scholarly journals Evaluating the Potential for Combustion of Biofuels in Grate Furnaces

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wzorek
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Coal Slime ◽  
The Impact

The paper assesses the impact of combustion of biofuels produced based on municipal sewage sludge in stoker-fired boilers on the amount of pollutant emissions and examines the tendency of ash deposition of biofuels formed during the combustion process. The combustion tests were performed in a laboratory system enabling simulation of a combustion process present in stoker-fired boilers. The study was conducted for three types of biofuels; i.e., fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime (PBS fuel), sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM fuel) and fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT) with particle size of 35 mm and 15 mm. This paper describes and compares the combustion process of biofuels with different granulation and composition and presents the results of changes in emission values of NOx, SO2, CO, and CO2. The emission results were compared with the corresponding results obtained during combustion of hard coal. The results showed that biofuels with lower particle sizes were ignited faster and the shortest ignition time is achieved for fuel based on sewage sludge and coal slime-PBS fuel. Also, the highest NO and SO2 emissions were obtained for PBS fuel. During the combustion of fuel based on sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM), on the other hand, the highest CO2 emissions were observed for both granulations. Biofuels from sludge show a combustion process that is different compared to the one for hard coal. The problems of ash fouling, slagging, and deposition during biofuels combustion were also identified. The tendency for ash slagging and fouling is observed, especially for fuel from sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM) and fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT) ashes which consist of meat and bone meal and sawdust which is typical for biomass combustion.

Optimization of fuels from waste composition with application of genetic algorithm

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wzorek
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Optimization Task ◽  
Coal Slime

The objective of this article is to elaborate a method to optimize the composition of the fuels from sewage sludge (PBS fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and coal slime, PBM fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and meat and bone meal, PBT fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust). As a tool for an optimization procedure, the use of a genetic algorithm is proposed. The optimization task involves the maximization of mass fraction of sewage sludge in a fuel developed on the basis of quality-based criteria for the use as an alternative fuel used by the cement industry. The selection criteria of fuels composition concerned such parameters as: calorific value, content of chlorine, sulphur and heavy metals. Mathematical descriptions of fuel compositions and general forms of the genetic algorithm, as well as the obtained optimization results are presented. The results of this study indicate that the proposed genetic algorithm offers an optimization tool, which could be useful in the determination of the composition of fuels that are produced from waste.

scholarly journals Assessment of leachability of harmful components from alternative fuels prepared with the use of sewage sludge / Ocena wymywalności szkodliwych składników z paliw alternatywnych wytworzonych z osadów ściekowych

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Wzorek
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Coal Slurry ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Fuel Components

Abstract Fuels, inclusive of those produced with the use of wastes, must usually be stored before their combustion or co-combustion in industrial processes. When stored outside, the fuels are exposed to adverse atmospheric impacts. The fuel quality may get worse then and fuel components which may be environmentally harmful may be leached out as well. The paper presents the assessment of potential environmental threads which result from the storage of fuels which have been produced with the use of municipal sewage sludge and other components, ie fuel made of the sewage sludge and coal slurry (PBS fuel), fuel made of the sewage sludge and meat-and-bone meal (PBM fuel), and that obtained with the use of the sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT fuel). Leachability of environmentally harmful components was studied, with special attention paid to heavy metals. Four methods were employed to evaluate the pollutant leachability levels; different environmental conditions were simulated in those methods. The studies and analyses demonstrated that the temporary surface dumping of PBS, PBM and PBT fuels was safe from the viewpoint of leaching of the harmful component to soil and/or water courses.

scholarly journals LES study on mixing and combustion in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Nicolas Iafrate ◽  
Anthony Robert ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Michel ◽  
Olivier Colin ◽  
Benedicte Cuenot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Time ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Mixture Preparation ◽  
The Impact

Downsized spark ignition engines coupled with a direct injection strategy are more and more attractive for car manufacturers in order to reduce pollutant emissions and increase efficiency. However, the combustion process may be affected by local heterogeneities caused by the interaction between the spray and turbulence. The aim for car manufacturers of such engine strategy is to create, for mid-to-high speeds and mid-up-high loads, a mixture which is as homogeneous as possible. However, although injection occurs during the intake phase, which favors homogeneous mixing, local heterogeneities of the equivalence ratio are still observed at the ignition time. The analysis of the mixture preparation is difficult to perform experimentally because of limited optical accesses. In this context, numerical simulation, and in particular Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are complementary tools for the understanding and analysis of unsteady phenomena. The paper presents the LES study of the impact of direct injection on the mixture preparation and combustion in a spark ignition engine. Numerical simulations are validated by comparing LES results with experimental data previously obtained at IFPEN. Two main analyses are performed. The first one focuses on the fuel mixing and the second one concerns the effect of the liquid phase on the combustion process. To highlight these phenomena, simulations with and without liquid injection are performed and compared.

scholarly journals Modification of Ordinary Concrete Using Fly Ash from Combustion of Municipal Sewage Sludge

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Rutkowska ◽  
Piotr Wichowski ◽  
Małgorzata Franus ◽  
Michał Mendryk ◽  
Joanna Fronczyk
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
The Impact

This article focuses on the impact of fly ash from the combustion of municipal sewage sludge (FAMSS) as a cement additive in the amounts of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% (by mass) on selected concrete properties. In the course of the experimental work, water penetration depth and compressive strength measurements were made at various periods of curing (from 2 to 365 days). In addition, the potential impact of FAMSS on the natural environment was examined by determining the leachability of heavy metals. FAMSS-modified concretes showed small values of water penetration depth (lower than 50 mm), as well as good compressive strength (reaching minimum class C30/37 after 130 days of maturing)—similar to the compressive strength obtained for conventional concrete. In addition, the partial replacement of cement with FAMSS has environmental benefits, expressed as a reduction in CO2 emissions. In addition, study has shown that compliance with environmental requirements is associated with heavy metal leaching.

scholarly journals Optimisation of the co-combustion of meat–bone meal and sewage sludge in terms of the quality produced ashes used as substitute of phosphorites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Kowalski ◽  
Marcin Banach ◽  
Agnieszka Makara
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fluorine Compounds ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Meat Bone Meal

Abstract To obtain a high-quality phosphorus raw material comparable in quality to the best phosphorites used in the fertiliser industry, an analysis was carried out to determine the optimal mass proportions of a meat–bone meal and sewage sludge mixture to be used in a co-combustion process. The ashes obtained contained hydroxyapatite that could be considered a high-quality substitute for phosphorites, with an average P2O5 content of 33.5%. These ashes do not contain fluorine compounds, cadmium content is at trace levels and they do not contain the radioactive compounds that are present in trace amounts in all phosphates. The developed process is an example of a production complex using cleaner technologies and circular economy principles on a microeconomic scale.

The oral administration of meat and bone meal-derived protein fractions improved the performance of young broiler chicks

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Muir ◽  
G. W. Lynch ◽  
P. Williamson ◽  
A. J. Cowieson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Broiler Chick ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
The Impact

A study was designed to assess the impact of water-soluble proteins and peptides extracted from meat and bone meal (MBM) on broiler chick performance, following their oral delivery during the early post-hatch period. Proteinaceous material was fractionated by size exclusion filtration into weight ranges of <3 kDa (Fraction 1; 0.5 mg protein/mL), 3–100 kDa (Fraction 2; 0.5 mg protein/mL) and >100 kDa (Fraction 3; 0.8 mg protein/mL), which formed the three protein fraction treatments. A total of 1 mL of each of the respective preparations was delivered orally via gavage over 4 days (0.25 µL each day) to Cobb broiler hatchlings. Three control groups: control–unhandled, control–phosphate-buffered saline and control–handled were also included. Chicks were grown to 30 days of age. Feed intake, chick weight gain and feed conversion ratio were determined from day old through to 29 days of age. On Days 10, 16, 23 and 30, the weight of the breast and the small intestine was determined from 10 birds/treatment. For all parameters measured there was no interaction between experimental week and protein fraction treatment. Chicks receiving Fraction 2 had a statistically significant increase in feed intake and weight gain (P = 0.012) compared with the control–unhandled chicks. Chicks receiving Fraction 2 also demonstrated a numerically higher final bodyweight. Mass spectrometric analysis of all three fractions revealed that they each contained a wide array of proteinacious material. The results of this study suggests the likelihood that protein or protein-derived fragment components within the 3–100 kDa molecular weight range of MBM can generate improvements in broiler chick production, and thus promote the need for further research to identify the specific protein(s) responsible for the observed positive growth effects.

Utilization of Meat and Bone Meal Bottom Ash in Ceramics

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginija VALANČIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Ceramic Body ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Porous Ceramics ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Firing Shrinkage ◽  
The Impact

During utilization of animal waste meat and bone meal (MBM) is received, realization and use of which has been stopped due to risk for the transmission of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection. The MBM must be safely stored or treated. Most often meat and bone meal undergoes thermal treatment. During combustion large quantities of residues (ashes) are received, the recycled use of which has been given a lot of attention lately. In this work it was investigated the impact of the additive of the bottom ash (BA) formed during combustion of the MBM on the properties of forming mass and ceramic body of hydromica clay, and also it was evaluated a possibility to use the MBM BA in manufacturing of building ceramics. After replacing the sand in porous ceramics by this additive the plasticity of the forming mass, drying and firing shrinkage as well as density of ceramic body changed insignificantly whereas the compressive strength increased by 8 % - 22 %. So the MBM BA can be utilized in production of porous ceramics.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.1.256

scholarly journals Modeling diesel combustion with tabulated kinetics and different flame structure assumptions based on flamelet approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Lucchini ◽  
Daniel Pontoni ◽  
Gianluca D’Errico ◽  
Bart Somers
Keyword(s):  
Soot Formation ◽  
Flame Structure ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Flamelet Generated Manifold ◽  
Tabulated Chemistry ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Computational fluid dynamics analysis represents a useful approach to design and develop new engine concepts and investigate advanced combustion modes. Large chemical mechanisms are required for a correct description of the combustion process, especially for the prediction of pollutant emissions. Tabulated chemistry models allow to reduce significantly the computational cost, maintaining a good accuracy. In the present work, an investigation of tabulated approaches, based on flamelet assumptions, is carried out to simulate turbulent Diesel combustion in the Spray A framework. The Approximated Diffusion Flamelet is tested under different ambient conditions and compared with Flamelet Generated Manifold, and both models are validated with Engine Combustion Network experimental data. Flame structure, combustion process and soot formation were analyzed in this work. Computed results confirm the impact of the turbulent–chemistry interaction on the ignition event. Therefore, a new look-up table concept Five-Dimensional-Flamelet Generated Manifold, that accounts for an additional dimension (strain rate), has been developed and tested, giving promising results.

Effects of sewage sludge and meat and bone meal Co-combustion on SCR catalysts

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Beck ◽  
Jürgen Brandenstein ◽  
Sven Unterberger ◽  
Klaus R.G Hein
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Scr Catalysts

Numerical and Experimental Investigation on an Effusion-Cooled Lean Burn Aeronautical Combustor: Aerothermal Field and Emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mazzei ◽  
S. Puggelli ◽  
D. Bertini ◽  
A. Andreini ◽  
B. Facchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Flame Spray ◽  
Distribution Factor ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Radial Temperature ◽  
Flamelet Generated Manifold ◽  
The Impact

Lean burn combustion is increasing its popularity in the aeronautical framework due to its potential in reducing drastically pollutant emissions (NOx and soot in particular). Its implementation, however, involves significant issues related to the increased amount of air dedicated to the combustion process, demanding the redesign of injection and cooling systems. Also, the conditions at the combustor exit are a concern, as high turbulence, residual swirl, and the impossibility to adjust the temperature profile with dilution holes determine a harsher environment for nozzle guide vanes. This work describes the final stages of the design of an aeronautical effusion-cooled lean burn combustor. Full annular tests were carried out to measure temperature profiles and emissions (CO and NOx) at the combustor exit. Different operating conditions of the ICAO cycle were tested, considering Idle, Cruise, Approach, and Take-off. Scale-adaptive simulations with the flamelet generated manifold (FGM) combustion model were performed to extend the validation of the employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology and to reproduce the experimental data in terms of radial temperature distribution factor (RTDF)/overall temperature distribution factor (OTDF) profiles as well as emission indexes (EIs). The satisfactory agreement paved the way to an exploitation of the methodology to provide a deeper understanding of the flow physics within the combustion chamber, highlighting the impact of the different operating conditions on flame, spray evolution, and pollutant formation.

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