvasive transdermal administration. Conclusions Our research was designed to simplify the preparation of drug carrier, and reduce production cost, which provided an alternative for the development of economic and safe drug delivery system. Graphical Abstract

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Effects of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) age and different forage: concentrate ratios on methanogenesis

Revista Mvz Córdoba ◽

10.21897/rmvz.43 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 4726-4738 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John Ramírez ◽

Sandra Posada O ◽

Ricardo Noguera

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Production ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

Kikuyu Grass

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the effect of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) harvested at two different ages and three forage: concentrate supplement ratios (F/C) on methane (CH4) production, dry matter digestibility (DMD), and fermentation profile using the in vitro gas production technique. Materials and methods. six treatments, resulting from the combination of pasture age (30 or 60 days) and F/C (100/0, 75/25, or 50/50) were evaluated using a 2x3 factorial design. The response variables were measured 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after incubation. A repeated-measure over time design was used to analyze the data, and differences between means were determined with the LSMEANS procedure of SAS. Results. the youngest grass (30 days) was more digestible, produced less CH4 per gram of digestible dry matter (dDM) and more total volatile fatty acids (VFA) compared to the oldest grass (60 days; p <0.05). Reductions of the F/C ratio increased DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM (p<0.05) but had no significant effect on VFA concentration (p>0.05). Conclusions. under in vitro conditions and pH close to neutrality, the older grass reduces DMD and increases CH4 production per gram of dDM, while a F/C reduction increases DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM, which differs with reports conducted in vivo.

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Including essential oils in lactating dairy cow diets: effects on methane emissions

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14152 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 1215 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. J. Meale ◽

A. V. Chaves ◽

T. A. McAllister ◽

A. D. Iwaasa ◽

W. Z. Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽

Latin Square ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Negative Control ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Garlic Oil

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of garlic and juniper berry essential oils on methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from lactating dairy cows. Four ruminally cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square (21-day period; 11 days of adaptation). Cows were fed a total mixed ration (60 : 40 forage : concentrate ratio) without supplementation (no additive; negative control) or supplemented with monensin (330 mg/day; positive control), garlic oil (5 g/day) or juniper berry oil (2 g/day). Methane and CO2 emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Dietary supplementation of lactating cows with juniper berry oil or garlic oil did not affect (P > 0.05) CH4 or CO2 production, whether expressed as g/day, g/kg DMI, g/kg milk or as g/kg DMI/BW0.75. At the doses administered in this study, the anti-methanogenic effect of garlic and juniper berry oils previously observed in vitro were not confirmed in vivo.

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The digestion and absorption of protein in man

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19700023 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 227-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

S. Elizabeth Nixon ◽

G. E. Mawer

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Control Experiment ◽

Lumen Tube ◽

Marker Compound ◽

Single Lumen ◽

Endogenous Protein

1. The absorption of the amino acid components of two protein-containing test meals has been studied in six healthy volunteers. One meal contained 15 g of milk protein and the other contained 15 g of gelatin. In a control experiment a meal was given which contained a negligible amount of protein.2. The subjects were intubated with a single lumen tube; then each meal was swallowed and intestinal residues were obtained from known levels. The amino acid composition of the intestinal contents was compared with that of the original meal. Correction was made for net water shifts by reference to a non-absorbable marker compound (polyethylene glycol 4000).3. The results showed that at least 70–75% of the milk protein test meal had been absorbed when the sampling holes were 230 cm from the nose. It is suggested, however, that most, if not all, of the meal had been absorbed when the sampling holes were 140 cm from the nose.4. Amino acids were absorbed at rates proportional to their concentrations in the meal.5. Gelatin, a protein known to be relatively resistant to enzymic hydrolysis, was poorly absorbed from the region of the small intestine under study.6. Estimates of the amount of endogenous protein secreted in response to the test meals ranged from z to 8 g, equivalent to 13–53% of the protein containing test meals.7. The absorption of certain amino acids, e.g. the dicarboxylic amino acids, was more rapid than was expected; glutamic and aspartic acids are absorbed slowly from a mixture of amino acids, both in vitro and in vivo.

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