Colour Ageing in Acrylic Resin Plates and Natural Minerals on the Façade after 10 Years of Sun Exposure in the Marine Environment

The synthetic material developed by Dupont in 1963 for solid surfaces has been used since its origin for numerous applications. One of the most popular ones in the last decade is as a finishing layer on façades. The first references that contemplated this use on the outside were the Seeko’o hotel in Bordeaux executed in 2007 and the refurbishment of the 7700 m2 shell of the Hôtel Ivoire congress centre in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) in 2009. In Spain, the first example of the installation of this material is the rehabilitation of the main building of the La Rotonda de la Playa de San Juan urbanisation in Alicante, designed in 1965 by the architect Juan Guardiola Gaya and rehabilitated in 2010 by Miguel Salvador Landmann. Ten years later, our research is focused on the study of the colour ageing of the acrylic resin and natural mineral sheets on each of its façades, with different orientations and exposure to sea and wind. To this end, it has been studied the solar radiation of the surfaces, the wind exposure of their façades and tests with a tele-spectroradiometer has been carried out. The study makes it possible to quantify the differences in colour in all of them and to state that the combination of wind and radiation is the main atmospheric agent causing the degradation.

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Novas Considerações sobre a Fotoproteção no Brasil: Revisão de Literatura/New Considerations on the Photoprotection in Brazil: Literature Review

REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE ◽

10.21876/rcsfmit.v5i3.375 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 80-96

Author(s):

Mayara Motta Melo ◽

Clarissa Santos de Carvalho Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Skin Cancer ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Literature Review ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

International Consensus ◽

De Se ◽

Literature Reviews ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Harmful Effects

RESUMOA incidência do câncer de pele vem aumentando a cada ano. Sabe-se que entre outros fatores, a radiação solar é a principal responsável pelo desenvolvimento dessa patologia. A prevenção, feita através da fotoproteção, teria grande impacto nesse cenário. No entanto, as orientações sobre como se proteger dos malefícios do sol devem ser coerentes com a incidência solar da região, os hábitos da população e o fototipo da pele. Os conceitos sobre fotoproteção foram definidos por entidades européias e norte americanas e não devem ser reproduzidos para o Brasil de forma aleatória, pois a incidência solar no Brasil é muito maior, a população tem fototipos diferentes e o hábito de se expor ao sol é muito mais frequente. Portanto, faz-se necessário elaborar conceitos próprios para o Brasil e conscientizar a população sobre os perigos da radiação solar para que a incidência do câncer de pele reduza definitivamente. Essa revisão visa mostrar a relação da radiação solar no Brasil com a pele dos brasileiros e evidenciar a importância da fotoproteção para essa população. Para isso foi feito um levantamento de artigos originais, revisões de literatura, consensos brasileiros e internacionais e livros de dermatologia.Palavras-chave: Fotoproteção, Câncer de pele, Exposição solar, Radiação ultravioleta, Vitamina D. ABSTRACTThe incidence of skin cancer is increasing every year. It is known that among other factors, solar radiation is the main responsible for the development of this pathology. Prevention, made by photoprotection, would have great impact in this scenario. However, the guidelines on how to protect themselves from the sun's harmful effects should be consistent with the sunlight of the region, the habits of the population and the phototype skin. The concepts of photoprotection were defined by European and North American entities and should not be played for Brazil at random, as the solar incidence in Brazil is much higher, people have different skin types and the habit of sun exposure is much more frequent. Therefore, it is necessary to draw up own concepts for Brazil and raise awareness about the dangers of solar radiation, so that the incidence of skin cancer can be definitely reduced. This review aims to show the relationship of solar radiation in Brazil with the skin of Brazilian and to highlight the importance of sun protection for this population. With this purpose, it was made a survey of original articles, literature reviews , Brazilian and international consensus and dermatology books.Keywords: Photoprotection, Skin cancer, Sun exposure, Ultraviolet radiation, D vitamin.

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Does Eumelanin Oxidation Play a Role on the Photostability of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair Exposed to Simulated Solar Radiation?

Journal of Analytical Toxicology ◽

10.1093/jat/bkaa150 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giorgia Miolo ◽

Benedetta Vicario ◽

Giulia Stocchero ◽

Valerio Causin ◽

Susanna Vogliardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Ethyl Glucuronide ◽

Brown Hair ◽

Hair Samples ◽

Before And After ◽

Simulated Solar Radiation ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract The action of solar radiation on the concentration of the ethanol metabolite ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in 40 hair samples of nonabstinent subjects was investigated. Hair samples of different colors were analyzed before and after irradiation with artificial sunlight under a light dose corresponding to 3 months of sun exposure. After irradiation, an increase of EtG concentration was detected in 55% of the samples ranging from 5% to 141%. In 16 cases, a concentration reduction ranging from −2% to −74% was observed. The measure of the level of pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), a marker of eumelanin oxidation, demonstrated the largest increase in oxidation in light brown hair where the greatest degradation of EtG was observed after irradiation. However, the rise of PTCA in all hair tested was accompanied by increase in EtG concentration in 8/10 samples and by decrease in 2/10, suggesting no correlation between the two markers. To verify if hair structure was modified by light, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed on irradiated hair of different colors and compared with the dark samples. SEM revealed modification of hair structure in all samples showing partial shaft exfoliation and reduction of hair thickness under the treatment with solar radiation.

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Determinants of Therapeutic Routes for Malaria Patients in Ivory Coast

Utafiti ◽

10.1163/26836408-14010004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 75-91

Author(s):

Lucie Florence N’goran Kone ◽

Félix Anon N’Dia ◽

Akissi Géneviève N’Goran

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Ivory Coast ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Urban Health Care ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Health Care Centre ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Free Care ◽

Biomedical Treatment

Abstract Malaria patients in Ivory Coast pursue a wide variety of treatment routes, depending upon how they understand the aetiology of their illness, their association of illness with supernatural causes, their ability to afford standard consultation fees, their access to conventional health care facilities, and their confidence in traditional African therapies. This research took place in the context of the government’s policy of providing free management of ‘simple malaria’ for all. Working with four conventional doctors and four traditional African medical practitioners, treatment choices of 161 malaria patients were analysed at Kennedy-Clouétcha, a busy urban health care centre in Abidjan. Almost half (77) of the patients in the study cited mosquito bites, general poor health, and stagnant water sources as the causes of their malaria. A greater number of patients (84) indicated fatigue, sun exposure, mysticism, and diet as the cause. The scope of therapies sought by these patients covered conventional biomedical treatment, traditional African medicine, and prayer. When patients were not cured through methods of their first resort, they pursued second options for care. Despite the availability of free care in centrally located public health systems, the therapeutic trajectory of many patients diverted away from conventional treatment. The data suggests that a patient’s orientation away from the conventional biomedical model may be best explained by confusions surrounding the diagnostic label ‘simple malaria’.

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Life Histories of Two Endangered Sea SkatersHalobates matsumuraiEsaki andAsclepios shiranui(Esaki) (Hemiptera: Gerridae: Halobatinae)

Psyche A Journal of Entomology ◽

10.1155/2012/261071 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Terumi Ikawa ◽

Yuichi Nozoe ◽

Natsuko Yamashita ◽

Namiko Nishimura ◽

Satoshi Ohnoki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Sea Level ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Life Histories ◽

Adaptive Strategies ◽

Wave Action ◽

North Coast ◽

The Past ◽

The North ◽

The Government

Sea skatersHalobates matsumuraiEsaki andAsclepios shiranui(Esaki) are among the few marine insects found in Japan. For the past several decades, they have become rare in most localities and have now been designated as endangered by the government. In order to understand their adaptive strategies to the marine environment and to develop conservation measures, it is essential to know their life histories. We studied their lifecycles in Kujukushima Bay off the north coast of Kyushu (Japan) where they co-occurred in small coves along the jagged coast. They appeared to have more than one generation a year and to overwinter in the egg stage. Eggs ofH. matsumuraiwere laid on natural sandstones and man-made sandstone walls along the shore, mostly above the average sea level. The eggs had very hard shells, presumably adaptive to protect them from desiccation, solar radiation, and wave action, especially during the overwintering period.

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Recent developments in natural mineral-based separators for lithium-ion batteries

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d1ra02845f ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (27) ◽

pp. 16633-16644

Author(s):

Fangfang Liu ◽

Xiuyun Chuan

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Natural Mineral ◽

Natural Minerals ◽

Recent Developments

Based on the issues of polyolefin separators, the application of natural minerals with unique properties to lithium-ion battery separators has attracted widespread attention.

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Flexabrasion Applied to the Evaluation of the Photodegradation of Hair Fibers

Cosmetics ◽

10.3390/cosmetics9010001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nathália F. de Oliveira ◽

Rima Rakshit ◽

Anthony Galliano ◽

Daiane Garcia Mercurio ◽

Elcio Cruz de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Hair Samples ◽

Lamp Source ◽

Hair Properties ◽

The Impact

Solar radiation is a significant source of damage to hair fibers. However, the instrumental measurement of the consequences of its interaction with hair fibers’ constituents remains a challenge. In this work, the flexabrasion methodology was investigated as a potential tool to quantify the damage to mechanical hair properties caused by solar rays. The in vitro experiment developed for this study simulated four initial conditions of human hair samples, which subsequently underwent different periods of exposure to the radiation emitted by a Xenon arc lamp source. The statistical analysis of the results characterized the methodology’s ability to evaluate the impact of solar radiation on the hair’s mechanical resistance. More evident effects were observed on natural fibers subjected to exposures of up to 60 h and over, corresponding to about 1.5 h per day of sun exposure in Rio de Janeiro over five months. The results point to flexabrasion as an option to evaluate the photoprotection efficacy offered by hair-care products.

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Bunch exposure to direct solar radiation increases ortho-diphenol anthocyanins in Northern Italy climatic condition

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2011.45.2.1489 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Laura Rustioni ◽

Mara Rossoni ◽

Gabriele Cola ◽

Luigi Mariani ◽

Osvaldo Failla

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Relative Increase ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Direct Solar Radiation ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation

Aims: Berry anthocyanin contents were studied in eight different field experiments involving various grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars (Syrah, Croatina, Sangiovese, Nebbiolo, Nebbiolo Rosé, Carmènere and Cannonau) in a variety of sites located in Northern Italy.Methods and results: In each experiment, global irradiance was reduced by approximately 95% by applying specially designed boxes to selected bunches before the onset of ripening. Variations in anthocyanin accumulation and profile were studied on sun exposed and shaded bunches. Exposed bunches were subjected to less favorable temperatures for biosynthetic metabolism than shaded bunches, due to frequent excessive temperatures around noon.Conclusions: Exposure to direct solar radiation induced an earlier and faster anthocyanin accumulation and a higher anthocyanin concentration across all the experiments, at least from veraison to mid ripening. In fact, the light induced elevated rate of anthocyanin accumulation did not always result in a higher anthocyanin content at grape maturity. In the cultivars with a relatively high proportion of acylated forms, sun exposure resulted in a relative increase in the quantities of non-acylated glucoside forms, while the acylation profile of cultivars that generally had a lower proportion of acylated forms was only minimally influenced by sun exposure.Significance and impact of the study: Akey observation resulting from anthocyanin profiling is the strong positive correlation between light exposure and increases in the percentage of delphinidin-, cyanidin- and petunidin-3-monoglucoside, that is, anthocyanins containing an orthodihydroxyl group.

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Phase Equilibria in the System MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O: Chlorites and Associated Minerals

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.1973.039.303.06 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 39 (303) ◽

pp. 297-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Bruce Velde

Keyword(s):

Solid Solution ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Phase Equilibria ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Positive Slope ◽

Natural Mineral ◽

Natural Minerals ◽

Cell Dimensions ◽

Mineral Assemblages

SummaryTwenty-six compositions in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O were investigated under conditions of 1 and 2 Kb water pressure and temperatures between 300 and 700°C. The solid solution for 7 Å and 14 Å chlorites has been delimited as well as that of the expanding phases (tri- and dioctahedral montmorillonites and expanding chlorites). Negative slopes were found for the transformation montmorillonite → expanding chlorite, and expanding chlorite → chlorite+quartz and a positive slope for 7Å → 4 Å transformation. The relative positions of the reactions chlorite+quartz → cordierite+talc, chlorite+andalusite → cordierite and chlorite+corundum → cordierite+spinel are located between 500 and 65°C.Cell dimensions of the synthetic chlorites can be correlated with their chemical composition. Solid solution in synthetic minerals compares well with 325 analysis of natural minerals from the literature, indicating that the chemiographic relations between phases in the simplified synthetic system are applicable to natural mineral assemblages. The phase relations indicate that at low temperature the 7Å aluminous chlorite is not stable with quartz or another silica phase.

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Speciated mercury at marine, coastal, and inland sites in New England – Part 2: Relationships with atmospheric physical parameters

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-12-4181-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 4181-4206 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

H. Mao ◽

R. Talbot ◽

J. Hegarty ◽

J. Koermer

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Elemental Mercury ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Coastal Site ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Scavenging Efficiency

Abstract. Long-term continuous measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and particulate phase mercury (HgP) were conducted at coastal (Thompson Farm, denoted as TF), marine (Appledore Island, denoted as AI), and elevated inland rural (Pac Monadnock, denoted as PM) monitoring sites of the AIRMAP Observing Network. Diurnal, seasonal, annual, and interannual variability in Hg0, RGM, and HgP from the three distinctly different environments were characterized and compared in Part 1. Here in Part 2 relationships between speciated mercury (i.e., Hg0, RGM, and HgP) and climate variables (e.g., temperature, wind speed, humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation) were examined. The best point-to-point correlations were found between Hg0 and temperature in summer at TF and spring at PM, but there was no similar correlation at AI. Subsets of data demonstrated regional impacts of episodic dynamic processes such as strong cyclonic systems on ambient levels of Hg0 at all three sites, possibly through enhanced oceanic evasion of Hg0. A tendency of higher levels of RGM and HgP was identified in spring and summer under sunny conditions in all environments. Specifically, the 10th, 25th, median, 75th, and 90th percentile mixing ratios of RGM and HgP increased with stronger solar radiation at both the coastal and marine sites. These metrics decreased with increasing wind speed at AI indicating enhanced loss of RGM and HgP through deposition. RGM and HgP levels correlated with temperature positively in spring, summer and fall at the coastal and marine locations. At the coastal site relationships between RGM and relative humidity suggested a clear decreasing tendency in all metrics from <40% to 100% relative humidity in all seasons especially in spring, compared to less variability in the marine environment. The effect of precipitation on RGM at coastal and marine locations was similar. At the coastal site, RGM levels were a factor of 3–4 to two orders of magnitude higher under dry conditions than rainy conditions in all seasons. In winter RGM mixing ratios appeared to be mostly above the limit of detection (LOD) during snowfalls suggesting less scavenging efficiency of snow. Mixing ratios of HgP at the coastal and marine sites remained above the LOD under rainy conditions. Precipitation had negligible impact on the magnitude and pattern of diurnal variation of HgP in all seasons in the marine environment.

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Environmental Impacts on the Strength Parameters of Mineral-Acrylic (PMMA/ATH) Facade Panels

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2015/134714 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aleksander Byrdy ◽

Michał Kołaczkowski

Keyword(s):

Flexural Strength ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Environmental Influence ◽

Acrylic Resin ◽

Strength Parameters ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Acrylic Resins ◽

Natural Minerals ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Strength Tests

Composite mineral-acrylic panels consist in 80% of natural minerals produced from bauxite (aluminium hydroxides (ATH)) and in 20% from acrylic resin (polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)). This material due to high usability is widely used in interior finishes. Recently, the mineral-acrylic panels have been used as external claddings of buildings. So far, there are several dozen elevations realized worldwide. Due to the variability of the strength parameters of PMMA acrylic resins depending on the environmental influence, a number of tests on samples of mineral-acrylic panels to verify their suitability for use in climate conditions in Central Europe were performed. The studies determined the change of the material parameters after being subjected to aging process in conditions of high temperature, high relative humidity, freeze-thaw cycles, and UV radiation. In the studies parameters such as flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were measured at a reference temperature of 23°C. In raised and lowered temperatures only the tensile strength tests were conducted. Due to the lack of information in the available literature, the authors carried out tests of the temperature influence on the PMMA/ATH composite modulus of elasticity and flexural strength which is crucial in designing process.

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