scholarly journals Squalene: More than a Step toward Sterols

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Micera ◽  
Alfonso Botto ◽  
Federica Geddo ◽  
Susanna Antoniotti ◽  
Cinzia Margherita Bertea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Cellular Models

Squalene (SQ) is a natural triterpene widely distributed in nature. It is a metabolic intermediate of the sterol biosynthetic pathway and represents a possible target in different metabolic and oxidative stress-related disorders. Growing interest has been focused on SQ’s antioxidant properties, derived from its chemical structure. Strong evidence provided by ex vivo models underline its scavenging activity towards free radicals, whereas only a few studies have highlighted its effect in cellular models of oxidative stress. Given the role of unbalanced free radicals in both the onset and progression of several cardiovascular diseases, an in depth evaluation of SQ’s contribution to antioxidant defense mechanisms could represent a strategic approach in dealing with these pathological conditions. At present experimental results overall show a double-edged sword role of squalene in cardiovascular diseases and its function has to be better elucidated in order to establish intervention lines focused on its features. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about endogenous and exogenous sources of SQ and to point out the controversial role of SQ in cardiovascular physiology.

scholarly journals Battle between plants as antioxidants with free radicals in human body

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Jamshidi-kia ◽  
Joko Priyanto Wibowo ◽  
Mostafa Elachouri ◽  
Rohollah Masumi ◽  
Alizamen Salehifard-Jouneghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidants

Free radicals are constructed by natural physiological activities in the human cells as well as in the environment. They may be produced as a result of diet, smoking, exercise, inflammation, exposure to sunlight, air pollutants, stress, alcohol and drugs. Imbalanced redox status may lead to cellular oxidative stress, which can damage the cells of the body, resulting in an incidence of various diseases. If the endogenous antioxidants do not stop the production of reactive metabolites, they will be needed to bring about a balance in redox status. Natural antioxidants, for example plants, play an important part in this context. This paper seeks to report the available evidence about oxidative stress and the application of plants as antioxidant agents to fight free radicals in the human body. For this purpose, to better understand oxidative stress, the principles of free radical production, the role of free radicals in diseases, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the role of herbs and diet in oxidative stress are discussed.

Oxidative Stress in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Lucia Minciullo ◽  
Antonino Inferrera ◽  
Michele Navarra ◽  
Gioacchino Calapai ◽  
Carlo Magno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Key Words Oxidative Stress

Background: Several parameters including inflammatory mediators, hormones, dietary factors, inflammatory genes, and oxidative stress (OS) have been considered to play a role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Prostate tissue damage and OS may lead to compensatory cellular proliferation with resulting hyperplastic growth. Methods: We searched MEDLINE for articles in English published up to March 2014 using the key words ‘oxidative stress', ‘antioxidants' and ‘benign prostatic hyperplasia'. Results: Prostatic inflammation can cause the generation of free radicals. The extent of oxidative damage can be exacerbated by a decreased efficiency of antioxidant defense mechanisms. The balance between OS and the antioxidant component also has a role in developing prostate disease. Several works show the role of oxidant products and of depletion of antioxidant substances in BPH patients. It is accepted that free radicals play a role in carcinogenesis and that BPH should be considered a premalignant condition which may evolve into prostate cancer. High OS parameters and low antioxidant activity are more prominent in prostate cancer patients compared with BPH and controls. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to clarify the potential role of antioxidants in BPH also in view of preventing the progression to prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Apple Can Act as Anti-Aging on Yeast Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Palermo ◽  
Fulvio Mattivi ◽  
Romano Silvestri ◽  
Giuseppe La Regina ◽  
Claudio Falcone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Organism ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

In recent years, epidemiological and biochemical studies have shown that eating apples is associated with reduction of occurrence of cancer, degenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. This association is often attributed to the presence of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and polyphenols. The substances that hinder the presence of free radicals are also able to protect cells from aging. In our laboratory we used yeast, a unicellular eukaryotic organism, to determinein vivoefficacy of entire apples and their components, such as flesh, skin and polyphenolic fraction, to influence aging and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that all the apple components increase lifespan, with the best result given by the whole fruit, indicating a cooperative role of all apple components.

scholarly journals The role of selenium in cardiology

Kardiologiia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
T. A. Kuropatkina ◽  
N. A. Medvedeva ◽  
O. S. Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Selenium Status

Selenium is an important micronutrient that is essential for the functioning of the human body. Being a component of the active center of several antioxidant enzymes selenium prevents cell injury by free radicals. Decline in selenium-containing enzymes results in progression of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which are considered as possible causes for the development of many cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on mechanisms for prevention of myocardial and vascular injury through the adequate selenium supply to the body. The importance of monitoring and correction of the selenium status in appropriate patients is underlined.

scholarly journals Nrf2 as a Key Player of Redox Regulation in Cardiovascular Diseases

2016 ◽  
pp. S1-S10 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BARANČÍK ◽  
L. GREŠOVÁ ◽  
M. BARTEKOVÁ ◽  
I. DOVINOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion

The oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In CVD progression an aberrant redox regulation was observed. In this regulation levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cellular signaling, where Nrf2 is the key regulator of redox homeostasis. Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system regulates a great set of detoxificant and antioxidant enzymes in cells after ROS and electrophiles exposure. In this review we focus on radical-generating systems in cardiovascular system as well as on Nrf2 as a target against oxidative stress and a key player of redox regulation in cardiovascular diseases. We also summarize the current knowledge about the role of Nrf2 in pathophysiology of several CVD (hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathies) as well as in cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury.

scholarly journals Super Power of Antioxidant in Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Glycation ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Power Role

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by peculiarly high levels of blood glucose due to complete or relative insufficiency of insulin secretion as well as disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Increasing indication revealed that oxidative stress plays a main role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Free radicals are formed excessively in diabetes by glucose oxidation and non-enzymatic protein glycation. Abnormally high levels of free radicals and the simultaneous decline of antioxidant defense mechanisms can lead to damage of cellular organelles and enzymes increased lipid peroxidation, and development of insulin resistance. This penalty of oxidative stress can promote the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. Antioxidants obtained from nature helps in neutralization of reactive oxygen species and significantly reduce the probability of progression of diabetic complications. A variety of nutritionally important vitamins, supplements and some constituents of natural food sources, including cappers, broccoli, tomatoes, berries, grapes, spinach, carrots, nuts, etc. naturally trim down the injury caused by oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. The review describes the oxidative stress and super power role of antioxidants role in diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Obesity-Linked Cardiac Dysfunction: An Up-Date on Current Knowledge

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas ◽  
Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez ◽  
Alejandra Meza-Rios ◽  
Hugo Christian Monroy-Ramírez ◽  
Marina Galicia-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiac Dysfunction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Obesity is defined as excessive body fat accumulation, and worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. Excess of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides in obese individuals promote ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver, skeletal muscle tissue, and heart, among others, inducing insulin resistance, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These diseases are promoted by visceral white adipocyte tissue (WAT) dysfunction through an increase in pro-inflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and adverse changes in the gut microbiome. In the heart, obesity and T2D induce changes in substrate utilization, tissue metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation, leading to myocardial fibrosis and ultimately cardiac dysfunction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, also improve insulin sensitivity, triglyceride levels, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the molecular mechanisms involved in obesity-linked CVD pathophysiology, considering pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and hormones, as well as the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and PPARs. In addition, cell lines and animal models, biomarkers, gut microbiota dysbiosis, epigenetic modifications, and current therapeutic treatments in CVD associated with obesity are outlined in this paper.

scholarly journals Protective Role of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tocopherols on TNFα-Induced ROS Production and ICAM-1 and Cl-2 Expression in HT29 Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Vladana Domazetovic ◽  
Irene Falsetti ◽  
Caterina Viglianisi ◽  
Kristian Vasa ◽  
Cinzia Aurilia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bowel Diseases

Vitamin E, a fat-soluble compound, possesses both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties. In this study we evaluated, in intestinal HT29 cells, the role of natural tocopherols, α-Toc and δ-Toc, and two semi-synthetic derivatives, namely bis-δ-Toc sulfide (δ-Toc)2S and bis-δ-Toc disulfide (δ-Toc)2S2, on TNFα-induced oxidative stress, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and claudin-2 (Cl-2) expression. The role of tocopherols was compared to that of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant precursor of glutathione synthesis. The results show that all tocopherol containing derivatives used, prevented TNFα-induced oxidative stress and the increase of ICAM-1 and Cl-2 expression, and that (δ-Toc)2S and (δ-Toc)2S2 are more effective than δ-Toc and α-Toc. The beneficial effects demonstrated were due to tocopherol antioxidant properties, but suppression of TNFα-induced Cl-2 expression seems not only to be related with antioxidant ability. Indeed, while ICAM-1 expression is strongly related to the intracellular redox state, Cl-2 expression is TNFα-up-regulated by both redox and non-redox dependent mechanisms. Since ICAM-1 and Cl-2 increase intestinal bowel diseases, and cause excessive recruitment of immune cells and alteration of the intestinal barrier, natural and, above all, semi-synthetic tocopherols may have a potential role as a therapeutic support against intestinal chronic inflammation, in which TNFα represents an important proinflammatory mediator.

scholarly journals Regulation of miRNAs by Natural Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Diseases: Focus on SIRT1 and eNOS

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Yunna Lee ◽  
Eunok Im
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The potential benefits of natural antioxidants derived from supplemental nutrients against CVDs are well known. Remarkably, natural antioxidants exert cardioprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, increasing vasodilation, and normalizing endothelial dysfunction. Recently, considerable evidence has highlighted an important role played by the synergistic interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the maintenance of endothelial function. To provide a new perspective on the role of natural antioxidants against CVDs, we focused on microRNAs (miRNAs), which are important posttranscriptional modulators in human diseases. Several miRNAs are regulated via the consumption of natural antioxidants and are related to the regulation of oxidative stress by targeting eNOS and/or SIRT1. In this review, we have discussed the specific molecular regulation of eNOS/SIRT1-related endothelial dysfunction and its contribution to CVD pathologies; furthermore, we selected nine different miRNAs that target the expression of eNOS and SIRT1 in CVDs. Additionally, we have summarized the alteration of miRNA expression and regulation of activities of miRNA through natural antioxidant consumption.

scholarly journals The Role of Oxidative Stress in NAFLD–NASH–HCC Transition—Focus on NADPH Oxidases

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Daniela Gabbia ◽  
Luana Cannella ◽  
Sara De De Martin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Nadph Oxidases ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A peculiar role for oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its transition to the inflammatory complication non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as well as in its threatening evolution to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is supported by numerous experimental and clinical studies. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose abundance in liver cells is closely related to inflammation and immune responses. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding this topic, focusing on the role of NOXs in the different stages of fatty liver disease and describing the current knowledge about their mechanisms of action. We conclude that, although there is a consensus that NOX-produced ROS are toxic in non-neoplastic conditions due to their role in the inflammatory vicious cycle sustaining the transition of NAFLD to NASH, their effect is controversial in the neoplastic transition towards HCC. In this regard, there are indications of a differential effect of NOX isoforms, since NOX1 and NOX2 play a detrimental role, whereas increased NOX4 expression appears to be correlated with better HCC prognosis in some studies. Further studies are needed to fully unravel the mechanisms of action of NOXs and their relationships with the signaling pathways modulating steatosis and liver cancer development.

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