Antioxidant Additives versus Health Benefits of Brief/Intermittent Exposure to Potentially Toxic Physical or Chemical Agents

Although antioxidants can act locally to react with an oxidant, oral administration of “antioxidants” is quite useless in treating oxidative stress in tissues. Furthermore, it does not make sense to consider a vitamin as an antioxidant, but vitamin B3 leads to the in vivo formation of compounds that are essential for reducing this stress. A rigorous treatment of the subject indicates that to deal with oxidative stress, the most direct approach is to enhance the innate antioxidant mechanisms. The question is whether this is possible through daily activities. Diets can contain the necessary components for these mechanisms or may induce the expression of the genes involved in them. Another possibility is that pro-oxidant molecules in food increase the sensitivity and power of the detoxification pathways. This option is based on well-known DNA repair mechanisms after exposure to radiation (even from the Sun), or strong evidence of induction of antioxidant capacity after exposure to powerful pro-oxidants such as H2O2. More experimental work is required to test whether some molecules in food can increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes and/or improve antioxidant mechanisms. Identifying effective molecules to achieve such antioxidant power is critical to the food and nutraceutical industries. The potential of diet-based interventions to combat oxidative stress must be viewed from a new perspective.

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Cellular Response against Oxidative Stress, a Novel Insight into Lupus Nephritis Pathogenesis

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11080693 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 693

Author(s):

Corina Daniela Ene ◽

Simona Roxana Georgescu ◽

Mircea Tampa ◽

Clara Matei ◽

Cristina Iulia Mitran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lupus Nephritis ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Control Group ◽

Dna Repair Mechanisms ◽

Glycation End Products ◽

Repair Mechanisms ◽

Low Levels ◽

Defective Dna Repair

The interaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and hydrocarbonates promotes acute and chronic tissue damage, mediates immunomodulation and triggers autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients. The aim of the study was to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms of the oxidative stress-related damage and molecular mechanisms to counteract oxidative stimuli in lupus nephritis. Our study included 38 SLE patients with lupus nephritis (LN group), 44 SLE patients without renal impairment (non-LN group) and 40 healthy volunteers as control group. In the present paper, we evaluated serum lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation, oxidized proteins, carbohydrate oxidation, and endogenous protective systems. We detected defective DNA repair mechanisms via 8-oxoguanine-DNA-glycosylase (OGG1), the reduced regulatory effect of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in the activation of AGE-RAGE axis, low levels of thiols, disulphide bonds formation and high nitrotyrosination in lupus nephritis. All these data help us to identify more molecular mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress in LN that could permit a more precise assessment of disease prognosis, as well as developing new therapeutic targets.

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Aging and oxidative stress alter DNA repair mechanisms in male germ cells of superoxide dismutase-1 null mice

Biology of Reproduction ◽

10.1093/biolre/ioab114 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paulina Nguyen-Powanda ◽

Bernard Robaire

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Dna Damage ◽

Dna Repair ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Germ Cells ◽

Superoxide Dismutase 1 ◽

Male Germ Cells ◽

Dna Repair Mechanisms ◽

Repair Mechanisms ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Abstract The efficiency of antioxidant defense system decreases with aging, thus resulting in high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in spermatozoa. This damage can lead to genetic disorders in the offspring. There are limited studies investigating the effects of the total loss of antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), in male germ cells as they progress through spermatogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of aging and removing SOD1 (in male germ cells of SOD1-null (Sod1−/−) mice) in order to determine the potential mechanism(s) of DNA damage in these cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the germ cells of aged wild-type (WT) and Sod1−/− mice of all age. Immunostaining of OGG1, a marker of base excision repair (BER), increased in aged WT and young Sod1−/− mice. In contrast, immunostaining intensity of LIGIV and RAD51, markers of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), respectively, decreased in aged and Sod1−/− mice. Gene expression analysis showed similar results with altered mRNA expression of these key DNA repair transcripts in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids of aged and Sod1−/− mice. Our study indicates that DNA repair pathway markers of BER, NHEJ, and HR are differentially regulated as a function of aging and oxidative stress in spermatocytes and spermatids, and aging enhances the repair response to increased oxidative DNA damage, whereas impairments in other DNA repair mechanisms may contribute to the increase in DNA damage caused by aging and the loss of SOD1.

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The Antioxidant Mechanisms Underlying the Aged Garlic Extract- and S-Allylcysteine-Induced Protection

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2012/907162 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Ana L. Colín-González ◽

Ricardo A. Santana ◽

Carlos A. Silva-Islas ◽

Maria E. Chánez-Cárdenas ◽

Abel Santamaría ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Original Data ◽

Garlic Extract ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Aged Garlic Extract ◽

Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽

Aged Garlic

Aged garlic extract (AGE) is an odorless garlic preparation containing S-allylcysteine (SAC) as its most abundant compound. A large number of studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of AGE and SAC in bothin vivo—in diverse experimental animal models associated to oxidative stress—andin vitroconditions—using several methods to scavenge reactive oxygen species or to induce oxidative damage. Derived from these experiments, the protective effects of AGE and SAC have been associated with the prevention or amelioration of oxidative stress. In this work, we reviewed different antioxidant mechanisms (scavenging of free radicals and prooxidant species, induction of antioxidant enzymes, activation of Nrf2 factor, inhibition of prooxidant enzymes, and chelating effects) involved in the protective actions of AGE and SAC, thereby emphasizing their potential use as therapeutic agents. In addition, we highlight the ability of SAC to activate Nrf2 factor—a master regulator of the cellular redox state. Here, we include original data showing the ability of SAC to activate Nrf2 factor in cerebral cortex. Therefore, we conclude that the therapeutic properties of these molecules comprise cellular and molecular mechanisms at different levels.

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Wild Italian Prunus spinosa L. Fruit Exerts In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Protects Against In Vitro and In Vivo Oxidative Stress

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9010005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Luisa Pozzo ◽

Rossella Russo ◽

Stefania Frassinetti ◽

Francesco Vizzarri ◽

Július Árvay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Food Industries ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Prunus Spinosa

Polyphenol-rich foods could have a pivotal function in the prevention of oxidative stress-based pathologies and antibacterial action. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, as well as the in vitro and In Vivo antioxidant capacities of wild Prunus spinosa L. fruit (PSF) from the southeast regions of Italy. The total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified, and the single polyphenols were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, showing high rutin and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid levels, followed by gallic and trans-sinapic acids. PSF extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against some potentially pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Besides, we investigated the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and the hemolysis inhibition of PSF extract on human erythrocytes, evidencing both a good antioxidant power and a marked hemolysis inhibition. Furthermore, an In Vivo experiment with oxidative stress-induced rats treated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) demonstrated that PSF has a dose-dependent antioxidant capacity both in liver and in brain. In conclusion, the wild Italian Prunus spinosa L. fruit could be considered a potentially useful material for both nutraceutical and food industries because of its antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.

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Insight into the Influence of Cultivar Type, Cultivation Year, and Site on the Lignans and Related Phenolic Profiles, and the Health-Promoting Antioxidant Potential of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seeds

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23102636 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 2636 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Laurine Garros ◽

Samantha Drouet ◽

Cyrielle Corbin ◽

Cédric Decourtil ◽

Thibaud Fidel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Major Influence ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

The Impact

Flaxseeds are a functional food representing, by far, the richest natural grain source of lignans, and accumulate substantial amounts of other health beneficial phenolic compounds (i.e., flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids). This specific accumulation pattern is related to their numerous beneficial effects on human health. However, to date, little data is available concerning the relative impact of genetic and geographic parameters on the phytochemical yield and composition. Here, the major influence of the cultivar over geographic parameters on the flaxseed phytochemical accumulation yield and composition is evidenced. The importance of genetic parameters on the lignan accumulation was further confirmed by gene expression analysis monitored by RT-qPCR. The corresponding antioxidant activity of these flaxseed extracts was evaluated, both in vitro, using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and iron chelating assays, as well as in vivo, by monitoring the impact of UV-induced oxidative stress on the lipid membrane peroxidation of yeast cells. Our results, both the in vitro and in vivo studies, confirm that flaxseed extracts are an effective protector against oxidative stress. The results point out that secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, caffeic acid glucoside, and p-coumaric acid glucoside are the main contributors to the antioxidant capacity. Considering the health benefits of these compounds, the present study demonstrates that the flaxseed cultivar type could greatly influence the phytochemical intakes and, therefore, the associated biological activities. We recommend that this crucial parameter be considered in epidemiological studies dealing with flaxseeds.

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Anticarcinogenic and Antioxidant Action of an Edible Aquatic Flora Jussiaea repens L. Using In Vitro Bioassays and In Vivo Zebrafish Model

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082291 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2291

Author(s):

Chongtham Rajiv ◽

Subhra Saikat Roy ◽

K. Tamreihao ◽

Pintubala Kshetri ◽

Thangjam Surchandra Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antiproliferative Activity ◽

Developmental Process ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Zebrafish Embryos ◽

Zebrafish Model ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Skov3 Cells

Oxidative stress is the major cause of many health conditions, and regular consumption of antioxidants helped to encounter and prevent such oxidative stress-related diseases. Due to safety concerns over long-term uses of synthetic antioxidants, natural antioxidants are more preferred. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Jussiaea repens L., a wild edible flora found in Manipur, India. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and DNA-nicking assay. The anticancer activity was tested using five cancer lines viz., SKOV3 cells (ovarian), HeLa (cervical), MDA-MB-231 (breast), PANC-1 (pancreatic), and PC3 (prostate). The toxicity, developmental effect, antiproliferative activity was further tested using zebrafish embryos. The methanolic plant extract had higher polyphenol content than flavonoids. The in vitro study demonstrated a promising antioxidant capacity and DNA protection ability of this plant. The extract also showed cytotoxic activity against SKOV3, HeLa, MDA-MB-23, and PANC-1 cancer cell lines. The in vivo studies on zebrafish embryos demonstrated the extract’s ability to suppress the developmental process and elicited more cytotoxicity to cancer cells than developing zebrafish embryos. Moreover, the in vivo studies on zebrafish embryos also indicated the antiproliferative activity of J. repens L. extract.

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High levels of oxidative stress in rats infected with Blastocystis hominis

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182009991351 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 137 (4) ◽

pp. 605-611 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

S. CHANDRAMATHI ◽

K. SURESH ◽

S. SHUBA ◽

A. MAHMOOD ◽

U. R. KUPPUSAMY

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Lipid Hydroperoxide ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Blastocystis Hominis ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Damage Level

SUMMARYObjective: Numerous studies have revealed the presence of oxidative stress in parasitic infections. However, such studies were lacking in the Malaysian population. Previously, we have provided evidence that oxidative stress is elevated in Malaysians infected with intestinal parasites. Stool examinations revealed that about 47·5% of them were infected with the polymorphic protozoa, Blastocystis hominis. However, they were found to have mixed infection with other intestinal parasites. Methodology: Therefore, in order to investigate the role of B. hominis alone in affecting oxidative stress status, here we compared the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in urine and blood samples between uninfected and B. hominis-infected rats. Results: Infected rats exhibited elevated levels of oxidative indices namely advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid hydroperoxide (LHP) indicating that their overall oxidative damage level was higher. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was elevated at the initial stage of infection but decreased significantly during the last week of study duration suggesting that the antioxidant status of the host may be overwhelmed by oxidative damage. Conclusion: To date, this is the first comprehensive in vivo study to provide evidence for Blastocystis infection to correlate with significant oxidative burst leading to oxidative stress.

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Glutathione in multiple sclerosis: More than just an antioxidant?

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458514533400 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (11) ◽

pp. 1425-1431 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Andreia N Carvalho ◽

Jamie L Lim ◽

Philip G Nijland ◽

Maarten E Witte ◽

Jack Van Horssen

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Gsh Metabolism ◽

Reactive Oxidants ◽

Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽

The Brain

Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in both the inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathological mechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS). In response to oxidative stress, cells increase and activate their cellular antioxidant mechanisms. Glutathione (GSH) is the major antioxidant in the brain, and as such plays a pivotal role in the detoxification of reactive oxidants. Previous research has shown that GSH homeostasis is altered in MS. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on GSH metabolism in brain cells, with a focus on its involvement in MS. The potential of GSH as an in vivo biomarker in MS is discussed, along with a short overview of improvements in imaging methods that allow non-invasive quantification of GSH in the brain. These methods might be instrumental in providing real-time measures of GSH, allowing the assessment of the oxidative state in MS patients and the monitoring of disease progression. Finally, the therapeutic potential of GSH in MS is discussed.

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Manipulation of DNA Repair Proficiency in Mouse Models of Colorectal Cancer

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/1414383 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael A. Mcilhatton ◽

Gregory P. Boivin ◽

Joanna Groden

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Dna Repair ◽

Mouse Models ◽

Cancer Biology ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Biologically Relevant ◽

Dna Repair Mechanisms ◽

Genetically Engineered Mice ◽

Repair Mechanisms

Technical and biological innovations have enabled the development of more sophisticated and focused murine models that increasingly recapitulate the complex pathologies of human diseases, in particular cancer. Mouse models provide excellentin vivosystems for deciphering the intricacies of cancer biology within the context of precise experimental settings. They present biologically relevant, adaptable platforms that are amenable to continual improvement and refinement. We discuss how recent advances in our understanding of tumorigenesis and the underlying deficiencies of DNA repair mechanisms that drive it have been informed by using genetically engineered mice to create defined, well-characterized models of human colorectal cancer. In particular, we focus on how mechanisms of DNA repair can be manipulated precisely to createin vivomodels whereby the underlying processes of tumorigenesis are accelerated or attenuated, dependent on the composite alleles carried by the mouse model. Such models have evolved to the stage where they now reflect the initiation and progression of sporadic cancers. The review is focused on mouse models of colorectal cancer and how insights from these models have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the processes and potential therapies for this disease.

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Selectedin vitro methods to determine antioxidant activity of hydrophilic/lipophilic substances

Acta Chimica Slovaca ◽

10.2478/acs-2019-0028 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 200-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aneta Ácsová ◽

Silvia Martiniaková ◽

Jarmila Hojerová

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Chemical Reactions ◽

Power Measurement ◽

Hydrogen Atoms ◽

Antioxidant Power

Abstract The topic of free radicals and related antioxidants is greatly discussed nowadays. Antioxidants help to neutralize free radicals before damaging cells. In the absence of antioxidants, a phenomenon called oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stress can cause many diseases e.g. Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, antioxidant activity of various compounds and the mechanism of their action have to be studied. Antioxidant activity and capacity are measured by in vitro and in vivo methods; in vitro methods are divided into two groups according to chemical reactions between free radicals and antioxidants. The first group is based on the transfer of hydrogen atoms (HAT), the second one on the transfer of electrons (ET). The most frequently used methods in the field of antioxidant power measurement are discussed in this work in terms of their principle, mechanism, methodology, the way of results evaluation and possible pitfalls.

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