scholarly journals Development of Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Molecularly Imprinted–Based Plasmonic Sensor for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Samples

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 363
Author(s):  
Semra Akgönüllü ◽  
Handan Yavuz ◽  
Adil Denizli
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Template Molecule ◽  
Plasmonic Sensor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Carcinogenic Substances ◽  
Allyl Mercaptan

Aflatoxins are a group of extremely toxic and carcinogenic substances generated by the mold of the genus Aspergillus that contaminate agricultural products. When dairy cows ingest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)−contaminated feeds, it is metabolized and transformed in the liver into a carcinogenic major form of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is eliminated through the milk. The detection of AFM1 in milk is very important to be able to guarantee food safety and quality. In recent years, sensors have emerged as a quick, low–cost, and reliable platform for the detection of aflatoxins. Plasmonic sensors with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can be interesting alternatives for the determination of AFM1. In this work, we designed a molecularly–imprinted–based plasmonic sensor to directly detect lower amounts of AFM1 in raw milk samples. For this purpose, we prepared gold–nanoparticle–(AuNP)−integrated polymer nanofilm on a gold plasmonic sensor chip coated with allyl mercaptan. N−methacryloyl−l−phenylalanine (MAPA) was chosen as a functional monomer. The MIP nanofilm was prepared using the light–initiated polymerization of MAPA and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of AFM1 as a template molecule. The developed method enabled the detection of AFM1 with a detection limit of 0.4 pg/mL and demonstrated good linearity (0.0003 ng/mL–20.0 ng/mL) under optimized experimental conditions. The AFM1 determination was performed in random dairy farmer milk samples. Using the analogous mycotoxins, it was also demonstrated that the plasmonic sensor platforms were specific to the detection of AFM1.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Nasir ◽  
Naureen Naeem ◽  
Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad ◽  
Sanaullah Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Us ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Elisa Technique

The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

scholarly journals Study of aflatoxins incidence in cow feed and milk in Serbia during 2013.

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danka Spiric ◽  
Jasna Djinovic ◽  
Vesna Jankovic ◽  
Branko Velebit ◽  
Tatjana Radicevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Beet Pulp

Atypical weather and climate conditions during the spring and summer 2012th were assumed to be the main reason for the aflatoxins contamination of corn crops in Serbia. High humidity in spring, and summer temperatures above the average contributed to the increased possibility of mycotoxins occurance in cereals in the fields. As a consequence, at the begining of 2013th contaminated corn used for dairy cows diet had negative impact on the safety of cow milk. The routine laboratory control data revealed an increased content of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples. Large number of raw milk and various feedstuff samples were collected from February to April 2013th and were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 respectively. The collected samples were a part of enhanced self-control plans of the large dairy farms. Quantitative competitive and sandwich types of ELISA tests were used for the screening analysis of the feed and milk samples. Confirmation of the positive results obtained by ELISA tests was performed by UPLC-MS/MS method. Out of 281 samples of complete mixtures for dairy cows, 67 samples (24%) contained aflatoxin B1 quantities higher than the MRL of 0,005 mg/kg [4]. Corn samples were also tested for the presence of aflatoxin B1 revealing contamination of 22% above the MRL (0.03mg/kg). Aflatoxin M1 content in the 934 positive milk samples ranged from 0,005- 1,25 ?g/kg. The corresponding feed samples of sunflower meal, hay silage, corn silage and sugar beet pulp were screening negative, with the content of aflatoxin B1 less than 2 ?g/kg. The main source of aflatoxins were corn samples, wholemeal and feed mixtures derived from contaminated corn. The contamination peak was during March 2013, when 65% of milk samples contained amounts of aflatoxin M1 higher than 0,05 ?g/kg, and 13% of milk samples contained amounts higher than 0,5 ?g/kg.

A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples in Bafq and Bahabad, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Safavizadeh ◽  
Mozhgan Mojkar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The City

Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins mostly produced by the fungi called Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomium. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is a hepatotoxic and carcinogenic toxin. The aim of this study was to determine the level of contamination of cow's milk with aflatoxin M1 in Bafq and Bahabad. For this study, samples of raw cow's milk were collected randomly from milk collection centers around the city of Bafq and Bahabad from March to April. The determination of aflatoxin M1 levels was based on the ELISA method. Contamination was observed in 100% of milk samples. According to the results of the study, the rate of contamination with aflatoxin M1 in 43.3% of milk samples was above the acceptable level (50 ng/L) in Iranian national standard. It is concluded that further monitoring of milk production should be carried out in the spring and winter seasons.

scholarly journals Influence of somatic cell count and total bacterial counts of raw milk in cheese yield using small-scale methodology

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1367-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M.A. Silva ◽  
L.P.F. Bastos ◽  
D.L.S. Oliveira ◽  
M.C.P.P. Oliveira ◽  
L.M. Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Scale Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Yield Values

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of SCC and TBC of raw milk in cheese yield, using a reduced scale method, and to evaluate theoretical prediction of cheese yield. 270 samples of raw milk were split into three SCC levels (below 200,000; 200,000-750,000; above 750,000 SC/mL) and three TBC levels (below 100,000; 100,000-750,000; above 750,000 CFU/mL). Raw milk samples were submitted to compositional analysis (fat, protein, lactose, total solids and SNF content), SCC, TBC, freezing point and pH. The production of the small-scale cheese was conducted according to the method developed at Cornell University (Melilli et al., 2002). Cheese whey samples were submitted to compositional analysis (fat, total protein, true protein, lactose, total solids and SNF content) and SCC. The increase in the SCC of raw milk resulted in increased protein loss in cheese whey. High SCC (above 200,000 SC/mL) in milk samples was correlated to reduced dry matter yield. There was no effect of TBC in cheese yield in the experimental conditions used. There was a high correlation between the theoretical yield values and the yield values predicted by the small-scale method, indicating that this method is appropriate for cheese yield prediction.

scholarly journals Study on the Level of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Raw and Processed Milk Marketed in Kathmandu Valley

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap Kafle ◽  
Damodar Sedai ◽  
Krishna Prasad Rai ◽  
Bishow Bandhu Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Residual Level ◽  
Maximum Tolerance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the principal hydroxylated AFB1 metabolite mainly present in milk. In this study the levels of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Raw and Pasteurized milk marketed in Kathmandu valley was estimated. Altogether 32 milk samples (Raw 16, Pasteurized 16) obtained from different areas of Kathmandu valley were analysed for AFM1 by Thin Layer Chromatography. The milk samples were analyzed according to the official AOAC methods, which included extraction of toxin using chloroform, clearing by silica gel column chromatography, qualitative analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography and quantification by Visual comparison of the spots. AFM1 was found in 14 (43.75%) of milk samples examined. The levels of AFM1 in 7 (21.87%) samples were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 µg/l) accepted by some European countries while none of the samples exceeded the prescribed limit of US regulations. The mean concentration of AFM1 was higher in Raw milk (0.030 ± 0.042 µg/l) compared to pasteurized (0.022 ± 0.039) but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). This finding reflects that milk marketed in Kathmandu valley contains residual level of Aflatoxin M1 and pose public health risk. Therefore, milk and milk products have to be screened for AFM1 contamination periodically. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10598   J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (52-56), 2012  

Occurrence of Aflatoxin in Dairy Cow Feed Ingredients and Total Mixed Ration

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Mohammadi Shad ◽  
Mehrdad Ghavami ◽  
Griffiths G. Atungulu
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Milk Samples

Abstract. The level of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dairy cow feed ingredients and Total Mixed Rations (TMRs) procured at two farms for low- and high-yielding dairy cows were surveyed. Raw milk from the two groups of cows at each farm was sampled 24 h after feeding the cows with examined feedstuffs during both the rainy and the non-rainy season. The aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) level in the raw milk samples was measured 12-24 h later. The levels of AFB1 in feed and AFM1 in milk were determined by validated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The influence of farm management and type of feeding system on aflatoxin occurrence were considered. AFB1 and AFM1 were detected in 100% of feed and milk samples, respectively. The average level of AFB1 in the feed ingredients and TMRs were in the range of 1.6-104.7 µg/kg and 11.0-56.0 µg/kg, respectively. The average level of AFM1 in milk samples was 77.0 ng/L. The average concentrations of AFB1 in feeds and AFM1 in milk procured in the rainy season were significantly greater than those procured in the non-rainy season (p&lt;0.05). Of the studied feed, maize silage was determined as the most contaminated feed ingredient in terms of AFB1 content. Furthermore, the AFM1 in 75% of milk samples obtained from high-yielding dairy cows and 25% of milk samples obtained from low-yielding dairy cows indicated AFM1 level higher than the maximum allowable Europe Commission limit of 50 ng/L. The results also showed that the occurrence of AFB1 in feed varied with farm feed management. The extent of translocation to AFMI in milk samples was dependent on type of cow, whether low- or high- milk yielding. This study suggests regular risk analysis and using good farm management practices are important to control aflatoxin contamination in feed and milk. Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin M1, Dairy cows, Feed, Milk yield.

Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Thai Milk Products

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1010-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIENGSAG SAITANU
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Sterilized Milk

Two hundred seventy samples of raw milk and off-the-shelf milk products were examined for aflatoxin M1 content using a radioimmunoassay. Aflatoxin M1 was found in the majority of milk samples except 1 sample of raw milk and 11 samples of imported powdered milk. All cases of aflatoxin M1 content greater than 0.5 ppb were found in 18% (48) of the samples including raw milk (17/67), pasteurized milk (20/63), ultra high temperature milk (7/60), sterilized milk (3/60), and pelleted milk (1/7). All powdered milk samples were negative for aflatoxin M1 except two samples with less than 0.1 ppb. The positive aflatoxin M1 test results for five of the raw milk samples were confirmed by HPLC.

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