scholarly journals 5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Dora Cama-Pinto ◽  
Miguel Damas ◽  
Juan Antonio Holgado-Terriza ◽  
Francisco Gómez-Mula ◽  
Andrés Camilo Calderin-Curtidor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Pilot Phase ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries around the world are still in the pilot phase promoted and regulated by government agencies. This is the case in Colombia, where the assignment of the first 5G band is planned for the third quarter of 2021. By analyzing the results of the pilot phase and the roadmap of the Colombian Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MinTIC), we can determine the main issues, which contribute to the deployment of 5G mobile technology as well as the plans to achieve a 5G stand-alone network from 4G networks. This is applicable to other countries in Latin America and the world. Then, our objective is to synthesize and share the most important concepts of 5G mobile technology such as the MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) antenna, RAN (Radio Access Network), C-RAN (Centralised-RAN), and frequency bands, and evaluate the current stage of its introduction in Colombia.

scholarly journals Analysis of Performance Parameters of AODV in Presence of Malicious Nodes in MANET by Varying Nodes Density

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1380-1382
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Malicious Node ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

Nodes are important aspect of Mobile network. Mobile ad-hoc network means any network that is made at the time of need. Ad-hoc network has its own place in networking. Mobility in network makes it more demandable. Nodes are the device that takes part in network or makes network. Nodes behavior describes network configuration. Genuine node insures you proper working of network with best results as throughput or packet ratio. Presence of malicious nodes differs in comparison to genuine node. Malicious node degrades output of network. Performance metrics noted degradation in their quality when malicious node encounters in network. Malicious nodes in different sets of node density affect the network in different way

E-Government, M-Government, L-Government

2015 ◽  
pp. 2155-2168
Author(s):  
Alberto Asquer
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
User Centric ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Diffusion

The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) brings about considerable changes in the ways public administration provides information and delivers services to citizens, businesses, and other public administration systems. This chapter reviews the application of ICT in the provision of public administration services. e-Government tools have been introduced in various countries in the world and enabled the strengthening of existing public administration services and the activation of innovative ones. m-Government tools, which are related to the emergence and diffusion of Internet mobile technology and devices, allow both overcoming infrastructure deficits and providing innovative services, which are particularly sensitive to users' context conditions. Finally, l-Government tools—i.e., ubiquitous, seamless, user-centric, and automated application of Internet technology to public administration services—have the potential to further redefine the terms of access of users to public administration services and to enhance the ties among citizens, businesses, and the government.

Scaling Mobile Technologies to Maximize Reach and Impact

2018 ◽  
pp. 193-211
Author(s):  
Ambika Samarthya-Howard ◽  
Debbie Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Mobile Network Operators

This chapter explores three existing financial approaches to scaling mobile technologies in low- and middle-income countries: user-paid services, reverse billing, and zero-rated platforms. As affordability is an impediment to internet access, key strategies focusing around the involvement of mobile network operators and governments are investigated in relation to sustainability, scale, reach, and impact for mobile technology projects in the world. Various examples under each type are explored as a starting point for understanding the risks and benefits of each approach. The chapter also discusses the importance of mobile initiatives in tackling social issues today.

E-Government, M-Government, L-Government

2013 ◽  
pp. 50-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Asquer
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
User Centric ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Diffusion

The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) brings about considerable changes in the ways public administration provides information and delivers services to citizens, businesses, and other public administration systems. This chapter reviews the application of ICT in the provision of public administration services. e-Government tools have been introduced in various countries in the world and enabled the strengthening of existing public administration services and the activation of innovative ones. m-Government tools, which are related to the emergence and diffusion of Internet mobile technology and devices, allow both overcoming infrastructure deficits and providing innovative services, which are particularly sensitive to users’ context conditions. Finally, l-Government tools—i.e., ubiquitous, seamless, user-centric, and automated application of Internet technology to public administration services—have the potential to further redefine the terms of access of users to public administration services and to enhance the ties among citizens, businesses, and the government.

scholarly journals Open education resources and mobile technology to narrow the learning divide

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ally ◽  
Mohammed Samaka
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Learning Resources ◽  
Open Education ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Education Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Education Resources

<p>As the world becomes more digitized, there will be an increasing need to make available learning resources in electronic format for access by information and communication technologies. The question education will face is whether these learning resources will be available for learners to access at no cost or affordable cost so that there will be equity in access by anyone regardless of location, status, or background. With initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals and Education For All by the United Nations (United Nations, 2011) learning materials must be available as open education resources to achieve the goals. Currently, most learning materials are available at a cost for people to purchase to learn, or they have to travel to a specific location (school or library) to access learning materials. In some parts of the world, especially in developing countries, these costs are prohibitive, preventing learners from achieving a basic level of education so that they can be productive in society and improve their quality of life (Bhavnani et al., 2008). Some would say that people in remote locations and developing countries do not have computers to access learning materials. It is true that many  do not have desktop or laptop computers to access learning materials, but they have mobile devices and are now obtaining tablets with wireless capability to allow them to access learning materials from anywhere and at any time. These countries are bypassing the wired desktop stage and moving directly to wireless mobile technology (Bhavnani et al., 2008). Storing open education resources (OER) in electronic repositories will allow learners to access the resources using mobile technology. With mobile technologies, learners can complete coursework and assessments from anywhere and send their work to their tutors electronically and receive feedback (GSMA, 2011).</p>

scholarly journals Measuring and Assessing Performance of Mobile Broadband Networks and Future 5G Trends

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Ayman A. El-Saleh ◽  
Abdulraqeb Alhammadi ◽  
Ibraheem Shayea ◽  
Nizar Alsharif ◽  
Nouf M. Alzahrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Mobile Broadband ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Suburban Cities

Mobile broadband (MBB) is one of the critical goals in fifth-generation (5G) networks due to rising data demand. MBB provides very high-speed internet access with seamless connections. Existing MBB, including third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) networks, also requires monitoring to ensure good network performance. Thus, performing analysis of existing MBB assists mobile network operators (MNOs) in further improving their MBB networks’ capabilities to meet user satisfaction. In this paper, we analyzed and evaluated the multidimensional performance of existing MBB in Oman. Drive test measurements were carried out in four urban and suburban cities: Muscat, Ibra, Sur and Bahla. This study aimed to analyze and understand the MBB performance, but it did not benchmark the performance of MNOs. The data measurements were collected through drive tests from two MNOs supporting 3G and 4G technologies: Omantel and Ooredoo. Several performance metrics were measured during the drive tests, such as signal quality, throughput (downlink and unlink), ping and handover. The measurement results demonstrate that 4G technologies were the dominant networks in most of the tested cities during the drive test. The average downlink and uplink data rates were 18 Mbps and 13 Mbps, respectively, whereas the average ping and pong loss were 53 ms and 0.9, respectively, for all MNOs.

Optimum Structure of the Banking Market: How Many Banks Are Necessary for Russia?

2006 ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Optimum Structure ◽  
Population Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Banking Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Number

The number of classical banks in the world has reduced. In the majority of countries the number of banks does not exceed 200. The uniqueness of the Russian banking sector is that in this respect it takes the third place in the world after the USA and Germany. The paper reviews the conclusions of the economic theory about the optimum structure of the banking market. The empirical analysis shows that the number of banks in a country is influenced by the size of its territory, population number and GDP per capita. Our econometric estimate is that the equilibrium number of banks in Russia should be in a range of 180-220 units.

Russian Banking Sector under World Financial Market Uncertainty: Problems and Prospects

2008 ◽  
pp. 4-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ulyukaev ◽  
E. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Balanced Growth ◽  
Banking Sector Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The authors point out that the local market crisis - on the USA substandard loan market - has led to the uncertainty of the world financial market. It has caused the growing demand for liquidity in the framework of the world financial system. The Russian banking sector seems to be more stable under negative changes than banking systems of other emerging markets. At the same time one can assume that the crisis will become the factor of qualitative shift in the character of the Russian banking sector development - the shift from impetuous to more balanced growth.

9/11 and Armageddon: the Christian Right and George W. Bush

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Göran Gunner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Christian Right ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Mega Church ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Jerry Falwell ◽  
High Degree

Authors from the Christian Right in the USA situate the September 11 attack on New York and Washington within God's intentions to bring America into the divine schedule for the end of the world. This is true of Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, and other leading figures in the ‘Christian Coalition’. This article analyses how Christian fundamentalists assess the roles of the USA, the State of Israel, Islam, Iraq, the European Union and Russia within what they perceive to be the divine plan for the future of the world, especially against the background of ‘9/11’. It argues that the ideas of the Christian Right and of President George W. Bush coalesce to a high degree. Whereas before 9/11 many American mega-church preachers had aspirations to direct political life, after the events of that day the President assumes some of the roles of a mega-religious leader.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

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