scholarly journals Informational Reinterpretation of the Mechanics Notions and Laws

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Bormashenko
Keyword(s):  
Single Particle ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Rectilinear Motion ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Noninertial Frame ◽  
Rest State ◽  
Isobaric Expansion

The informational re-interpretation of the basic laws of the mechanics exploiting the Landauer principle is suggested. When a physical body is in rest or it moves rectilinearly with the constant speed, zero information is transferred; thus, the informational affinity of the rest state and the rectilinear motion with a constant speed is established. Inertial forces may be involved in the erasure/recording of information. The analysis of the minimal Szilard thermal engine as seen from the noninertial frame of references is carried out. The Szilard single-particle minimal thermal engine undergoes isobaric expansion relative to accelerated frame of references, enabling the erasure of 1 bit of information. The energy ΔQ spent by the inertial force for the erasure of 1 bit of information is estimated as Δ Q ≅ 5 3 k B T ¯ , which is larger than the Landauer bound but qualitatively is close to it. The informational interpretation of the equivalence principle is proposed: the informational content of the inertial and gravitational masses is the same.

scholarly journals Informational Reinterpretation of the Mechanics Notions and Laws

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Bormashenko
Keyword(s):  
Single Particle ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Inertial Frame ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Constant Speed ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Rectilinear Motion ◽  
Physical Body ◽  
Rest State ◽  
Isobaric Expansion

The informational re-interpretation of the basic laws of the mechanics exploiting the Landauer principle is suggested. When a physical body is in rest or it moves rectilinearly with the constant speed, zero information is transferred; thus, the informational affinity of the rest state and the rectilinear motion with a constant speed is established. The analysis of the minimal Szilard thermal engine as seen from the non-inertial frame of references is carried out. The Szilard single-particle minimal thermal engine undergoes the isobaric expansion relatively to the accelerated frame of references, enabling the erasure of 1 bit of information. The energy ΔQ spent by the inertial force for the erasure of 1 bit of information is estimated as: ΔQ≅5/3 k_B T ̅, which is larger than the Landauer bound but qualitatively close to it. The informational interpretation of the equivalence principle is proposed: the informational content of the inertial and gravitational masses is the same.

scholarly journals An unrecognized inertial force induced by flow curvature in microfluidics

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (29) ◽  
pp. e2103822118
Author(s):  
Siddhansh Agarwal ◽  
Fan Kiat Chan ◽  
Bhargav Rallabandi ◽  
Mattia Gazzola ◽  
Sascha Hilgenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Inertial Effects ◽  
Inviscid Flows ◽  
Flow Curvature ◽  
Complete Set

Modern inertial microfluidics routinely employs oscillatory flows around localized solid features or microbubbles for controlled, specific manipulation of particles, droplets, and cells. It is shown that theories of inertial effects that have been state of the art for decades miss major contributions and strongly underestimate forces on small suspended objects in a range of practically relevant conditions. An analytical approach is presented that derives a complete set of inertial forces and quantifies them in closed form as easy-to-use equations of motion, spanning the entire range from viscous to inviscid flows. The theory predicts additional attractive contributions toward oscillating boundaries, even for density-matched particles, a previously unexplained experimental observation. The accuracy of the theory is demonstrated against full-scale, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations throughout its range.

Effects of Gait Variations on Grip Force Coordination During Object Transport

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 2477-2485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priska Gysin ◽  
Terry R. Kaminski ◽  
Chris J. Hass ◽  
Cécile E. Grobet ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Grip Force ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Force Coupling ◽  
Temporal Coupling ◽  
Object Transport

In object transport during unimpeded locomotion, grip force is precisely timed and scaled to the regularly paced sinusoidal inertial force fluctuations. However, it is unknown whether this coupling is due to moment-to-moment predictions of upcoming inertial forces or a longer, generalized time estimate of regularly paced inertial forces generated during the normal gait cycle. Eight subjects transported a grip instrument during five walking conditions, four of which altered the gait cycle. The variations included changes in step length (taking a longer or shorter step) or stepping on and over a stable (predictable) or unstable (unpredictable support surface) obstacle within a series of baseline steps, which resulted in altered frequencies and magnitudes of the inertial forces exerted on the transported object. Except when stepping on the unstable obstacle, a tight temporal coupling between the grip and inertial forces was maintained across gait variations. Precision of this timing varied slightly within the time window for anticipatory grip force control possibly due to increased attention demands related to some of the step alterations. Furthermore, subjects anticipated variations in inertial force when the gait cycle was altered with increases or decreases in grip force, relative to the level of the inertial force peaks. Overall the maintenance of force coupling and scaling across predictable walking conditions suggests that the CNS is able to anticipate changes in inertial forces generated by gait variations and to efficiently predict the grip force needed to maintain object stability on a moment-to-moment basis.

Electromagnetic radiation and inertial forces

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-483
Author(s):  
Nasko Elektronov ◽  
Zhivko Kushev
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Doppler Effect ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Spectral Shift ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Spectral Shifts ◽  
Nearby Stars ◽  
The Doppler Effect

The influence of the Coriolis inertial force generated by the orbital and spin motions of distant objects on the electromagnetic radiation energies during the exchange of photons between such objects has been considered. A red or blue spectral shift occurrence in a passive observation mode that is not associated with the Doppler effect or other known effects has also been shown. The relations found are used to calculate the spectral shifts for several nearby stars from our galaxy, as well as the spectral shifts of several galaxies. The results are close to the values currently observed.

scholarly journals Gravity and Inertia in General Relativity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Gravitational Effect ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Ernst Mach ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

The relationship of gravity and inertia has been an issue in physics since Einstein, acting on an observation of Ernst Mach that rotations take place with respect to the “fixed stars”, advanced the Equivalence Principle (EP). The EP is the assertion that the forces that arise in proper accelerations are indistinguishable from gravitational forces unless one checks ones circumstances in relation to distant matter in the universe (the fixed stars). By 1912, Einstein had settled on the idea that inertial phenomena, in particular, inertial forces should be a consequence of inductive gravitational effects. About 1960, five years after Einstein’s death, Carl Brans pointed out that Einstein had been mistaken in his “spectator matter” argument. He inferred that the EP prohibits the gravitational induction of inertia. I argue that while Brans’ argument is correct, the inference that inertia is not an inductive gravitational effect is not correct. If inertial forces are gravitationally induced, it should be possible to generate transient gravitational forces of practical levels in the laboratory. I present results of a experiment designed to produce such forces for propulsive purposes.

The independent effects of gravity and inertia on running mechanics

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Chang ◽  
H.W. Huang ◽  
C.M. Hamerski ◽  
R. Kram
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Force ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Step Cycle ◽  
Resultant Vector ◽  
Normal Mass ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Running Mechanics

It is difficult to distinguish the independent effects of gravity from those of inertia on a running animal. Simply adding mass proportionally changes both the weight (gravitational force) and mass (inertial force) of the animal. We measured ground reaction forces for eight male humans running normally at 3 m s(−)(1) and under three experimental treatments: added gravitational and inertial forces, added inertial forces and reduced gravitational forces. Subjects ran at 110, 120 and 130 % of normal weight and mass, at 110, 120 and 130 % of normal mass while maintaining 100 % normal weight, and at 25, 50 and 75 % of normal weight while maintaining 100 % normal mass. The peak active vertical forces generated changed with weight, but did not change with mass. Surprisingly, horizontal impulses changed substantially more with weight than with mass. Gravity exerted a greater influence than inertia on both vertical and horizontal forces generated against the ground during running. Subjects changed vertical and horizontal forces proportionately at corresponding times in the step cycle to maintain the orientation of the resultant vector despite a nearly threefold change in magnitude across treatments. Maintaining the orientation of the resultant vector during periods of high force generation aligns the vector with the leg to minimize muscle forces.

scholarly journals EINSTEIN–PLANCK FORMULA, EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE, AND BLACK HOLE RADIANCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 2213-2217
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRO FABBRI ◽  
JOSE NAVARRO-SALAS
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Black Hole Horizon ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Einstein's Equivalence Principle

The presence of gravity implies corrections to the Einstein–Planck formula E = hν. This gives hope that the divergent blueshift in frequency, associated to the presence of a black hole horizon, could be smoothed out for the energy. Using simple arguments based on Einstein's equivalence principle, we show that this is only possible if a black hole emits, in a first approximation, not just a single particle, but thermal radiation.

Pony II Robot: Inertially Actuated Baton With Double-Action Pendulums

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Zoghzoghy ◽  
Yilrdirim Hurmuzlu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Experimental Prototype ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Inertial Actuation ◽  
Friction Surfaces

In this paper, we present a robotic locomotor with inertia-based actuation. The goal of this system is to generate various gait modes of a baton, consisting of two masses connected with a massless rod. First, a model for a baton prototype called Pony II is presented. This model incorporates the double-action inertial actuation generated by two rotating pendulums, spinning at constant angular velocities in opposite directions. This system allows regulation of the inertial forces generated by the spinning masses. In addition, it provides control over the orientation of the resultant inertial force. Numerical simulations of four stable gaits are presented: dragging, tapping, galloping, and hopping. We also developed an experimental prototype, called Pony II, consisting of the double-action actuators. The robot successfully generates all the simulated gaits. In addition, we show that the robot is capable of generating progression on low friction surfaces.

Research on Balancing of a Multi-Link High-Speed Precision Press

2013 ◽  
Vol 567 ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
Xin Jian Lu ◽  
Si Hong Zhu ◽  
Lei Kang ◽  
Mao Hua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
The Press ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The One

Balancing mechanism for a multi-link high-speed precision press has been proposed and kinetic equations for the press with balancing mechanism have been derived also. The corresponding computer program has been developed on the basis of Matlab software environment. Take the press developed in the research as an example to calculate for studying balancing effect of this mechanism. Calculation results show that the balancing mechanism can significantly reduce vertical inertial force acted on the bed on the one hand; on the other hand the horizontal inertial forces of some parts and torque need will be increased. Results of the research mentioned above can be used for development of the multi-link high-speed precision press.

scholarly journals Equilibrium Positions for UAV Flight by Dynamic Soaring

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjie Zhu ◽  
Zhongxi Hou ◽  
Shangqiu Shan ◽  
Xinzhu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Position ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Gradient Field ◽  
Maximum Function ◽  
Noninertial Frame ◽  
Dynamic Soaring ◽  
Extraction Mechanisms ◽  
Positive Work

Dynamic soaring is a special flying technique designed to allow UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) to extract energy from wind gradient field and enable UAVs to increase the endurance. In order to figure out the energy-extraction mechanisms in dynamic soaring, a noninertial wind relative reference frame of aircraft is built. In the noninertial frame, there is an inertial force which is created by gradient wind field. When the wind gradient(GW)and the components of airspeed(vzvx)are positive, inertial force(F)makes positive work to the aircraft. In the meantime, an equilibrium position theory of dynamic soaring is proposed. At the equilibrium positions, the increased potential energy is greater than the wasted kinetic energy when the aircraft is flying upwards. The mechanical energy is increased in this way, and the aircraft can store energy for flight. According to the extreme value theory, contour line figures of the maximum function and the component of airspeed(vz)are obtained to find out the aircraft’s lifting balance allowance in dynamic soaring. Moreover, this equilibrium position theory can also help to conduct an aircraft to acquire energy from the environment constantly.

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