scholarly journals Stem Cells: Innovative Therapeutic Options for Neurodegenerative Diseases?

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1992
Author(s):  
Gabriele Bonaventura ◽  
Antonio Munafò ◽  
Carlo Maria Bellanca ◽  
Valentina La Cognata ◽  
Rosario Iemmolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
Protective Environment

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of structure and/or function of both neurons and glial cells, leading to different degrees of pathology and loss of cognition. The hypothesis of circuit reconstruction in the damaged brain via direct cell replacement has been pursued extensively so far. In this context, stem cells represent a useful option since they provide tissue restoration through the substitution of damaged neuronal cells with exogenous stem cells and create a neuro-protective environment through the release of bioactive molecules for healthy neurons, as well. These peculiar properties of stem cells are opening to potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of severe neurodegenerative disorders, for which the absence of effective treatment options leads to an increasingly socio-economic burden. Currently, the introduction of new technologies in the field of stem cells and the implementation of alternative cell tissues sources are pointing to exciting frontiers in this area of research. Here, we provide an update of the current knowledge about source and administration routes of stem cells, and review light and shadows of cells replacement therapy for the treatment of the three main neurodegenerative disorders (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease).

scholarly journals Regenerative Stem Cell Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2153
Author(s):  
Farzane Sivandzade ◽  
Luca Cucullo
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Conducive Environment

Neurodegenerative diseases resulting from the progressive loss of structure and/or function of neurons contribute to different paralysis degrees and loss of cognition and sensation. The lack of successful curative therapies for neurodegenerative disorders leads to a considerable burden on society and a high economic impact. Over the past 20 years, regenerative cell therapy, also known as stem cell therapy, has provided an excellent opportunity to investigate potentially powerful innovative strategies for treating neurodegenerative diseases. This is due to stem cells’ capability to repair injured neuronal tissue by replacing the damaged or lost cells with differentiated cells, providing a conducive environment that is in favor of regeneration, or protecting the existing healthy neurons and glial cells from further damage. Thus, in this review, the various types of stem cells, the current knowledge of stem-cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases, and the recent advances in this field are summarized. Indeed, a better understanding and further studies of stem cell technologies cause progress into realistic and efficacious treatments of neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems and Their Potential in Precision Medicine

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart de Jong ◽  
Eric Raul Barros ◽  
Joost G. J. Hoenderop ◽  
Juan Pablo Rigalli
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Steps

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bilayered nanoparticles released by most cell types. Recently, an enormous number of studies have been published on the potential of EVs as carriers of therapeutic agents. In contrast to systems such as liposomes, EVs exhibit less immunogenicity and higher engineering potential. Here, we review the most relevant publications addressing the potential and use of EVs as a drug delivery system (DDS). The information is divided based on the key steps for designing an EV-mediated delivery strategy. We discuss possible sources and isolation methods of EVs. We address the administration routes that have been tested in vivo and the tissue distribution observed. We describe the current knowledge on EV clearance, a significant challenge towards enhancing bioavailability. Also, EV-engineering approaches are described as alternatives to improve tissue and cell-specificity. Finally, a summary of the ongoing clinical trials is performed. Although the application of EVs in the clinical practice is still at an early stage, a high number of studies in animals support their potential as DDS. Thus, better treatment options could be designed to precisely increase target specificity and therapeutic efficacy while reducing off-target effects and toxicity according to the individual requirements of each patient.

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Potentials, Advances and Limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tannaz Akbari Kolagar ◽  
Maryam Farzaneh ◽  
Negin Nikkar ◽  
Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Regeneration ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Human Escs ◽  
Human Ipscs

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive and uncontrolled gradual loss of motor neurons function or death of neuron cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the mechanisms underlying their progressive nature remain elusive. There is urgent need to investigate therapeutic strategies and novel treatments for neural regeneration in disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently, the development and identification of pluripotent stem cells enabling the acquisition of a large number of neural cells in order to improve cell recovery after neurodegenerative disorders. Pluripotent stem cells which consist of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are characterized by their ability to indefinitely self-renew and the capacity to differentiate into different types of cells. The first human ESC lines were established from donated human embryos; while, because of a limited supply of donor embryos, human ESCs derivation remains ethically and politically controversial. Hence, hiPSCs-based therapies have been shown as an effective replacement for human ESCs without embryo destruction. Compared to the invasive methods for derivation of human ESCs, human iPSCs has opened possible to reprogram patient-specific cells by defined factors and with minimally invasive procedures. Human pluripotent stem cells are a good source for cell-based research, cell replacement therapies and disease modeling. To date, hundreds of human ESC and human iPSC lines have been generated with the aim of treating various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have highlighted the recent potentials, advances, and limitations of human pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals Cell Therapy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis†

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Serrano-Mollar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models ◽  
Lung Progenitor

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal disease with no effective or curative treatment options. In recent decades, cell-based therapies using stem cells or lung progenitor cells to regenerate lung tissue have experienced rapid growth in both preclinical animal models and translational clinical studies. In this review, the current knowledge of these cell therapies is summarized. Although further investigations are required, these studies indicate that cell therapies are a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

scholarly journals Peroxiredoxins in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1203
Author(s):  
Monika Szeliga
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Substantial evidence indicates that oxidative/nitrosative stress contributes to the neurodegenerative diseases. Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are one of the enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms neutralizing reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Since mammalian PRDXs were identified 30 years ago, their significance was long overshadowed by the other well-studied ROS/RNS defense systems. An increasing number of studies suggests that these enzymes may be involved in the neurodegenerative process. This article reviews the current knowledge on the expression and putative roles of PRDXs in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease.

scholarly journals Cannabinoid Actions on Neural Stem Cells: Implications for Pathophysiology

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Rodrigues ◽  
Diogo Lourenço ◽  
Sara Paulo ◽  
Joana Mateus ◽  
Miguel Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Regenerative Therapies

With the increase of life expectancy, neurodegenerative disorders are becoming not only a health but also a social burden worldwide. However, due to the multitude of pathophysiological disease states, current treatments fail to meet the desired outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies focusing on more integrated, personalized and effective approaches. The prospect of using neural stem cells (NSC) as regenerative therapies is very promising, however several issues still need to be addressed. In particular, the potential actions of pharmacological agents used to modulate NSC activity are highly relevant. With the ongoing discussion of cannabinoid usage for medical purposes and reports drawing attention to the effects of cannabinoids on NSC regulation, there is an enormous, and yet, uncovered potential for cannabinoids as treatment options for several neurological disorders, specifically when combined with stem cell therapy. In this manuscript, we review in detail how cannabinoids act as potent regulators of NSC biology and their potential to modulate several neurogenic features in the context of pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel Van Bulck ◽  
Ana Sierra-Magro ◽  
Jesus Alarcon-Gil ◽  
Ana Perez-Castillo ◽  
Jose Morales-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Current Therapies

Neurodegenerative disorders affect around one billion people worldwide. They can arise from a combination of genomic, epigenomic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Aging is the leading risk factor for most chronic illnesses of old age, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A progressive neurodegenerative process and neuroinflammation occur, and no current therapies can prevent, slow, or halt disease progression. To date, no novel disease-modifying therapies have been shown to provide significant benefit for patients who suffer from these devastating disorders. Therefore, early diagnosis and the discovery of new targets and novel therapies are of upmost importance. Neurodegenerative diseases, like in other age-related disorders, the progression of pathology begins many years before the onset of symptoms. Many efforts in this field have led to the conclusion that exits some similar events among these diseases that can explain why the aging brain is so vulnerable to suffer neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the current knowledge about these diseases by summarizing the most common features of major neurodegenerative disorders, their causes and consequences, and the proposed novel therapeutic approaches.

Mesenchymal stem cells in rheumatology: a regenerative approach to joint repair

2007 ◽  
Vol 113 (8) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosimo De Bari ◽  
Francesco Dell'Accio
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Joint Destruction ◽  
Tissue Remodelling ◽  
Regenerative Approach

The advent of biologics in rheumatology has considerably changed the evolution and prognosis of chronic inflammatory arthritis. The success of these new treatments has contributed to steering more attention to research focussed on repair and remodelling of joint tissues. Indeed, when the tissue damage is established, treatment options are very limited and the risk of progression towards joint destruction and failure remains high. Increasing evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells persist postnatally within joint tissues. It is postulated that they would function to safeguard joint homoeostasis and guarantee tissue remodelling and repair throughout life. Alterations in mesenchymal stem cell biology in arthritis have indeed been reported but a causal relationship has not been demonstrated, mainly because our current knowledge of mesenchymal stem cell niches and functions within the joint in health and disease is very limited. Nonetheless, mesenchymal stem cell technologies have attracted the attention of the biomedical research community as very promising tools to achieve the repair of joint tissues such as articular cartilage, subchondral bone, menisci and tendons. This review will outline stem-cell-mediated strategies for the repair of joint tissues, spanning from the use of expanded mesenchymal stem cell populations to therapeutic targeting of endogenous stem cells, resident in their native tissues, and related reparative signals in traumatic, degenerative and inflammatory joint disorders.

scholarly journals Oxidative-Signaling in Neural Stem Cell-Mediated Plasticity: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Mafalda Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Catarina Roxo ◽  
Susana Solá
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mature Brain ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Adult Mammalian Brain

The adult mammalian brain is capable of generating new neurons from existing neural stem cells (NSCs) in a process called adult neurogenesis. This process, which is critical for sustaining cognition and mental health in the mature brain, can be severely hampered with ageing and different neurological disorders. Recently, it is believed that the beneficial effects of NSCs in the injured brain relies not only on their potential to differentiate and integrate into the preexisting network, but also on their secreted molecules. In fact, further insight into adult NSC function is being gained, pointing to these cells as powerful endogenous “factories” that produce and secrete a large range of bioactive molecules with therapeutic properties. Beyond anti-inflammatory, neurogenic and neurotrophic effects, NSC-derived secretome has antioxidant proprieties that prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and rescue recipient cells from oxidative damage. This is particularly important in neurodegenerative contexts, where oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a significant role. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and the therapeutic opportunities of NSC secretome for neurodegenerative diseases with a particular focus on mitochondria and its oxidative state.

scholarly journals Resolution of Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Role of Resolvins

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajad Chamani ◽  
Vanessa Bianconi ◽  
Aida Tasbandi ◽  
Matteo Pirro ◽  
George E. Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Resolution Of Inflammation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Acute inflammation has been described as a reactive dynamic process, promoted by the secretion of proinflammatory mediators, including lipid molecules like leukotrienes and prostaglandins, and counterbalanced by proresolving mediators including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid- (PUFA-) derived molecules. The switch from the initiation to the resolution phase of acute inflammatory response is crucial for tissue homeostasis, whereas the failure to resolve early inflammation by specialized proresolving mediators leads to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Among PUFA-derived proresolving mediators, different eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derivatives have been described, namely, resolvins (resolution phase interaction products), which exert their anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory activities through specific G-protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, compelling evidence has shown that impairment of resolution of inflammation is a crucial pathogenic hallmark in different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of resolvins in resolution of inflammation and highlights available evidence showing the neuroprotective potential of EPA- and DHA-derived resolvins (E-series and D-series resolvins, respectively) in neurodegenerative diseases.

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