Farm Animal Veterinarians’ Knowledge and Attitudes toward Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in the Republic of Serbia

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the most prevalent global health issues in both veterinarian and human medicine. This complex problem requires a “One Health” approach with the cooperation of all healthcare sectors, as well as agriculture, finance, and consumers. We conducted a survey with the objective to assess the knowledge and attitudes of farm animal veterinarians toward AMR and antimicrobial use in the Republic of Serbia with a small focus on mastitis therapy. A total of 110 respondents completed the questionnaire, which represents a response rate of 27.3%. The majority of our respondents (n = 102, 92.7%) completely agreed that AMR currently represents severe concern in the health sector. Unfortunately, less than one-third (n = 34, 30.9%) of the respondents had only heard about antimicrobial stewardship. Participants showed a positive attitude toward prudent antimicrobial use and were open to solutions to the AMR crisis. We noticed a certain gap between farm veterinarians’ desire to improve and perform better in daily practice, while at the same time feeling like they did not have enough guidance, help, and resources.

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Peculiarities of the course of the postpartum period in domestic reindeer females, its morphophysiology and behavioral reactions in the North-East of Russia (Republic of Sakha)

Genetika i razvedenie zhivotnyh ◽

10.31043/2410-2733-2020-3-99-105 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 99-105

Author(s):

V. Fedorov ◽

E. Sleptsov ◽

K. Plemyashov

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Period ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Complex Problem ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Taiga Zone ◽

Behavioral Reactions ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

The Republic ◽

Mountain Taiga

A growth in the number of deer and an increase in their productivity are closely related to the solution of the complex problem of reproduction and rational use of deer females. Significant damage to reindeer husbandry is caused by the barrenness of northern domestic deer, the level of which has been quite high in recent years. So, in the Republic of Sakha, on 01.01.2020, the number of domesticated reindeer was 152,068, of which female deer and heifers — 71,818, offspring per 100 females — 59, business yield amounted to 52 fawns per 100 females. The causes of infertility are very diverse, as the natural and climatic conditions of the breeding zones have a significant influence on the reproductive function of reindeer. In Yakutia, the main population of northern domestic deer is bred in mountain taiga and tundra natural-climatic zones, so there are about 55 thousand deer in the mountain taiga zone and more than 65 thousand deer in the tundra zone. In this regard, the study of the peculiarities of the postpartum period course in domestic reindeer females, its morphophysiology, and behavioral reactions depending on the natural and climatic conditions of breeding is of great importance.

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Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8060111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Md. Abul Kalam ◽

Md. Abdul Alim ◽

Shahanaj Shano ◽

Md. Raihan Khan Nayem ◽

Md. Rahim Badsha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Rank Order ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

12Th Grade ◽

Study Results ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽

Drug Sellers

Poultry production has boomed in Bangladesh in recent years. The poultry sector has contributed significantly to meet the increased demand for animal source proteins in the country. However, increased use of antimicrobials and antibiotics appeared to be a significant threat to food safety in the poultry sector. The poultry drug and feed sellers are at the frontline position involving selecting and delivering the antimicrobials to the poultry farmers. Studies assessing the poultry drug and feed sellers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) are limited. The current study aimed to assess the community poultry drug and feed sellers’ KAPs of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in some selected areas of Bangladesh. We determined the respondents’ (drug and the feed sellers) KAPs of AMU and AMR using a tested and paper-based questionnaire. The study demonstrated that most respondents have insufficient knowledge, less positive attitudes, and inappropriate practices regarding AMU and AMR. The factor score analysis further showed that the type of respondents and their years of experience, level of education, and training on the drug were the significant factors impacting the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices of AMU and AMR. The adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that the drug sellers who completed their education up to 12th grade and had training on the drug had adequate knowledge of AMU and AMR. The data also showed that the drug sellers belong to the age group 31–35 and 36–40 years and who completed 12th grade had good attitudes on the same. Likewise, the analysis further determined that drug sellers belonging the age category 18–25 and 26–30 years, and interestingly, the respondents who completed education up to 12th grade, had better practices. Spearman’s rank-order correlation revealed a positive association between each pair of the KAPs scores for the respondents. The correlation was fair between knowledge–attitudes, knowledge–practices, and attitudes–practices. Based on the current study results, we recommend educational interventions and appropriate training for the poultry drug and feed sellers to raise awareness and to upgrade their current knowledge on the appropriate use of antimicrobials. This will ultimately lead to reducing the chances of developing AMR in the poultry sectors of the country.

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Fall Prevention in Dutch Physician Practices: A Descriptive Study

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.758 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 235-235

Author(s):

Wytske Meekes ◽

C J Leemrijse ◽

J C Korevaar ◽

L A M van de Goor

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Older People ◽

Fall Prevention ◽

Fear Of Falling ◽

Daily Practice ◽

Health Issues ◽

Frail Older People ◽

Physician Practices ◽

Important Health ◽

Underlying Causes

Abstract Falls are an important health threat among frail older people. Physicians are often the first to contact for health issues and can be seen as designated professionals to provide fall prevention. However, it is unknown what they exactly do and why regarding fall prevention. This study aims to describe what physicians in the Netherlands do during daily practice in regards to fall prevention. About 65 physicians (34 practices) located throughout the Netherlands were followed up for 12 months. When a physician entered specific ICPC-codes related to frailty and falls in the Hospital Information System, the physician received a pop-up asking if the patient is frail. If so, the physician subsequently completed a questionnaire. The physicians completed 1396 questionnaires. More than half (n=726) of the patients had experienced a fall in the previous year and/or had a fear of falling (FOF) and 37% of these patients received fall prevention. Physicians did not know of 20% of the patients if they had experienced a fall and of 29% of the patients if they had a FOF. The three most often treated underlying causes were mobility problems, FOF and cardiovascular risk factors. The results show that physicians are not always aware of a patient’s fall history and/or FOF and that only part of these patients receives fall prevention. Hence, it might be important to develop and implement strategies for systematic fall risk screening and fall prevention provision in the primary care setting to reduce falls among frail older people.

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Antimicrobial Use Control Measures to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance in US Hospitals

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/507963 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 1088-1095 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Alan J. Zillich ◽

Jason M. Sutherland ◽

Stephen J. Wilson ◽

Daniel J. Diekema ◽

Erika J. Ernst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽

Practice Guidelines ◽

Veterans Affairs ◽

Control Measures ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Term Care ◽

Recommended Practices

Objective.Clinical practice guidelines and recommended practices to control use of antibiotics have been published, but the effect of these practices on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates in hospitals is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine relationships between antimicrobial use control strategies and AMR rates in a national sample of US hospitals.Design.Cross-sectional, stratified study of a nationally representative sample of US hospitals.Methods.A survey instrument was sent to the person responsible for infection control at a sample of 670 US hospitals. The outcome was current prevalences of 4 epidemiologically important, drug-resistant pathogens, considered concurrently: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella species, and quinolone (ciprofloxacin)-resistant Escherichia coli Five independent variables regarding hospital practices were selected from the survey: the extent to which hospitals (1) implement practices recommended in clinical practice guidelines and ensure best practices for antimicrobial use, (2) disseminate information on clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial use, (3) use antimicrobial-related information technology, (4) use decision support tools, and (5) communicate to prescribers about antimicrobial use. Control variables included the hospitals' number of beds, teaching status, Veterans Affairs status, geographic region, and number of long-term care beds; and the presence of an intensive care unit, a burn unit, or transplant services. A generalized estimating equation modeled all resistance rates simultaneously to identify overall predictors of AMR levels at the facility.Results.Completed survey instruments were returned by 448 hospitals (67%). Four antimicrobial control measures were associated with higher prevalence of AMR. Implementation of recommended practices for antimicrobial use (P< .01) and optimization of the duration of empirical antibiotic prophylaxis (P<.01) were associated with a lower prevalence of AMR. Use of restrictive formularies (P = .05) and dissemination of clinical practice guideline information (P<.01) were associated with higher prevalence of AMR. Number of beds and Veterans Affairs status were also associated with higher AMR rates overall.Conclusions.Implementation of guideline-recommended practices to control antimicrobial use and optimize the duration of empirical therapy appears to help control AMR rates in US hospitals. A longitudinal study would confirm the results of this cross-sectional study. These results highlight the need for systems interventions and reengineering to ensure more-consistent application of guideline-recommended measures for antimicrobial use.

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Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and gonorrhoea treatment in the Republic of Belarus, Eastern Europe, 2009–2019

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06184-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aliaksandra Aniskevich ◽

Iryna Shimanskaya ◽

Iryna Boiko ◽

Tatyana Golubovskaya ◽

Daniel Golparian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Treatment Guidelines ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

National Guidelines ◽

First Line ◽

Exact Test ◽

The Republic

Abstract Background Limited antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae are available in Eastern Europe. We investigated AMR in N. gonorrhoeae isolates in the Republic of Belarus from 2009 to 2019, antimicrobial treatment recommended nationally, and treatment given to patients with gonorrhoea. Methods N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 522) cultured in three regions of Belarus in 2009–2019 were examined. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight antimicrobials was performed using Etest. Resistance breakpoints from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing were applied where available. A Nitrocefin test identified β-lactamase production. Gonorrhoea treatment for 1652 patients was also analysed. Statistical significance was determined by the Z-test, Fisher’s exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test with p-values of < 0.05 indicating significance. Results In total, 27.8% of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 24.7% to ciprofloxacin, 7.0% to benzylpenicillin, 2.7% to cefixime, and 0.8% to azithromycin. No isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, spectinomycin, or gentamicin. However, 14 (2.7%) isolates had a ceftriaxone MIC of 0.125 mg/L, exactly at the resistance breakpoint (MIC > 0.125 mg/L). Only one (0.2%) isolate, from 2013, produced β-lactamase. From 2009 to 2019, the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline were relatively high and stable. Resistance to cefixime was not identified before 2013 but peaked at 22.2% in 2017. Only sporadic isolates with resistance to azithromycin were found in 2009 (n = 1), 2012 (n = 1), and 2018–2019 (n = 2). Overall, 862 (52.2%) patients received first-line treatment according to national guidelines (ceftriaxone 1 g). However, 154 (9.3%) patients received a nationally recommended alternative treatment (cefixime 400 mg or ofloxacin 400 mg), and 636 (38.5%) were given non-recommended treatment. Conclusions The gonococcal resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was high, however, the resistance to azithromycin was low and no resistance to ceftriaxone was identified. Ceftriaxone 1 g can continuously be recommended as empiric first-line gonorrhoea therapy in Belarus. Fluoroquinolones should not be prescribed for treatment if susceptibility has not been confirmed by testing. Timely updating and high compliance with national evidence-based gonorrhoea treatment guidelines based on quality-assured AMR data are imperative. The need for continued, improved and enhanced surveillance of gonococcal AMR in Belarus is evident.

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Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040454 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 454

Author(s):

Robinson H. Mdegela ◽

Elibariki R. Mwakapeje ◽

Bachana Rubegwa ◽

Daniel T. Gebeyehu ◽

Solange Niyigena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Crop Production ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Food Animals

All infections are potentially curable as long as the etiological agents are susceptible to antimicrobials. The increased rate at which antimicrobials are becoming ineffective is a global health risk of increasing concern that threatens withdrawal of beneficial antimicrobials for disease control. The increased demand for food of animal origin, in particular eggs, meat and milk has led to intensification and commercial production systems where excessive use and misuse of antimicrobials may prevail. Antimicrobials, handled and used by farmers and animal attendants with no formal education, may be predisposed to incorrect dosages, misuse, incorrect applications and non-adherence to withdrawal periods. This study was conducted to assess the regulatory roles and governance of antimicrobials, establish the pattern and extent of their use, evaluate the antimicrobial residues and resistance in the food animals and crop agriculture value chains, and relate these findings to existing strategies in place for combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Tanzania. A multimethod approach (desk review, field study and interviews) was used. Relevant establishments were also visited. High levels of resistance to penicillin G, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been reported, especially for Actinobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle with mastitis and in humans. Similar trends were found in poultry where eggs and meat are contaminated with Escherichia coli strains resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanate, sulphamethoxazole and neomycin. An increasing trend of emerging multidrug resistant E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella was also found in food animals. An increase in methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in the livestock sector in Tanzania have been reported. The pathogens isolated in animals were resistant to ampicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, erythromycin, cefuroxime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An increased usage of antimicrobials for prophylaxis, and therapeutics against pathogens and for growth promotion in livestock, aquaculture and crop production were observed. A One Health strategic approach is advocated to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food and agriculture sectors in Tanzania. Practical recommendations include (a) legislation review and implementation; (b) antimicrobial use (AMU), AMR and antimicrobial residue (AR) awareness and advocacy among stakeholders along the value chain; (c) strengthening of surveillance and monitoring programs for AMU, AMR and AR; (d) enhanced development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests and the promotion of biosecurity principles; and (e) good husbandry practices. The utilization of this information to improve public health policies and reduce the burden of AMR will be beneficial.

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Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance in Salmonella from poultry farms in Nigeria

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02938-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril ◽

Iruka N. Okeke ◽

Anders Dalsgaard ◽

John Elmerdahl Olsen

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Global Health ◽

Human Medicine ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Antimicrobial Usage ◽

Poultry Farms ◽

Reduction Strategies

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat affecting treatment outcome in animals and humans. A pre-requisite for development of AMR reduction strategies is knowledge of antimicrobial use patterns, and how these affect resistance development. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial usage (AMU) and whether such usage was associated with AMR in Salmonella from poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. Results Fifteen (37%) of antimicrobial products observed contained compounds that are of highest priority and critically important for human medicine. Broilers chicken consumed higher (28 ± 14 mg/kg active ingredients) amounts of antimicrobials compared to layers (13 ± 8 mg/kg) per week (p = 0.0009). Surprisingly, chickens raised under backyard system consumed higher amounts of antimicrobials (34 ± 7 mg/kg) than poultry in other systems (p = 0.02). High levels of resistance to tetracycline (58%), sulphonamides (65%), ciprofloxacin (46%) and gentamicin (42%) correlated with high farm level usage of these antimicrobials, and there was a strong correlation (r = 0.9) between farm usage and resistance of isolates to the same antimicrobials (p = 0.03). Conclusion High AMU, including use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials was observed at poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. AMU correlated with high levels of resistance. Communication of prudent use of antimicrobials to farmers and regulation to obtain reduction in AMU should be a priority.

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Resort resources of the Tatar Republic

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj76260 ◽

1934 ◽

Vol 30 (7-8) ◽

pp. 801-801

Keyword(s):

Health Sector ◽

Planning Committee ◽

State Planning ◽

Health Committee ◽

The Status ◽

Ussr State ◽

The Republic

The meeting held on 29/V of this year under the Health Sector of the USSR State Planning Committee heard reports from the Tatnar Health Committee on the status and prospects of the development of sanitation in the Republic of Tatarstan.

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