scholarly journals Usefulness of Compiled Geophysical Prospecting Surveys in Groundwater Research in the Metropolitan District of Quito in Northern Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11144
Author(s):  
Lilia Peñafiel ◽  
Francisco Javier Alcalá ◽  
Javier Senent-Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Geophysical Prospecting ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Aquifer Geometry ◽  
Water Supply Company

As in other large Andean cities, the population in the Metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ) in northern Ecuador is growing, and groundwater is becoming essential to meet the increasing urban water demand. Quito’s Public Water Supply Company (EPMAPS) is promoting groundwater research for sustainable water supply, and geophysical prospecting surveys are used to define aquifer geometry and certain transient groundwater features. This paper examines the usefulness of existing geophysical prospecting surveys in groundwater research in the MDQ. A database was built using 23 representative geophysical prospecting surveys compiled from EPMAPS’ public repository, official geotechnical research reports, and the scientific literature. Fifteen EPMAPS-promoted surveys used near-surface electrical techniques (seven used electrical resistivity tomography and eight used vertical electrical sounding) to explore Holocene and Pleistocene sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary formations in the 25–500-m prospecting depth range, some of which form shallow aquifers used for water supply. Four other surveys used near-surface seismic techniques (refraction microtremor) for geotechnical research in civil works. These surveys have been reinterpreted to define shallow aquifer geometry. Finally, four surveys compiled from the scientific literature used electromagnetic techniques (magnetotelluric sounding and other very low-frequency methods) to explore Holocene to late Pliocene formations, some of which form thick regional aquifers catalogued as the larger freshwater reservoirs in the MDQ. However, no geophysical prospecting surveys exploring the complete saturated thickness of the Pliocene aquifers could be compiled. Geophysical prospecting surveys with greater penetration depth are proposed to bridge this research gap, which prevents the accurate assessment of the renewable groundwater fraction of the regional aquifers in the MDQ that can be exploited sustainably.

Investigation of stable vertical density structures formed in water bodies in zones of active technogenesis on an example of the Solikamsk-Bereznikovsky industrial hub (RF)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanina Parshakova ◽  
Tatyana Lyubimova ◽  
Lepikhin Anatoliy
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Vertical Density ◽  
Magnesium Salts

<p>Due to the active development of the Verkhnekamskoye deposit of potassium and magnesium salts (Russia) not only watercourses - wastewater receivers, but also water bodies that are not directly affected by technogenic impact fall into the zone of its influence. This impact, due to the high density of brines, is very important from an environmental point of view, but it is not recorded within the framework of traditional production monitoring. The carried out field observations show that the content of macrocomponents in water is significantly heterogeneous in depth and is characterized by the presence of a sharp jump of density. The concentration of salts in the near-bottom horizon is more than an order of magnitude higher than their content in the near-surface layer.</p><p>The situation is significantly complicated by the fact that during spring floods and during the passage of rain floods, less mineralized, fresh waters "slide" without mixing with more "dense" water masses located below the density jump layer. Therefore, the efficiency of washing of these reservoirs is significantly reduced. Since water intake for production purposes, as a rule, is made from the bottom horizons, this stratification creates serious problems with ensuring sustainable water supply to production facilities.</p><p>To solve these applied problems, the study of the formation of stable density structures was carried out on the basis of combined field studies and computational experiments performed on the basis of a hydrodynamic model in a full 3D formulation in a non-hydrostatic approach. The studies carried out made it possible to evaluate and compare various technologies for increasing the sustainability of technical water supply from these water bodies, to choose the most efficient of them.</p><p>The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-77-20093).</p>

scholarly journals Sustainable Community Based Water Supply at Salatiga by Use of Rapfish Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 01023
Author(s):  
Suharyanto ◽  
Angelica Deasy K ◽  
Sudarno
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
The Status ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
Water Supply Company

Sustainable water supply has been the United Nation’s goal as stipulated in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s). In 2030, all people must have acess to safe and affordable drinking water. In Salatiga Indonesia, the water supply company (PDAM) can now only serves 65.64% of the city’s population. There are about 11.14% of the population served by community based water supply (CBWS). In line with the SDG’s, The Government of Indonesia’s program to have 100% coverage of water supply. The limitation on PDAM coverage has led the increase number of CBWS. This tendency has raised the question on the sustainability of CBWS. This paper presents the sustainability evaluations of some CBWS in Salatiga using Rapfish method. In the method, sustainability is evaluated using multi-dimensional scalling based on aspects of ecological, technological, social, institutional, and economical. The strategy to improve sustainability is identified using SWOT analysis. The study performed at 4 (four) CBWS at Kecamatan Sidorejo, Salatiga. It represents the CBWS using deep water sources and spring water sources. It shows that all CBWS analysed are barely sustainable on the dimension of ecological, technological, and social. The dimension on institutional and economical are in the status of no sustainability. Therefore, the CBWS need some improvement and reinforcement especially on institutional and economical.

Public private partnership for efficient and sustainable water supply development in Indonesia

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karst Jan Hoogsteen ◽  
Gerard van der Kolff ◽  
Josien A. Ruijter
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Billing System ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
Water Supply Company ◽  
Partnership Approach

More than 90% of the water supply companies in Indonesia are in serious trouble and face bankruptcy. Water services are poor and the situation is worsening. The critical condition of the water companies is due to several factors, amongst others the lack of know-how in the company, the political influence in human resource management and on water price. These factors prevented the introduction of sound economical principles for the daily management. As the income of the company did not cover all costs, service hours were reduced and finally led to the negative spiral resulting in the current troublesome situation. Water supply company Drenthe (WMD), together with local Indonesian Government and central Government in the Netherlands, developed a long-term public-private partnership approach for the development of water supply companies in Eastern Indonesia. Customer relations and introduction of new billing procedures are of highest importance for the success of the approach. The new water companies can only operate successfully when the willingness to pay is restored and when the cash flow is secured. Important elements in this field are the introduction of a computer system supporting the monthly billing system and an innovative pilot with digital water meters.

Pengaruh Motivasi, Self Awareness Dan Komunikasi terhadap Disiplin Kerja Karyawan di Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Pdam) Kabupaten Ponorogo

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitriana Fitriana ◽  
Umi Farida ◽  
Tegoeh Hari Abrianto
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Reliability Test ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Communication Variable ◽  
Water Supply Company ◽  
Regional Water

This study aims to determine the effect of motivation, self awareness and communication on the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency. The location of research in Pramuka Street Number 21, Nologaten, Ponorogo Regency. The population in this study was 102 employees. The sample in this study used 50 respondents. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, then tested with validity and reliability test, while the method of data analysis using multiple regression analysis with the help of SPSS and hypothesis testing partially or simultaneously. The results showed that; (1) Motivation partially influences the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with a regression coefficient of 0.317, t value of 2.903> t table of 2.012 and sig. of 0.006 <0.05, (2) Self Awareness partially influences the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the results of the regression coefficient of 0.409, t value of 3.478> t table of 2.012 and sig. of 0.001 <0.05, (3) Communication partially influences the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the results of a regression coefficient of 0.310, t value of 2.178> t table of 2.012 and sig. of 0.035 <0.05, (4) Motivation, self awareness and communication simultaneously affect employee work discipline in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the calculated F value of 14.807> F table 2.81 and sig value. of 0,000 <0.05, (5) Self awareness is the most dominant variable affecting the work discipline of employees in the Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) of Ponorogo Regency with the result of self awareness variable t value of 3.478 is greater than the value of t variable count motivation and communication variables. Furthermore, from the value of sig. the variable self awareness of 0.001 is smaller than the value of sig. motivation variable and communication variable.

Investigating artificial groundwater recharge to ensure the water supply to the city of Graz

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Tischendorf ◽  
Hans Kupfersberger ◽  
Christian Schilling ◽  
Oliver Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Artificial Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Water Supply Company

Being Austria's fourth largest water-supply company, the Grazer Stadtwerke AG., has ensured the successful water-supply of the Styrian capital with 250.000 inhabitants for many years. The average daily water demand of the area amounts to about 50,000 m3. Approximately 30 % of the total demand is covered by the bulk water supply from the Zentral Wasser Versorgung Hochschwab Süd. The waterworks Friesach and Andritz, which cover the additional 70 % of the water demand, operate by means of artificial groundwater recharge plants where horizontal filter wells serve as drawing shafts. The groundwater recharge systems serve to increase the productivity of the aquifer and to reduce the share of the infiltration from the Mur River. Protection areas have been identified to ensure that the water quality of the aquifer stay at optimal levels. The protection areas are divided into zones indicating various restrictions for usage and planning. Two respective streams serve as the source for the water recharge plants. Different infiltration systems are utilised. Each of the various artificial groundwater recharge systems displays specific advantages and disadvantages in terms of operation as well as maintenance. In order to secure a sustainable drinking water supply the recharge capacity will be increased. Within an experimental setting different mixtures of top soils are investigated with respect to infiltration and retention rates and compared to the characteristics of the existing basins. It can be shown that the current operating sand basin with more than 90% grains in the range between 0.063 and 6.3 mm represents the best combination of infiltration and retention rates. In future experiments the performance of alternative grain size distributions as well as planting the top soil will be tested. Additionally, in order to optimize the additional groundwater recharge structures the composition of the subsurface water regarding its origin is statistically analyzed.

The Management Component of the Kafr El Sheikh Water Supply Project, Egypt

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Finance Development ◽  
Institutional Resources

The Kafr El Sheikh Water Supply Project is a comprehensive endeavour to provide the physical and institutional resources for an effective and sustainable water supply system for 2 million persons in a developing rural Governorate in the Delta region of Egypt. The paper describes the aims of the Management Component, the institutional development of an integrated water supply and sewerage company and the main activities to-date. These include training, operational improvements, health education and finance development. Further support is required until all engineering and institutional development work has been completed.

scholarly journals Integrating hydrogeological and second-order geo-electric indices in groundwater vulnerability mapping: A case study of alluvial environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyakno Jimmy George
Keyword(s):  
Protective Layer ◽  
Groundwater Vulnerability ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Aquifer Vulnerability ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Groundwater Vulnerability Mapping ◽  
Longitudinal Unit Conductance ◽  
S Model

AbstractAVI (Aquifer vulnerability index), GOD (groundwater occurrence, overlying lithology and depth to the aquifer), GLSI (geo-electric layer susceptibility indexing) and S (longitudinal unit conductance) models were used to assess economically exploitable groundwater resource in the coastal environment of Akwa Ibom State, southern Nigeria. The models were employed in order to delineate groundwater into its category of vulnerability to contamination sources using the first- and second-order geo-electric indices as well as hydrogeological inputs. Vertical electrical sounding technique employing Schlumberger electrode configuration was carried out in 16 locations, close to logged boreholes with known aquifer core samples. Primary or first-order geo-electric indices (resistivity, thickness and depth) measured were used to determine S. The estimated aquifer hydraulic conductivity, K, calculated from grain size diameter and water resistivity values were used to calculate hydraulic resistance (C) used to estimate AVI. With the indices assigned to geo-electric parameters on the basis of their influences, GOD and FSLI were calculated using appropriate equations. The geologic sequence in the study area consists of geo-electric layers ranging from motley topsoil, argillites (clayey to fine sands) and arenites (medium to gravelly sands). Geo-electric parametric indices of aquifer overlying layers across the survey area were utilized to weigh the vulnerability of the underlying water-bearing resource to the contaminations from surface and near-surface, using vulnerability maps created. Geo-electrically derived model maps reflecting AVI, BOD, FLSI and S were compared to assess their conformity to the degree of predictability of groundwater vulnerability. The AVI model map shows range of values of log C ( −3.46—0.07) generally less than unity and hence indicating high vulnerability. GOD model tomographic map displays a range of 0.1–0.3, indicating that the aquifer with depth range of 20.5 to 113.1 m or mean depth of 72. 3 m is lowly susceptible to surface and near-surface impurities. Again, the FLSI map displays a range of FLSI index of 1.25 to 2.75, alluding that the aquifer underlying the protective layer has a low to moderate vulnerability. The S model has values ranging from 0.013 to 0.991S. As the map indicates, a fractional portion of the aquifer at the western (Ikot Abasi) part of the study area has moderate to good protection (moderate vulnerability) while weak to poor aquifer protection (high vulnerability) has poor protection. The S model in this analysis seems to overstate the degree of susceptibility to contamination than the AVI, GOD and GLSI models. From the models, the categorization of severity of aquifer vulnerability to contaminations is relatively location-dependent and can be assessed through the model tomographic maps generated.

scholarly journals Large Temperature Fluctuations due to Cold-Air Pool Displacement along the Lee Slope of a Desert Mountain

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Jeglum ◽  
Sebastian W. Hoch ◽  
Derek D. Jensen ◽  
Reneta Dimitrova ◽  
Zachariah Silver
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Flow Interactions ◽  
Initial Drop ◽  
Program Temperature

AbstractLarge temperature fluctuations (LTFs), defined as a drop of the near-surface temperature of at least 3°C in less than 30 min followed by a recovery of at least half of the initial drop, were frequently observed during the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) program. Temperature time series at over 100 surface stations were examined in an automated fashion to identify and characterize LTFs. LTFs occur almost exclusively at night and at locations elevated 50–100 m above the basin floors, such as the east slope of the isolated Granite Mountain (GM). Temperature drops associated with LTFs were as large as 13°C and were typically greatest at heights of 4–10 m AGL. Observations and numerical simulations suggest that LTFs are the result of complex flow interactions of stably stratified flow with a mountain barrier and a leeside cold-air pool (CAP). An orographic wake forms over GM when stably stratified southwesterly nocturnal flow impinges on GM and is blocked at low levels. Warm crest-level air descends in the lee of the barrier, and the generation of baroclinic vorticity leads to periodic development of a vertically oriented vortex. Changes in the strength or location of the wake and vortex cause a displacement of the horizontal temperature gradient along the slope associated with the CAP edge, resulting in LTFs. This mechanism explains the low frequency of LTFs on the west slope of GM as well as the preference for LTFs to occur at higher elevations later at night, as the CAP depth increases.

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