scholarly journals Electrical Infrastructure Design Methodology of Dynamic and Static Charging for Heavy and Light Duty Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3362
Author(s):  
Alberto Danese ◽  
Michele Garau ◽  
Andreas Sumper ◽  
Bendik Nybakk Torsæter
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Climate Agreements ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Infrastructure Design ◽  
Dynamic Charging ◽  
Combat Climate Change

Full electrification of the transport sector is a necessity to combat climate change and a pressing societal issue: climate agreements require a fuel shift of all the modes of transport, but while uptake of passenger electric vehicles is increasing, long haul trucks rely almost completely on fossil fuels. Providing highways with proper charging infrastructure for future electric mobility demand is a problem that is not fully investigated in literature: in fact, previous work has not addressed grid planning and infrastructure design for both passenger vehicles and trucks on highways. In this work, the authors develop a methodology to design the electrical infrastructure that supplies static and dynamic charging for both modes of transport. An algorithm is developed that selects substations for the partial electrification of a highway and, finally, the design of the electrical infrastructure to be implemented is produced and described, assessing conductors and substations sizing, in order to respect voltage regulations. The system topology of a real highway (E18 in Norway) and its traffic demand is analyzed, together with medium-voltage substations present in the area.

Electric vehicles in China: A review of current policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbo Li ◽  
Muyi Yang ◽  
Suwin Sandu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Primary Focus

Prompted by the urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector, the Chinese government has set ambitious targets for the uptake of electric vehicles. To achieve these targets is however a challenging task, due to various barriers in the uptake of electric vehicles, at both micro- and macro-levels. A range of monetary and non-monetary incentives has been implemented, or being considered for implementation, to overcome these barriers. This paper reviews these incentives with a view to assess the extent to which they are likely to remove the barriers in the uptake of electric vehicles. The review suggests that the primary focus of these incentives is to remove the micro-level barriers, such as high upfront costs, poor technical performance, and insufficient charging infrastructure. Limited attention has been paid to the macro-level barriers (for example, fragmented authority and local protectionism), despite ample evidence suggesting that these barriers could significantly impede the uptake of electric vehicles. Further, these incentives have tended to rely on regulation-based measures to remove the barriers. Only in the recent years, there appears to be a gradual shift towards market-based measures. This shift could improve the effectiveness of electric vehicle policies. The effectiveness of these policies could be enhanced if one recognizes the underlying macro-level barriers that are likely to protract or distort the implementation of market-based measures. This paper also provides some recommendations to remove these macro-level barriers.

scholarly journals Smart Power Electronics–Based Solutions to Interface Solar-Photovoltaics (PV), Smart Grid, and Electrified Transportation: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4988
Author(s):  
Sandra Aragon-Aviles ◽  
Ashutosh Trivedi ◽  
Sheldon S. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
The Future ◽  
Transportation Electrification

The need to reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by the transport sector has generated a clear increasing trend in transportation electrification and the future of energy and mobility. This paper reviews the current research trends and future work for power electronics-based solutions that support the integration of photovoltaic (PV) energy sources and smart grid with charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). A compressive overview of isolated and non-isolated DC–DC converters and AC–DC converter topologies used to interface the PV-grid charging facilities is presented. Furthermore, this paper reviews the modes of operation of the system currently used. Finally, this paper explores the future roadmap of research for power electronics solutions related to photovoltaic (PV) systems, smart grid, and transportation electrification.

scholarly journals Extreme Fast Charging Technology—Prospects to Enhance Sustainable Electric Transportation

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Ronanki ◽  
Apoorva Kelkar ◽  
Sheldon S. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Solid State Transformer ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Current State ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
New Generation

With the growing fleet of a new generation electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to develop an adequate high power charging infrastructure that can mimic conventional gasoline fuel stations. Therefore, much research attention must be focused on the development of off-board DC fast chargers which can quickly replenish the charge in an EV battery. However, use of the service transformer in the existing fast charging architecture adds to the system cost, size and complicates the installation process while directly connected to medium-voltage (MV) line. With continual improvements in power electronics and magnetics, solid state transformer (SST) technology can be adopted to enhance power density and efficiency of the system. This paper aims to review the current state of the art architectures and challenges of fast charging infrastructure using SST technology while directly connected to the MV line. Finally, this paper discusses technical considerations, challenges and introduces future research possibilities.

scholarly journals The Subsidized Green Revolution: The Impact of Public Incentives on the Automotive Industry to Promote Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) in the Period from 2010 to 2018

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5765
Author(s):  
Patrick Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

Throughout decades, conflicts related to the access and usage of various energy sources have caused political tensions between nations and confederations of states. Thus, partially to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels, a thorough transition towards renewable energies has been promoted by several regional and national governments as well as by multinational institutions such as the European Union. In this context, the automotive industry has particularly been held responsible for the production of negative externalities, such as global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions), noise and air pollution. To a notable extent, these externalities were caused by vehicles running on fossil fuels such as petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Accordingly, it is often argued that replacing vehicles run by internal combustion engines (ICEs) with so-called alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), particularly with plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), is crucial to increase the sustainability of the transport sector. Moreover, several EU-member states aim to reduce the vehicle-related petrol and diesel demand to decrease their dependence on foreign energy sources. However, one must consider that there are important economic costs related to such a transition process. This paper evaluates the short-term and long-term effects of fiscal policies on the European automotive market in the period from 2010 to 2018, focusing on the impact of mentioned public incentives for AFVs. This public interventionism will be critically evaluated to examine the effectiveness of government incentives in promoting AFVs, particularly for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The author argues that the rather positive sales evolution of AFVs was not caused by corresponding actual customer demand but mainly by governmental policies in an increasingly interventionist market. He acknowledges that the growing variety of available PEV models, the increasing driving range of electric vehicles, as well as their decreasing production costs due to economies of scale, have helped PEVs to become more competitive. However, the concern should be raised that mentioned public interventionism is unsustainable from a macroeconomic perspective, possibly leading to significant market distortion and a new artificial market bubble. The narrowed focus on battery electric vehicles prevents the market from further elaborating on other potentially more sustainable technologies. Moreover, from a geostrategic perspective, the transition of the European automotive industry towards electrification is likely to reduce the EU’s dependency on imported fossil fuels but enables several non-European automotive brands to conquer a significant market with their new competitive plug-in electric vehicle technologies.

"Infrastructure linking for E-Mobility – approach to integrative traffic and energy network planning"

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Schmidtke ◽  
David Weigert ◽  
Fabian Behrendt
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Energy Turnaround ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Simulation Systems ◽  
Energy Network

"This paper gives an introduction to the strategic research field of the cross-infrastructural planning process and the system operation for charging stations from the traffic and energy network view. In the course of the energy turnaround in Germany (grid and plant expansion, liberalization) as well as changes in the transport sector (increasing traffic volume vs. increasing loss of transport infrastructure [Radke 2017; Daehre 2012]) complex cross-infrastructure solutions and tools (simulation systems) will be needed in order to ensure the technical reliability as well as the economic and ecological orientation of these systems. Based on the current stock of charging points and the forecasted total demand, there is a need for the comprehensive construction of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. This creates user acceptance and lowers the barriers to electric vehicles in the private and commercial sectors."

Power usage in the transport sector – potential, costs and greenhouse gas abatement of different well-to-wheel pathways

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Millinger ◽  
Philip Tafarte ◽  
Matthias Jordan ◽  
Alena Hahn ◽  
Kathleen Meisel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Abatement ◽  
Surplus Power

<p>The increase of variable renewable energy sources (VRE), i.e. wind and solar power, may lead to a certain mismatch between power demand and supply. At the same time, in order to decarbonise the heat and transport sectors, power-based solutions are often seen as promising option, through so-called sector coupling. At times when VRE power supply exceeds demand, the surplus power could be used for producing liquid and gaseous electrofuels. The power is used for electrolysis, producing hydrogen, which can in turn be used either directly or combined with a carbon source to produce hydrocarbon fuels.</p><p>Here, we analyse the potential development of surplus power for the case of Germany, at an ambitious VRE expansion until 2050 and perform a cost analysis of electrofuels at different production levels using sorted residual load curves. These are then compared to biofuels and electric vehicles with the aid of an optimisation model, considering both cost- and greenhouse gas (GHG)-optimal options for the main transport sectors in Germany.</p><p>We find that, although hydrocarbon electrofuels are more expensive than their main renewable competitors, i.e. biofuels, they are most likely indispensable in addition for reaching climate targets in transport. However, the electrofuel potential is constrained by the availability of both surplus power and carbon. In fact, the surplus power potential is projected to remain limited even at currently ambitious VRE targets for Germany and carbon availability is lower in an increasingly renewable energy system unless direct air capture is deployed. In addition, as the power mix is likely to contain fossil fuels for decades to come, electrofuels based on power directly from the mix with associated conversion losses would cause higher GHG-emissions than the fossil transport fuel reference until a very high share of renewables in the power source is achieved. In contrast, electric vehicles are a more climate competitive option under the projected power mix with remaining fossil fuel fractions, due to a superior fuel economy and thereby lower costs and emissions.</p><p>As part of the assessment, we quantify the greenhouse gas abatement costs for different well-to-wheel pathways and provide an analysis and recommendations for a transition to sustainable transport.</p>

scholarly journals Why we should invest further in the development of internal combustion engines for road applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka Lešnik ◽  
Breda Kegl ◽  
Eloísa Torres-Jiménez ◽  
Fernando Cruz-Peragón
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Battery Capacity

The majority of on-road vehicles today are powered by internal combustion engines, which are, in most cases, burning petroleum-derived liquid fuels mixed with bio-components. The power to weight ratio of internal combustion engines combined with the high energy content of conventional fuels, which can be refilled easily in matter of minutes, makes them ideal for all kinds of road transportation. Since the introduction of EURO emissions norms, the emissions from the Transport sector in the European Union have undergone significant reduction. There are several alternatives to fossil fuels with similar properties, which can replace their usage in the Transport sector. The main focus of research in recent decades has been on biofuels, which can be produced from several sources. The production of biofuels is usually energy more intensive than production of fossil fuels, but their usage can contribute to emission reduction in the Transport sector. In recent years, a lot of effort was also put into promotion of electric vehicles as zero emissions vehicles. This statement should be reconsidered, since the greenhouse impact of electrical vehicles is not negligible. Conversely, in some cases, an electrical vehicle can have an even higher emission impact than modern vehicles with sophisticated internal combustion engines. This is characteristic for countries where the majority of the electricity is produced in coal power plants. With the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions in the Electricity Production sector, and with the increase of battery capacity, the role of electric vehicles in the Transport sector will probably increase. Despite significant research and financial investments in electric vehicles development, the transport sector in near future will be mostly powered by internal combustion engines and petroleum-derived liquid fuels. The amount of pollution from transport sector will be further regulated with stricter emission norms combined with smaller amount of alternative fuel usage.

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