scholarly journals Intracoronary Thrombogenicity in Patients with Vasospastic Angina: An Observation Using Coronary Angioscopy

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1632
Author(s):  
Hiroki Teragawa ◽  
Yuichi Orita ◽  
Chikage Oshita ◽  
Yuko Uchimura
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Vasospastic Angina ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Coronary Angioscopy ◽  
Atherosclerotic Changes ◽  
Significant Factors

Background: Despite significant interest in intracoronary thrombi in patients with vasospastic angina (VSA), the phenomenon remains unclarified. Therefore, we investigated a possible relationship using coronary angioscopy (CAS) in VSA patients. Methods: Sixty patients with VSA, for whom we could assess the spastic segment using CAS, were retrospectively studied. An intracoronary thrombus on CAS was a white thrombus and an erosion-like red thrombus. We verified the clinical characteristics and lesional characteristics as they determined the risk of intracoronary thrombus formation. Results: There were 18 (30%) patients with intracoronary thrombi. More of the patients with intracoronary thrombi were male, current smokers and had severe concomitant symptoms; however, no statistically significant difference was observed upon logistic regression analysis. There were 18 (26%) coronary arteries with intracoronary thrombi out of 70 coronary arteries recognised in the spastic segments. Furthermore, atherosclerotic changes and segmental spasms were significant factors responsible for such lesions. Conclusion: Intracoronary thrombi occurred in 30% of VSA patients and much attention should be paid to the intracoronary thrombogenicity of VSA patients.

P3579Clinical characteristics of an intracoronary erosion and thrombus in patients with vasospastic angina

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Teragawa ◽  
C Oshita ◽  
T Ueda ◽  
Y Kihara
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Coronary Spasm ◽  
Provocation Test ◽  
Vasospastic Angina ◽  
Intracoronary Imaging ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Coronary Angioscopy ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Male Sex

Abstract Background Intracoronary erosion and thrombus are sometimes detected in patients with vasospastic angina (VSA) through intracoronary imaging modalities. However, the clinical characteristics of these intracoronary findings remain unclear. Therefore, we assessed the clinical and lesion characteristics of these intracoronary abnormalities in patients with VSA. Methods We included 48 patients with VSA who underwent coronary angiography (CAG), spasm provocation test (SPT), and coronary angioscopy (CAS). In all patients, acetylcholine was infused in the left and right coronary arteries. The vessels were classified into spastic vessels (SVs) and non-spastic vessels (NSVs) based on SPT results. SVs that could not be observed using CAS were excluded from the study. CAG and SPT findings were evaluated for the presence of atherosclerotic lesions (%stenosis <30%) and types of spasm (segmental or diffuse). Two experts examined the presence of an intracoronary erosion and thrombus on CAS. Other serious symptoms such as cold sweating or syncope were also assessed. Results Among the 48 patients, intracoronary erosion and thrombus were detected in 11 (23%) and 10 (21%) patients, respectively, and total intracoronary abnormalities were observed in 17 (35%) patients. Male sex (p<0.05), smoking (p<0.05), and presence of other serious symptoms (p<0.01) were associated with the presence of intracoronary abnormalities. The logistic regression analysis showed the presence of other serious symptoms to be the only factor associated with the presence of intracoronary abnormalities (p<0.05). In the lesion analyses, among the 72 vessels, intracoronary abnormalities were observed only in SVs (17/53, 33%) but not in NSVs (0/19, 0%, p<0.01). Among the 53 SVs, the presence of atherosclerotic lesions (p<0.05) and segmental spasm type (p<0.05) were found to be associated with the presence of intracoronary abnormalities. Conclusions Intracoronary erosion and thrombus were observed in approximately 35% of patients with VSA. Such intracoronary abnormalities may be partly affected by the forms of the coronary artery and coronary spasm, leading to the onset of serious symptoms of VSA.

National trends in local excision and esophagectomy for cT1N0 esophageal cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 62-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily C. Sturm ◽  
Whitney Zahnd ◽  
John D. Mellinger ◽  
Sabha Ganai
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Local Excision ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Over Time

62 Background: Esophageal cancer management has evolved due to improvements in staging and treatment strategies. Endoscopic local excision presents an attractive option for definitive management of T1 cancers, avoiding the morbidity of esophagectomy. We hypothesized that for cT1N0 cancers, patients who underwent local excision would have lower survival compared to esophagectomy due to potential discordant staging. Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) with AJCC T1N0 clinical stage who underwent local excision (n = 1625) or esophagectomy (n = 3255) between 1998 and 2012. Chi-square analysis was used to compare demographic and clinical characteristics by procedure. Chi-square trend analysis was performed to assess trends in procedure type over time. Cox Regression analysis was performed to assess survival by procedure controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: Between 1998 and 2012, the proportion of patients who underwent local excision increased from 12% to 50% for all patients (p < 0.001); from 17% to 40% for SCC patients (p < 0.001); and from 9% to 51% for AC patients (p < 0.001). Surgical procedure varied significantly by demographic, socioeconomic status, facility, and tumor-related factors. 65% of cT1N0 cancers had concordant clinical and pathological staging after esophagectomy, with 11% having positive nodal disease; 44% were concordant after local excision. While no significant difference was seen in unadjusted survival, adjusted Cox Regression analysis indicated worse survival after esophagectomy compared to local excision for all cases (HR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.40-2.00) and for ACs with concordant staging (HR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11-2.14). Conclusions: Local excision for cT1N0 esophageal cancer has increased over time. Staging concordance for esophagectomy is seen in two-thirds of cases. Contrary to our hypothesis, patients undergoing local excision for T1N0 cancers have better overall survival than those undergoing esophagectomy, which may reflect early differences in mortality and/or selection bias. As this study was unable to distinguish T1a from T1b, further analysis is warranted.

scholarly journals Thickness of Extraocular Muscle and Orbital Fat in MRI Predicts Response to Glucocorticoid Therapy in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingling Xu ◽  
Linna Li ◽  
Cuihua Xie ◽  
Meiping Guan ◽  
Yaoming Xue
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Inferior Rectus ◽  
Orbital Fat ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Significant Difference

33 patients with active, moderate-severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) received 4.5 g methylprednisolone for 12 weeks and were divided by efficacy into two groups (responsive and unresponsive). All patients and 10 controls underwent orbital MRI examination at baseline. No significant difference was seen in baseline clinical characteristics between the two GO groups. The values of exophthalmos were higher in both GO groups than in the control and were higher in the responsive group versus the unresponsive group. Compared to the unresponsive group, the responsive group had a thicker inferior rectus as well as thinner orbital fat. The inferior rectus/fat ratio was significantly higher in the responsive group versus the unresponsive group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the exophthalmos value and inferior rectus/fat ratio were significantly associated with the response to glucocorticoid (GC). ROC analysis revealed that the cut-off points of the inferior rectus/fat ratio combined with the exophthalmos value to indicate efficacy were 1.42 and 20.78. For moderate-severe GO patients with CAS > 3, the combined inferior rectus/fat ratio and exophthalmos value in MRI may be a valuable indicator to predict the response to GC therapy.

Assessment of endogenous fibrinolysis using a point-of-care assay to identify increased cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes and ACS

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kanji ◽  
Y.X Gue ◽  
D Dinarvand ◽  
M.Q Farag ◽  
D.A Gorog
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Occlusion Time ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Endogenous Fibrinolysis ◽  
Point Of Care Assay

Abstract Introduction Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and following a MI, patients with DM have an increased risk of recurrent MI and cardiovascular (CV) death. Plasma turbidimetry studies show that hypofibrinolysis is a key abnormality in DM that may drive increased ischaemic risk. Such assays are cumbersome, require specialist expertise and do not provide information in a clinically-relevant timeframe. Assessment of fibrinolysis in whole blood, using a point-of-care assay, has revealed that in ACS patients, impaired fibrinolysis is predictive of adverse CV events. Whether this technique can identify residual risk in patients with DM, is unclear. Purpose It was our aim to compare thrombotic and endogenous fibrinolytic status between patients with and without DM, presenting with ACS. Methods We conducted a prospective, observational study of consecutive patients admitted with ACS. Venous blood was taken to assess thrombotic and thrombolytic status using the point-of-care Global Thrombosis Test, assessing time to occlusive thrombus formation under high shear (occlusion time, OT) and time taken for spontaneous lysis of the thrombus (lysis yime, LT). Blood was taken after dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) loading, but before administration of fondaparinux or low molecular weight heparin. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment, known bleeding diathesis, thrombocytopenia and those taking anticoagulation were excluded. Results A total of 775 patients were included, of whom 158 (20%) had DM. Patients with DM, compared to those without DM, more frequently had hypertension (70% vs. 39%, p&lt;0.001), hyperlipidaemia (65% vs. 29%, p&lt;0.001), higher BMI (28.6 [25.3–32.0] vs. 26.6 [23.7–29.8] kg/m2, p&lt;0.001) and prior MI (28% vs 9%, p&lt;0.001), but were less often smokers (23% vs. 34% p=0.007). In all other clinical characteristics DM and non-DM patients were matched. Time to occlusive thrombus formation was similar in patients with and without DM (OT 401 (284–519) s vs. 391 (289–514) s, p=0.603). There was a trend for longer LT in patients with DM compared to those without DM (LT 1634 (130–2321) s vs. 1562 (1247–2147) s, p=0.080). After propensity score matching to adjust for baseline differences in clinical characteristics, we observed a highly significant difference in LT between DM and non-DM patients (LT 1634 [1306–2321] s vs. 1387 [1109–1740] s, p&lt;0.001). Patients with DM also had higher fibrinogen level (4.4 [3.5–5.4] vs. 4.1 [3.5–4.8] g/l, p=0.012) and higher C-reactive protein (5 [2–12] vs. 3 [1–8] mg/l, p=0.002). CRP correlated with LT (r=0.2, p=0.016), but no correlation was observed between fibrinogen and LT (r=0.069, p=0.424). Conclusions Amongst patients with ACS, those with DM exhibit markedly impaired endogenous fibrinolysis compared to those without DM, and this can be detected with a bedside assay using whole blood. This may explain the increased risk of secondary events in patients with ACS and DM. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Coronary blood flow in myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Magnani ◽  
S Toniolo ◽  
A Rinaldi ◽  
P Paolisso ◽  
E.C D'Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Slow Flow ◽  
Flow Phenomenon ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is mainly caused by atherosclerotic plaque thrombosis but several registries show that in 1–13% of cases MI occurs in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) utilizing the conventional cut-off of &lt;50% stenosis. MINOCA is generally related to coronary arteries abnormalities (epicardial or microvascular dysfunction – MINOCA-co). However, non-coronary conditions may underlie MINOCA as a consequence of supply-demand mismatch (MINOCA-nco). The TIMI flow gradient (TFG) and the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) are established methods able to respectively provide a qualitative and semiquantitative estimation of epicardial blood flow at rest. No studies have yet evaluated these indices in patients with MINOCA. Purpose To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with MINOCA and the angiographic indices in MINOCA-co versus MINOCA-nco. Methods Among all consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiogram at our Centre for MI based on the 4th Definition of Myocardial Infarction, the ones showing &lt;50% coronary artery stenosis were retrospectively analyzed; patients with previous coronary stenting were excluded from the study. According to the presence or absence of pre-specified criteria of supply-demand mismatch (SAP &gt;180 mmHg, DAP &gt;110 mmHg, HR &gt;110 bpm, Hb &lt;6 gr/dl, SatO2 &lt;91% or P/F ratio &lt;300), the study cohort was divided into MINOCA-nco and MINOCA-co, respectively. We defined as slow flow phenomenon a TFG &lt; = 2 and/or a CTFC &gt;40 for the left anterior descending artery, &gt;27 for the right coronary artery and &gt;24 for the left circumflex. Results 453 patients were retrospectively evaluated and 112 (24.7%) met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 68±13.2 years and 41 (36.6%) were males. MINOCA-co was the more prevalent entity accounting for 73 (65.2%) patients while 39 (34.8%) were MINOCA-nco. The two subgroups presented similar baseline characteristics with regards to gender and classic cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and smoking habit. Peripheral vasculopathy was more prevalent in MINOCA-nco patients (MINOCA-nco=15.4% vs. MINOCAco= 4.2%; p=0.04). Regarding the angiographic indices, there was no statistically significant difference in TFG between subgroups; conversely, the number of patients with a slow flow phenomenon as defined by CTFC was significantly higher in the MINOCA-nco group (MINOCAnco= 25.7% vs. MINOCA-co=9.8%; p=0.039). Conclusions Our data suggest that among patients with MINOCA clinical characteristics were not useful in differentiating between the two disease entities (MINOCA-nco vs. MINOCA-co). However, MINOCA-nco patients had higher coronary flow impairment as evaluated by CTFC. The pathophysiological reason is still not clear; we hypothesized that, in this clinical setting, an increased heart rate, systemic arterial pressure or low oxygen supply might worsen unbalanced coronary perfusion. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Early-Onset Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 107327482098682
Author(s):  
Min Shi ◽  
Biao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: The incidence of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) has increased significantly. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients under 50 years old. Methods: Patients with PNETs recorded in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2004 to 2015 were analyzed. The clinical characteristics were analyzed by Chi-square test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS). Multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis was used to determine independent prognostic factors. Results: 2,303 patients included, of which 547 (23.8%) patients were younger than 50 years old. The number of younger patients has increased steadily, while the proportion in total PNETs decreased recently. Compared with older group, the proportion of the Black, grade I/II, and surgery were higher in early-onset PNETs. Liver was the most frequent metastatic site. There was no significant difference in the incidence of different metastatic sites between younger and older PNETs patients, while younger patients had better OS (P < 0.05). Grade, N stage, M stage, and surgery were independent prognostic factors for OS in early-onset PNETs. Conclusions: Younger patients have unique clinicopathological characteristics compared with older patients in PNETs. Better OS was observed in younger patients which might due to the higher proportion of well-differentiated tumor and surgery than older patients.

scholarly journals The prognostic and diagnostic significance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective controlled study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Johnson ◽  
Sofi Dhanaraj ◽  
Sarah Berhane ◽  
Laura Bonnett ◽  
Yuk Ting Ma
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Prognostic Models ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a presumed measure of the balance between neutrophil-associated pro-tumour inflammation and lymphocyte-dependent antitumour immune function, has been suggested as a prognostic factor for several cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods In this study, a prospectively accrued cohort of 781 patients (493 HCC and 288 chronic liver disease (CLD) without HCC) were followed-up for more than 6 years. NLR levels between HCC and CLD patients were compared, and the effect of baseline NLR on overall survival amongst HCC patients was assessed via multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results On entry into the study (‘baseline’), there was no clinically significant difference in the NLR values between CLD and HCC patients. Amongst HCC patients, NLR levels closest to last visit/death were significantly higher compared to baseline. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that NLR was an independent prognostic factor, even after adjustment for the HCC stage. Conclusion NLR is a significant independent factor influencing survival in HCC patients, hence offering an additional dimension in prognostic models.

scholarly journals Comparison of intravenous sedation using midazolam during dental treatment in elderly patients with/without dementia: a prospective, controlled clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Tatsuno ◽  
Yoshinari Morimoto ◽  
Megumi Hayashi ◽  
Takatoshi Iida
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Intravenous Sedation ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Severe Dementia ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe effects of intravenous sedation with midazolam on the cerebral function of elderly patients with severe dementia are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on parameters such as brainwaves and cerebral blood flow (CBF) and compare them between elderly individuals with dementia and without cognitive impairment. Ten patients with severe dementia and 10 without cognitive impairment were registered. The bispectral index (BIS) and normalized tissue hemoglobin index (nTHI), which reflects CBF using near-infrared spectroscopy, were measured. Midazolam was administered until a Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score of 2 was reached. The chi-squared, Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Friedman tests and multiple regression analysis were used for comparisons. Whereas a similar decline in BIS values was observed in both groups after midazolam administration (P < 0.018), there was a significant decrease by 9% in the nTHI of the dementia-positive group (P < 0.013). However, there was no significant difference in the nTHI between the dementia-positive and dementia-negative group according to the multiple regression analysis (P = 0.058). In the dementia-negative group, none of the measured values differed from the baseline values. In the dementia-positive group, sedation with midazolam resulted in a 9% decrease in the CBF.

scholarly journals Comparing Patient Characteristics, Clinical Outcomes, and Biomarkers of Severe Asthma Patients in Taiwan

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Shih-Lung Cheng ◽  
Kuo-Chin Chiu ◽  
Hsin-Kuo Ko ◽  
Diahn-Warng Perng ◽  
Hao-Chien Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Patients At Risk

Purpose: To understand the association between biomarkers and exacerbations of severe asthma in adult patients in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: Demographic, clinical characteristics and biomarkers were retrospectively collected from the medical charts of severe asthma patients in six hospitals in Taiwan. Exacerbations were defined as those requiring asthma-specific emergency department visits/hospitalizations, or systemic steroids. Enrolled patients were divided into: (1) those with no exacerbations (non-exacerbators) and (2) those with one or more exacerbations (exacerbators). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal cut-off value for biomarkers. Generalized linear models evaluated the association between exacerbation and biomarkers. Results: 132 patients were enrolled in the study with 80 non-exacerbators and 52 exacerbators. There was no significant difference in demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups. Exacerbators had significantly higher eosinophils (EOS) counts (367.8 ± 357.18 vs. 210.05 ± 175.24, p = 0.0043) compared to non-exacerbators. The optimal cut-off values were 292 for EOS counts and 19 for the Fractional exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) measure. Patients with an EOS count ≥ 300 (RR = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.26–2.81; p = 0.002) or FeNO measure ≥ 20 (RR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.05–4.18; p = 0.0356) had a significantly higher risk of exacerbation. Moreover, patients with both an EOS count ≥ 300 and FeNO measure ≥ 20 had a significantly higher risk of exacerbation than those with lower EOS count or lower FeNO measure (RR = 2.16; 95% CI, 1.47–3.18; p = < 0.0001). Conclusions: Higher EOS counts and FeNO measures were associated with increased risk of exacerbation. These biomarkers may help physicians identify patients at risk of exacerbations and personalize treatment for asthma patients.

scholarly journals The Level of Conus Medullaris in 629 Healthy Japanese Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 3182
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Nakashima ◽  
Keigo Ito ◽  
Yoshito Katayama ◽  
Mikito Tsushima ◽  
Kei Ando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Pelvic Tilt ◽  
Pelvic Incidence ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Conus Medullaris ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Adult Volunteers ◽  
Significant Factors

The conus medullaris typically terminates at the L1 level; however, variations in its level and the factors associated with the conus medullaris level are unclear. We investigated the level of conus medullaris on magnetic resonance imaging in healthy volunteers. In total, 629 healthy adult volunteers (≥50 individuals of each sex and in each decade of age from 20 to 70) were enrolled. The level of the conus medullaris was assessed based on the T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance images, and factors affecting its level were investigated employing multivariate regression analysis including the participants’ background and radiographical parameters. L1 was the most common conus medullaris level. Participant height was significantly shorter in the caudally placed conus medullaris (p = 0.013). With respect to the radiographical parameters, pelvic incidence (p = 0.003), and pelvic tilt (p = 0.03) were significantly smaller in participants with a caudally placed conus medullaris. Multiple regression analysis showed that the pelvic incidence (p < 0.0001) and height (p < 0.0001) were significant factors affecting the conus medullaris level. These results indicated that the length of the spinal cord varies little among individuals and that skeletal differences affect the level of the conus medullaris.

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