scholarly journals Origami Paper-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors: State of the Art and Perspective

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Noemi Colozza ◽  
Veronica Caratelli ◽  
Danila Moscone ◽  
Fabiana Arduini
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Current State ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
External Equipment ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Analytical Tools

In the last 10 years, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gathered attention from the scientific community for their unique advantages and sustainability vision. The use of papers in the design the electrochemical biosensors confers to these analytical tools several interesting features such as the management of the solution flow without external equipment, the fabrication of reagent-free devices exploiting the porosity of the paper to store the reagents, and the unprecedented capability to detect the target analyte in gas phase without any sampling system. Furthermore, cost-effective fabrication using printing technologies, including wax and screen-printing, combined with the use of this eco-friendly substrate and the possibility of reducing waste management after measuring by the incineration of the sensor, designate these type of sensors as eco-designed analytical tools. Additionally, the foldability feature of the paper has been recently exploited to design and fabricate 3D multifarious biosensors, which are able to detect different target analytes by using enzymes, antibodies, DNA, molecularly imprinted polymers, and cells as biocomponents. Interestingly, the 3D structure has recently boosted the self-powered paper-based biosensors, opening new frontiers in origami devices. This review aims to give an overview of the current state origami paper-based biosensors, pointing out how the foldability of the paper allows for the development of sensitive, selective, and easy-to-use smart and sustainable analytical devices.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Biosensors for Cytokine Profiling: Recent Advancements and Possibilities in the Near Future

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Nirmita Dutta ◽  
Peter B. Lillehoj ◽  
Pedro Estrela ◽  
Gorachand Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Short Period ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Cytokine Profiling

Cytokines are soluble proteins secreted by immune cells that act as molecular messengers relaying instructions and mediating various functions performed by the cellular counterparts of the immune system, by means of a synchronized cascade of signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of cytokines can be indicative of anomalous behavior of the immunoregulatory system, as seen in various illnesses and conditions, such as cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration and other physiological disorders. Cancer and autoimmune diseases are particularly adept at developing mechanisms to escape and modulate the immune system checkpoints, reflected by an altered cytokine profile. Cytokine profiling can provide valuable information for diagnosing such diseases and monitoring their progression, as well as assessing the efficacy of immunotherapeutic regiments. Toward this goal, there has been immense interest in the development of ultrasensitive quantitative detection techniques for cytokines, which involves technologies from various scientific disciplines, such as immunology, electrochemistry, photometry, nanotechnology and electronics. This review focusses on one aspect of this collective effort: electrochemical biosensors. Among the various types of biosensors available, electrochemical biosensors are one of the most reliable, user-friendly, easy to manufacture, cost-effective and versatile technologies that can yield results within a short period of time, making it extremely promising for routine clinical testing.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Biosensors in Food Safety: Challenges and Perspectives

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2940
Author(s):  
Antonella Curulli
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Key Issues

Safety and quality are key issues for the food industry. Consequently, there is growing demand to preserve the food chain and products against substances toxic, harmful to human health, such as contaminants, allergens, toxins, or pathogens. For this reason, it is mandatory to develop highly sensitive, reliable, rapid, and cost-effective sensing systems/devices, such as electrochemical sensors/biosensors. Generally, conventional techniques are limited by long analyses, expensive and complex procedures, and skilled personnel. Therefore, developing performant electrochemical biosensors can significantly support the screening of food chains and products. Here, we report some of the recent developments in this area and analyze the contributions produced by electrochemical biosensors in food screening and their challenges.

Quantum Dots as Components of Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for the Detection of Environmental and Food Pollutants: a Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Pedrero ◽  
Susana Campuzano ◽  
José M Pingarrón
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Signal Amplification ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Multiplexed Detection ◽  
Sensing Platforms ◽  
Target Analytes

Abstract The determination of organic and inorganic environmental and food pollutants is a key matter of concern in analytical chemistry due to their effects as a serious threat to human health. Focusing on this issue, several methodologies involving the use of nanostructured electrochemical platforms have been recently reported in the literature. Among these methods, those employing the use of quantum dots (QDs) stand out because of features such as signal amplification, good reproducibility and selectivity, and the possibility for multiplexed detection, and because they preserve the outstanding characteristics of electrochemical methodologies with respect to simplicity, ease-of-use, and cost-effective instrumentation. This review describes recent electrochemical strategies, in which design QDs play a key role, for the determination of pollutants in food and environmental samples. The particular role of QDs in the reported methodologies, their preparation, and the electrochemical platform design, as well as the advantages that QDs provide in the analysis of target analytes, are critically discussed.

scholarly journals Natural Product Nitric Oxide Chemistry: New Activity of Old Medicines

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Jiang ◽  
Ashley C. Torregrossa ◽  
Deepa K. Parthasarathy ◽  
Nathan S. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Preventative Care ◽  
Current State ◽  
No Bioavailability ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite ◽  
Care Measure

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a therapy and preventative care measure for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may prove to be beneficial when used in conjunction with or in place of conventional medicine. However, the lack of understanding of a mechanism of action of many CAMs limits their use and acceptance in western medicine. We have recently recognized and characterized specific nitric oxide (NO) activity of select alternative and herbal medicines that may account for many of their reported health benefits. The ability of certain CAM to restore NO homeostasis both through enhancing endothelial production of NO and by providing a system for reducing nitrate and nitrite to NO as a compensatory pathway for repleting NO bioavailability may prove to be a safe and cost-effective strategy for combating CVD. We will review the current state of science behind NO activity of herbal medicines and their effects on CVD.

scholarly journals Using plants to remediate or manage metal-polluted soils: an overview on the current state of phytotechnologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e58283
Author(s):  
Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento ◽  
Caroline Miranda Biondi ◽  
Fernando Bruno Vieira da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Vieira Lima
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Current State ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
The Tropics

Soil contamination by metals threatens both the environment and human health and hence requires remedial actions. The conventional approach of removing polluted soils and replacing them with clean soils (excavation) is very costly for low-value sites and not feasible on a large scale. In this scenario, phytoremediation emerged as a promising cost-effective and environmentally-friendly technology to render metals less bioavailable (phytostabilization) or clean up metal-polluted soils (phytoextraction). Phytostabilization has demonstrable successes in mining sites and brownfields. On the other hand, phytoextraction still has few examples of successful applications. Either by using hyperaccumulating plants or high biomass plants induced to accumulate metals through chelator addition to the soil, major phytoextraction bottlenecks remain, mainly the extended time frame to remediation and lack of revenue from the land during the process. Due to these drawbacks, phytomanagement has been proposed to provide economic, environmental, and social benefits until the contaminated site returns to productive usage. Here, we review the evolution, promises, and limitations of these phytotechnologies. Despite the lack of commercial phytoextraction operations, there have been significant advances in understanding phytotechnologies' main constraints. Further investigation on new plant species, especially in the tropics, and soil amendments can potentially provide the basis to transform phytoextraction into an operational metal clean-up technology in the future. However, at the current state of the art, phytotechnology is moving the focus from remediation technologies to pollution attenuation and palliative cares.

scholarly journals Food Safety Analysis Using Electrochemical Biosensors

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetesh Mishra ◽  
Abbas Barfidokht ◽  
Farshad Tehrani ◽  
Rupesh Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Analytical Accuracy ◽  
Analytical Tools

Rapid and precise analytical tools are essential for monitoring food safety and screening of any undesirable contaminants, allergens, or pathogens, which may cause significant health risks upon consumption. Substantial developments in analytical techniques have empowered the analyses and quantitation of these contaminants. However, conventional techniques are limited by delayed analysis times, expensive and laborious sample preparation, and the necessity for highly-trained workers. Therefore, prompt advances in electrochemical biosensors have supported significant gains in quantitative detection and screening of food contaminants and showed incredible potential as a means of defying such limitations. Apart from indicating high specificity towards the target analytes, these biosensors have also addressed the challenge of food industry by providing high analytical accuracy within complex food matrices. Here, we discuss some of the recent advances in this area and analyze the role and contributions made by electrochemical biosensors in the food industry. This article also reviews the key challenges we believe biosensors need to overcome to become the industry standard.

scholarly journals Novel Nested-Seq Approach for SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time Epidemiology and In-Depth Mutational Profiling in Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8498
Author(s):  
Margaritis Avgeris ◽  
Panagiotis G. Adamopoulos ◽  
Aikaterini Galani ◽  
Marieta Xagorari ◽  
Dimitrios Gourgiotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Rna Stability ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Alpha Variant

Considering the lack of effective treatments against COVID-19, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is emerging as a cost-effective approach for real-time population-wide SARS-CoV-2 monitoring. Here, we report novel molecular assays for sensitive detection and mutational/variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Highly stable regions of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were identified by RNA stability analysis and targeted for the development of novel nested PCR assays. Targeted DNA sequencing (DNA-seq) was applied for the analysis and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 mutations/variants, following hexamers-based reverse transcription and nested PCR-based amplification of targeted regions. Three-dimensional (3D) structure models were generated to examine the predicted structural modification caused by genomic variants. WBE of SARS-CoV-2 revealed to be assay dependent, and significantly improved sensitivity achieved by assay combination (94%) vs. single-assay screening (30%–60%). Targeted DNA-seq allowed the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 mutations/variants in wastewater, which agreed with COVID-19 patients’ sequencing data. A mutational analysis indicated the prevalence of D614G (S) and P323L (RdRP) variants, as well as of the Β.1.1.7/alpha variant of concern, in agreement with the frequency of Β.1.1.7/alpha variant in clinical samples of the same period of the third pandemic wave at the national level. Our assays provide an innovative cost-effective platform for real-time monitoring and early-identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants at community/population levels.

Building back smarter—part three: placing modular facilities in a resource-limited healthcare system

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Isobel Clough
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Healthcare Staff ◽  
Current State ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Physical Spaces

Land should be one of the greatest assets of the UK healthcare system, as a result of its large estates portfolio. Howere, the current state of many of the NHS's buildings means that physical spaces are often more of a burden, with maintenance backlogs costing billions. However, as a resource-limited public institution, it is crucial that all investments into NHS infrastructure are as effective and future-proof as possible. The previous two articles in this series have focused on the potential benefits of modular facilities to healthcare staff, services and patients, drawing on case studies of NHS trusts that have implemented modular facilities on their sites. This article, the third and final instalment of this series, discusses the health economic impact of current NHS infrastructure, and explores the ways in which modular facilities could provide a flexible and cost-effective means of expanding capacity and improving services in a resource-limited environment.

7. Treatment and prevention dilemmas

2016 ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
Alan Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Community Mobilization ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Current State ◽  
Safe Blood ◽  
Public Health Programmes

AIDS is still a major threat. ‘Treatment and prevention dilemmas’ shows that prevention and public health programmes are the most cost-effective way to health. HIV infection is preventable through biomedical strategies, such as ensuring safe blood and blood products by screening donors and testing donations; social interventions advising behaviour change, such as using condoms, having fewer partners, and practicing monogamy or abstinence; and—crucial to behaviour change—community mobilization and leadership. AIDS treatment developments are described along with the current state of antiretroviral therapy. Looking ahead, prevention remains the priority—while HIV infected people can live normal, productive lives, it is challenging and expensive.

Through Silicon Via Technology: Cost effective Cu-TSV Interconnects by EMC3D and Technical Challenges with Cu-TSV

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000425-000445
Author(s):  
Paul Siblerud ◽  
Rozalia Beica ◽  
Bioh Kim ◽  
Erik Young
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Through Silicon Via ◽  
Wafer Level Packaging ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Technologies ◽  
Ic Technology

The development of IC technology is driven by the need to increase performance and functionality while reducing size, power and cost. The continuous pressure to meet those requirements has created innovative, small, cost-effective 3-D packaging technologies. 3-D packaging can offer significant advantages in performance, functionality and form factor for future technologies. Breakthrough in wafer level packaging using through silicon via technology has proven to be technologically beneficial. Integration of several key and challenging process steps with a high yield and low cost is key to the general adoption of the technology. This paper will outline the breakthroughs in cost associated with an iTSV or Via-Mid structure in a integrated process flow. Key process technologies enabling 3-D chip:Via formationInsulator, barrier and seed depositionCopper filling (plating),CMPWafer thinningDie to Wafer/chip alignment, bonding and dicing This presentation will investigate these techniques that require interdisciplinary coordination and integration that previously have not been practiced. We will review the current state of 3-D interconnects and the of a cost effective Via-first TSV integrated process.

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