Co-Combustion of Biomass with Coal in Grate Water Boilers at Low Load Boiler Operation

Environmental protection, and in particular air protection against pollution, is an extremely important element of the global policy of many countries. The problem of air pollution is particularly important in Poland, where the heating market is one of the largest in Europe and is based in 74% on the use of fossil fuels, in particular hard coal. One of the technological solutions for the implementation of cleaner fuels is the co-combustion of coal and biomass. This process enables the reduction of harmful pollutants such as CO2, SO2, and can be implemented in existing boilers. Heating boilers achieve the highest design efficiency during optimal load at the level of 85–95% of nominal power. Under such conditions, heat production is most efficient. During operation, boilers are often started, extinguished or run below rated output, resulting in increased emissions. This publication presents the results of measurements of efficiency and concentrations of pollutants in the WR water boiler during operation below the technical minimum. Hard coal was cofired in the boiler with biomass of wood origin. It was noted that the amount of biomass had a significant impact on the boiler efficiency and pollutant emission. Based on the research, it was also noted that it was possible to make a qualitative prediction of these parameters. The obtained results are an introduction to a deeper analysis and further research on the correlation between the amount of biomass and boiler power and the efficiency and concentration of pollutants.

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Optimization of Control and Combustion on a 330MW Face-Fired Boiler

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.977.315 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 977 ◽

pp. 315-320

Author(s):

Qing Feng Zhang

Keyword(s):

Consumption Rate ◽

Air Pressure ◽

Distributed Control System ◽

Combustion Mode ◽

Root Cause ◽

Boiler Efficiency ◽

Low Load ◽

Boiler Operation ◽

Unstable Combustion ◽

Secondary Air

A pair of contradictory problems of unstable combustion at low load and serious slagging near the burners, appear on a 330MW boiler made by Babocock. By diagnosis from aspects of the distributed control system (DCS) control logics and the boiler operation modes, it is found that the root cause is the coarse controlling of primary air (PA) flow which is caused by improper measure or calculation logical blocks of DCS. These improper DCS control logics are corrected. The PA flow rates are calibrated by tests in order to get precise coefficients for the new logic. The combustion mode, the control curves of the primary air pressure and the secondary air pressure are optimally adjusted at last. As a result, the boiler efficiency increases by 0.75%, the power consumption rate decreases by 0.2%, the NOx emission concentration reduce to half.

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Vicious Cycle of Economic Growth, Pm2.5 and COVID-19 Case of G7 Countries

10.31124/advance.12937019.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rıdvan Karacan

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Panel Cointegration ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Population Exposure ◽

Causality Analysis ◽

G7 Countries

Today, production is carried out depending on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels pollute the air as they contain high levels of carbon. Many studies have been carried out on the economic costs of air pollution. However, in the present study, unlike the former ones, economic growth's relationship with the COVID-19 virus in addition to air pollution was examined. The COVID-19 virus, which was initially reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and affected the whole world, has caused many cases and deaths. Researchers have been going on studying how the virus is transmitted. Some of these studies suggest that the number of virus-related cases increases in regions with a high level of air pollution. Based on this fact, it is thought that air pollution will increase the number of COVID-19 cases in G7 Countries where industrial production is widespread. Therefore, the negative aspects of economic growth, which currently depends on fossil fuels, is tried to be revealed. The research was carried out for the period between 2000-2019. Panel cointegration test and panel causality analysis were used for the empirical analysis. Particulate matter known as PM2.5[1] was used as an indicator of air pollution. Consequently, a positive long-term relationship has been identified between PM2.5 and economic growth. This relationship also affects the number of COVID-19 cases. [1] "Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an air pollutant that poses the greatest risk to health globally, affecting more people than any other pollutant (WHO, 2018). Chronic exposure to PM2.5 considerably increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in particular (WHO, 2018). For these reasons, population exposure to (outdoor or ambient) PM2.5 has been identified as an OECD Green Growth headline indicator" (OECD.Stat).

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The Analysis Of Service Quality Using Importance Performance Analysis For Mrt Jakarta

Primanomics Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis ◽

10.31253/pe.v18i3.397 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 85

Author(s):

Rina Nur Chasanah ◽

Andreas Wijaya

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Performance Analysis ◽

Service Quality ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Service Level ◽

Public Infrastructure ◽

Five Dimension ◽

Quality Theory

Public infrastructure and congestion issues become salient problems in Indonesia. According to INRIX Global Traffic Scoreboard (2018): Jakarta was ranked as twelfth worst in the world. Air quality also becoming another issues that derived from traffic congestion causing air pollution. To mitigate this issue, government has been established MRT Jakarta in 2019. This study aims to evaluate and improving service level of Moda Raya Terpadu (MRT) in order to encourage more people using public transportation, moreover altering people using public transportation would reduce the amount of fossil fuels and reducing bad air pollution for a better climate. Methodolgy of the research using service quality theory with five dimension from Parasuraman et. al, and extended in Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. Therefore, data was distributed using questionnaire with 18 item measurement and 102 respondents was collected. As a result, tangibility, reliability, and responsiveness dimension had been classified in quadrant one, followed assurance dimension in quadrant two, however empathy dimension had been measured in quadrant four and indicates to be improved.

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Air pollution in an urban street canyon: Novel insights from highly resolved traffic information and meteorology

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15830 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Ehrnsperger ◽

Otto Klemm

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Ambient Air Pollution ◽

Traffic Information ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Urban Site ◽

Gasoline Vehicles ◽

Agricultural Areas

Ambient air pollution caused by fine particulate matter (PM) and trace gases is a pressing topic as it affects the vast majority of the world's population, especially in densely populated urban environments. The main sources of ambient air pollution in cities are road traffic, industries and domestic heating. Alongside nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM, ammonia (NH3) is also a relevant air pollutant due to its role as a precursor of particulate ammonium (NH4+). To examine the temporal patterns and sources of air pollutants, this study used fast-response air quality measurements in combination with highly resolved traffic information in M&#252;nster, NW Germany. The temporal dynamics of NOx and the particle number concentration (PN10) were similar to the diurnal and weekly courses of the traffic density. On very short timescales, the real-world peak ratios of NOx and PM&#160;&#8804;&#160;10&#160;&#181;m diameter (PM10) exceeded the predicted pollutant emission ratios of the Handbook for Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) by a factor of 6.4 and 2.0, respectively. A relative importance model revealed that light-duty vehicles (LDVs) are the major relative contributor to PN10 (38&#160;%) despite their low abundance (4&#160;%) in the local vehicle fleet.&#160; Diesel and gasoline vehicles contributed similarly to the concentrations of PM10 and PN10, while the impact of gasoline vehicles on the PM1 concentration was greater than that of diesel vehicles by a factor of 4.4. The most recent emission class Euro&#160;6 had the highest influence on PM10. Meteorological parameters explained a large portion of the variations in PM10 and PM1, while meteorology had only a minor influence on PN10. We also studied the short-term temporal dynamics of urban NH3 concentrations, the role of road traffic and agriculture as NH3 sources and the importance of ammonia for secondary particle formation (SPF). The NH3 mixing ratio was rather high (mean:&#160;17&#160;ppb) compared to other urban areas and showed distinct diurnal maxima around 10 a.m. and 9&#160;p.m. The main source for ammonia in M&#252;nster was agriculture, but road traffic also contributed through local emissions from vehicle catalysts. NH3 from surrounding agricultural areas accumulated in the nocturnal boundary layer and contributed to SPF in the city center. The size-resolved chemical composition of inorganic ions in PM10 was dominated by NH4+ (8.7&#160;&#181;g&#160;m-3), followed by NO3- (3.9&#160;&#181;g&#160;m-3), SO42- (1.6&#160;&#181;g&#160;m-3) and Cl- (1.3&#160;&#181;g&#160;m-3). Particles in the accumulation range (diameter: 0.1&#160;&#8211;&#160;1&#160;&#181;m) showed the highest inorganic ion concentrations. The ammonium neutralization index J (111&#160;%) indicated an excess of NH4+ leading to mostly alkaline PM. High ammonia emissions from surrounding agricultural areas combined with large amounts of NOx from road traffic play a crucial role for SPF in M&#252;nster. Our results further indicate that replacing fossil-fuelled LDVs with electrical vehicles would greatly reduce the PN10 concentrations at this urban site.

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Hybrid Technology of Hard Coal Mining from Seams Located at Great Depths

Archives of Mining Sciences ◽

10.2478/amsc-2014-0041 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 575-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Piotr Czaja ◽

Paweł Kamiński ◽

Jerzy Klich ◽

Antoni Tajduś

Keyword(s):

Coal Mining ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Coal Gasification ◽

Economic Effect ◽

Balance Sheet ◽

Value Added ◽

Coal Extraction ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Underground Coal Gasification

Abstract Learning to control fire changed the life of man considerably. Learning to convert the energy derived from combustion of coal or hydrocarbons into another type of energy, such as steam pressure or electricity, has put him on the path of scientific and technological revolution, stimulating dynamic development. Since the dawn of time, fossil fuels have been serving as the mankind’s natural reservoir of energy in an increasingly great capacity. A completely incomprehensible refusal to use fossil fuels causes some local populations, who do not possess a comprehensive knowledge of the subject, to protest and even generate social conflicts as an expression of their dislike for the extraction of minerals. Our times are marked by the search for more efficient ways of utilizing fossil fuels by introducing non-conventional technologies of exploiting conventional energy sources. During apartheid, South Africa demonstrated that cheap coal can easily satisfy total demand for liquid and gaseous fuels. In consideration of current high prices of hydrocarbon media (oil and gas), gasification or liquefaction of coal seems to be the innovative technology convergent with contemporary expectations of both energy producers as well as environmentalists. Known mainly from literature reports, underground coal gasification technologies can be brought down to two basic methods: - shaftless method - drilling, in which the gasified seam is uncovered using boreholes drilled from the surface, - shaft method, in which the existing infrastructure of underground mines is used to uncover the seams. This paper presents a hybrid shaft-drilling approach to the acquisition of primary energy carriers (methane and syngas) from coal seams located at great depths. A major advantage of this method is the fact that the use of conventional coal mining technology requires the seams located at great depths to be placed on the off-balance sheet, while the hybrid method of underground gasification enables them to become a source of additional energy for the economy. It should be noted, however, that the shaft-drilling method cannot be considered as an alternative to conventional methods of coal extraction, but rather as a complementary and cheaper way of utilizing resources located almost beyond the technical capabilities of conventional extraction methods due to the associated natural hazards and high costs of combating them. This article presents a completely different approach to the issue of underground coal gasification. Repurposing of the already fully depreciated mining infrastructure for the gasification process may result in a large value added of synthesis gas production and very positive economic effect.

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THE APPLICATION OF FUZZY AHP – VIKOR HYBRID METHOD TO INVESTIGATE THE STRATEGY FOR REDUCING AIR POLLUTION FROM DIESEL POWERED VESSELS

The International Journal of Maritime Engineering ◽

10.5750/ijme.v162ia3.1138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 162 (A3) ◽

Author(s):

H Demirel ◽

M Mollaoğlu ◽

U Bucak ◽

T Arslan ◽

A Balin

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Human Health ◽

Hybrid Method ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fuzzy Ahp ◽

Maritime Transportation ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Fuel Quality ◽

Heavy Fuel Oil ◽

Marine Areas

The negative impact of air pollution on human health had become a vital issue as a result of the increasing use of fossil fuels in recent years. In this context, maritime transportation is one of the most contaminant sectors by using much more fossil fuels. Ships which have a major role in maritime transport, directly affect human health via its emissions, especially in marine areas close to the land such as around the ports, canals, and straits. In this study, strategies were gathered by evaluating International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations, European Union (EU) recommendations and the applications of the ship owner companies to reduce air pollution stem from ships, and considering the priority perception of these strategies, the effect level of the strategies at the marine areas where ships are approaching the land was analysed by the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process-Visekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (AHP- VIKOR) hybrid method. As a result of the study, the most effective strategies appeared as “Forbiddance of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) usage on Ships” and “Detection of Low Sulphur Fuel Usage by the help of Remote Detector Systems”, and it was seen that these strategies would be most effective in canal or strait passing of the ships. It was also revealed that the relevant expert opinions and IMO regulations meshed together, and it was pointed out the applications for increasing fuel quality.

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Analysis for Shore Power Economy in Preventing Air Pollution of Vessels are Docked at the Berth

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911804020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 118 ◽

pp. 04020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haibo Li

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Payback Period ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Maintenance Cost ◽

Related Factors ◽

Service Charge ◽

Investment Income ◽

Economic Indexes

Shore power can be used to effectively reduce air pollutant emission of vessels at ports when the vessels are docked at the berth. However, at present, due to investment income imbalance, enthusiasm for the construction of port and vessel enterprises and to utilize shore power is low, which causes that use proportion for shore power is low. Economy for shore power is one of the most important factors to affect the construction proportion and use of shore power. In the Paper, the influence of service charge, power price and maintenance cost of shore power on shore power economy were systematically analyzed, and investment and income of shore power were analyzed and compared. Economic indexes for payback period etc. were calculated and analyzed, and relation and influence for related factors of shore power economy were deeply analyzed. Finally, related suggestions for promoting shore power use of vessels are docked at berth were proposed from the perspective of economy.

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Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: The Case Study of Croatia

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12101927 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1927 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Dinko Đurđević ◽

Paolo Blecich ◽

Željko Jurić

Keyword(s):

Sewage Sludge ◽

Energy Recovery ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Solar Drying ◽

Sludge Disposal ◽

Sludge Drying

Croatia produced 21,366 tonnes of dry matter (DM) sewage sludge (SS) in 2016, a quantity expected to surpass 100,000 tonnes DM by 2024. Annual production rates for future wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Croatia are estimated at 5.8–7.3 Nm3/people equivalent (PE) for biogas and 20–25 kgDM/PE of sewage sludge. Biogas can be converted into 12–16 kWhel/PE of electricity and 19–24 kWhth/PE of heat, which is sufficient for 30–40% of electrical and 80–100% of thermal autonomy. The WWTP autonomy can be increased using energy recovery from sewage sludge incineration by 60% for electricity and 100% of thermal energy (10–13 kWhel/PE and 30–38 kWhth/PE). However, energy for sewage sludge drying exceeds energy recovery, unless solar drying is performed. The annual solar drying potential is estimated between 450–750 kgDM/m2 of solar drying surface. The lower heating value of dried sewage sludge is 2–3 kWh/kgDM and this energy can be used for assisting sludge drying or for energy generation and supply to WWTPs. Sewage sludge can be considered a renewable energy source and its incineration generates substantially lower greenhouse gases emissions than energy generation from fossil fuels. For the same amount of energy, sewage sludge emits 58% fewer emissions than natural gas and 80% less than hard coal and fuel oil. Moreover, this paper analysed the feasibility of sludge disposal practices by analysing three scenarios (landfilling, co-incineration, and mono-incineration). The analysis revealed that the most cost-effective sewage sludge disposal method is landfilling for 60% and co-incineration for 40% of the observed WWTPs in Croatia. The lowest CO2 emissions are obtained with landfilling and mono-incineration in 53% and 38% of the cases, respectively.

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Non-Dimensional Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Air Powered Engine

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.307 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 278-280 ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rong Zhi Song ◽

Xiang Heng Fu ◽

Mao Lin Cai

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Simulation Analysis ◽

Mathematic Model ◽

Power Source ◽

Compressed Air ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Energy Crisis ◽

Power Devices ◽

Working Process ◽

Dimensional Modeling

Environmental pollution and energy crisis urge people to explore new power devices without burning fossil fuels and pollutant emission. Air powered engine (APE) is among these power devices. The medium and power source of APE is compressed air whose expansion makes it possible for APE to output work. Based on the principal and working process of APE, the mathematic model is established and afterwards made dimensionless. On the basis of the simulation of the non-dimensional mathematic model, the influences of the non-dimensional cylinder stroke and Kagawa coefficient on APE’s performances are analyzed

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THE ROLE OF GAS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj72019 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

Hanns F. Hartmann

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Large Scale ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Oxides Of Nitrogen

The gases comprising the atmosphere are in dynamic balance both with the oceans and the dry land of the continents. The mechanisms which operate to keep the atmospheric content of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur constant are now well defined. The capacity of the system to absorb excess gaseous impurities is adequate on a global basis with the exception of carbon dioxide.Air pollution is thus a local problem resulting from the overloading of a particular air space with contaminants. The greater part of air pollution is due to the combustion of fossil fuels. Ease of control and virtual freedom from sulphur give natural gas an advantage over liquid and solid fuels as far as air pollution control is concerned. Oxides of nitrogen are produced when natural gas is burned but in smaller quantities than in the combustion of other fuels. In high capacity industrial gas burners where oxides of nitrogen may be generated in large quantities control is easier and can achieve a lower level of oxides of nitrogen than is the case with other fuels.The large scale use of natural gas to solve the air pollution problems of Pittsburgh, Los Angeles and many other cities is proof of the usefulness of gas in this respect. Specialised applications include use in incinerators and industrial after burners. Advances in removal of impurities from fuels and of air pollutants from products of combustion combined with rising gas prices will in time displace gas from its preeminent position in air pollution control. It is, however, likely to retain its advantage in small installations and in dense urban areas. In public and private transport its use will probably remain limited.While technological developments in the distant future may eventually displace fossil fuels, gas will have a large share of the fuel market until that day comes and will contribute effectively to the control of air pollution.

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