scholarly journals Analysis of the Operation of an Unheated Wooden Church to the Shaping of Thermal and Humidity Conditions Using the Numerical Method

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5200
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Nawalany ◽  
Paweł Sokołowski ◽  
Małgorzata Michalik
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Church ◽  
Presence Of People

The article deals with the problem of the effects of using a wooden church on thermal and humidity conditions forming inside. Religious services in the studied site were provided several times a year. The building was not used in the remaining time. The analysis of the effects of the frequency of religious services and the number of people at the services on the formation of temperature and humidity conditions in the wooden church is provided in this paper. The effect of the presence of people in the church on CO2 concentration fluctuations was also studied. Analysis of the results showed that external conditions have the greatest effect on internal microclimate substitutions. The presence of people affects temporary fluctuations in internal parameters. Both the number of people attending the service and the time of year are important. An indoor air temperature amplitude of 9.4 °C was recorded during the winter period. The CO2 level in the church during the service exceeded the limit value of 1000 ppm, reaching 1800 ppm in the extreme case, which could result in decreased comfort for people. The high CO2 concentration may have been caused by a lack of effective ventilation in the building. The obtained simulation results showed a high agreement of the theoretical data with the measurement results (correlation 0.91). The analysis of three simulation variants showed that the people attending the services have a significant share in the gains of thermal energy inside the church. In order to meet the assumptions for variant 1, there are no requirements to start the heating system, assuming a similar schedule of services.

scholarly journals Impact of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia Services for the Growth of the Indonesian Christian Church Resident Sudirman Surabaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Wimpie Tanojo
Keyword(s):  
Church Growth ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

The ministries of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia are the foundation of a church, meaning that a church that is aware of its duty and calling on this earth must rely on these three ministries. It can be said that the true main duty of the church is reflected in the ministry of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia. Based on this main task, the church must be able to demonstrate and impart the life of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia with the aim of impacting and changing human life. This is what the Ressud Sudirman Surabaya Indonesian Christian Church is aware of in the context of its duties and vocation as a church that has been present in the midst of the Surabaya community, of course its presence is required to fulfill God's plan to become salt and light, a blessing for the surrounding community in general and the congregation in particular. through Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia's ministry. This research uses a descriptive method. The author directly conducts research, both literature and field research. Bibliography that contains various theoretical data related to topic material from various sources of information which contains important statements to support the accuracy of the research. In addition, this research is also complemented by field research either through questionnaires or direct interviews with several trusted sources including congregants, church activists, servants, sympathizers so that the results of the research present a strong and accurate combination because they are supported by strong theoretical aspects but are also followed by field research evidence. The purpose of this study: first to realize how important the services of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia are for the growth of the Indonesian Christian Church in Ressud Surabaya in particular and to the Lord's church in general. Second, the Church is aware of her duty and calling on this earth which has been mandated by God to be her witness so that the impact is evident in church growth both in quality and quantity. Third, the Church of God has the correct concept of the impact of the ministry of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia on church growth from the perspective of Missiology, Theology and Ecclesiology. Based on the research conducted by the author, the results obtained are how the extraordinary impact of the services of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia on the growth of the Indonesian Christian Church Ressud Surabaya.   This is evidenced by the increasing number of church members from year to year and the increasing quality of the congregation's faith. By having a correct understanding of the ministry of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia, the congregation will be more active and diligent in carrying out the duties and responsibilities that have been mandated by God to become a blessing, to become salt and light in this world, in various forms of diaconial services such as selling rice. cheap for the congregation and partly distributed by the surrounding community, cheap medical treatment and even free for the congregation and the poor by establishing a polyclinic "Waluyojati", scholarships for underprivileged congregations ranging from elementary, junior high and even vocational levels, house renovation program held 1 a year one to two times for the congregation. In the form of Koinonia, it can be seen from the congregation that is divided into several sectors or regions, the congregation will continue to grow and increase even out of the city, namely Lamongan, Denpasar and even to Batam, the Denpasar congregation was institutionalized in 2003, while in the city of Surabaya the Indonesian Christian Church Lebak Jaya was matured in 1994 and the Kutisari area in 1998 was instituted simultaneously in 1998 the Batam Indonesian Christian Church was also institutionalized where the Batam Indonesia Christian Church is the fruit of the ministry of several Indonesian Christian Churches including the Indonesian Christian Church Ressud in it. The goal is to be a witness through this service, but the most important of this research is that the Indonesian Christian Church congregation in Ressud is a congregation that has marturia diaconiality, while the implementation of Marturia directly or verbally is not optimal, this is also acknowledged by the council is a local church based on interviews and research based on a questionnaire.

scholarly journals Thermal Comfort Modeling of a Church Heated with Static Heaters

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Florin-Emilian Turcanu ◽  
Ana Diana Ancas ◽  
Mihai Profire ◽  
Marina Verdes ◽  
Marius Costel Balan
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Static Heating ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Church

Abstract This paper evaluates a static heating system from a church. They are presented in almost every church. Temperature distribution in the church is done in 2d plane. The simulation is presented on a particular example, the Dormition of the Mother of God Church from Jassy, Romania. The heating system had been simulated in FLUENT and the consequences over the interior climate in the church are showed. An important issue is the impact of this system over the artwork, the church being rise in XVIII century.

Analysis of the influence of the internal heat capacity of the university building and weather-dependent regulation of itp on the efficiency of the heating system in standby mode

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
I. Antypov ◽  
◽  
A. Mishchenko ◽  
O. Shelimanova ◽  
S. Tarasenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Temperature Deviation ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Internal Heat Capacity ◽  
Standby Mode

When assessing the thermal condition of the building and the parameters of the microclimate of the premises, the main factors influencing its thermal inertia were identified and taken into account. An assessment of the influence of the resistance of enclosing structures on the efficiency of the heating system, taking into account the influence of external and internal climatic parameters in the dynamic mode. It is shown that the time factor and depth of regulation, as well as the outdoor air temperature are important factors. Researches are carried out and the expediency of introduction of a duty mode of heating of buildings of HIGH SCHOOLS is estimated. The given algorithm of control of process of heat release (especially in the presence of a point of "breaking" - average (them) on the schedule) in addition increases accuracy of the decisions of the specified problems and reduces a temperature deviation by 4 ÷ 6 ° C in comparison with usual ("linear") dependence that allows to correct more precisely release of the heat carrier in system of heating of a structure at introduction of a standby mode. It was found that it took about 6.5 hours to achieve normalized air temperature and space heating in the forced (after a long stay on duty). It is shown that the heat consumption of the system in such conditions of its operation compared to the nominal mode increased by 25 % (taking into account the limit value of the specific allowance from table H1 DBN B.2.5-67: 2013 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"), but for the entire period the action of the standby mode savings amounted to about 6-8% of energy consumed. Taking into account the design of the outer walls of the object of study, the temperature graph of the heating system was adjusted taking into account the value of the internal heat capacity of the building when implementing on-duty heating, which, according to preliminary estimates, will: improve comfort in the room; to reduce heating costs of the educational and administrative building of NULES of Ukraine by 10-12 % for the heating period. Key words: microclimate, internal heat capacity of a building, standby mode, heating system, heat loss

scholarly journals Measured UV Exposures of Ironman, Sprint and Olympic-Distance Triathlon Competitors

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 440
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Downs ◽  
Taryn Axelsen ◽  
Alfio V. Parisi ◽  
Peter W. Schouten ◽  
Ben R. Dexter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Local Time ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Ultraviolet Exposure ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet

Triathletes present an extreme case of modelled behaviour in outdoor sport that favours enhanced exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. This research presents personal solar ultraviolet exposures, measured using all-weather polysulphone film dosimeters, to triathletes during the distinct swimming, cycling and running stages of competitive Sprint, Olympic and Ironman events conducted within Australia and New Zealand. Measurements of exposure are made for each triathlon stage using film dosimeters fixed at a single site to the headwear of competing triathletes. Exposures are expressed relative to the local ambient and as absolute calibrated erythemally effective values across a total of eight triathlon courses (two Ironman, one half Ironman, one Olympic-distance, and four Sprint events). Competitor exposure results during training are also presented. Exposures range from between 0.2 to 6.8 SED/h (SED: standard erythema dose) depending upon the time of year, the local time of each event and cloud conditions. Cycle stage exposures can exceed 20 SED and represent the highest exposure fraction of any triathlon (average = 32%). The next highest stage exposure occurred during the swim (average = 28%), followed by the run (average = 26%). During an Ironman, personal competitor exposures exceed 30 SED, making triathlon a sporting discipline with potentially the highest personal ultraviolet exposure risk.

Modeling of a Wellhead Heating Methodology With Heat Pipes in Coal Mines

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Zhang ◽  
Kewen Li ◽  
Lipeng Zhao ◽  
Lin Jia ◽  
Mohammed Kaita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Heat Pipes ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps

Abstract Many coal mines are located at the middle and high latitudes. In winter, coal mining facilities may be operated under the freezing conditions. Burning coal for hot water is usually used to heat up the facilities, which is not environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Currently, the ground source heat pumps and other new technologies have been applied for heating in coal mines and have achieved some success. However, the working characteristics and costs of these technologies are not suitable for the antifreeze at the wellhead. Heat pipe technology has the following advantages: automatic operation with the change of atmosphere temperature (AMT) and low cost of construction and maintenance, which can overcome the drawbacks of the aforementioned technologies. In this article, a heating system based on heat pipe technology has been designed and modeled. The system extracts heat from the shallow normal temperature zone (NTZ) to automatically heat the coal wellhead in winter. For the heating system, the effects of AMT, the temperature of NTZ, the frozen zone thickness (FZT), the thermal conductivity, and the heat pipe quantity (HPQ) on the heating performance have been modeled and investigated using comsol multiphysics. The modeling results have been analyzed and discussed. The modeling data showed that the system based on heat pipes could meet the antifreeze requirements for the designed system during the winter period. The wellhead heating system proposed in this article may achieve the purpose of replacing fossil energy with shallow geothermal energy.

287. The freezing-point of milk. I. The freezing-point and solids-not-fat content of the milk of individual cows throughout a period of lactation

1941 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aschaffenburg ◽  
P. L. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
The State ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Of Year

The results of regular determinations of the freezing-point and solids-not-fat content of the milk of three Shorthorn cows over a period of more than six months are reported.The known constancy of the freezing-point depression was confirmed, the Δ values deviating generally by less than 2% and, in the most extreme case, by no more than 3·5% from the mean of 0·546 ± 0·002° C. No evidence was found of any influence of the state of lactation on the freezing-point depression, but a slight but definite decrease persisting for some weeks occurred at the time of year at which ample supplies of spring pasture became available to the animals.

An ‘Unnatural Alliance’ for Religious Toleration: The Philosophes and the Outlawed Pastors of the ‘Church of the Desert’

1973 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-523
Author(s):  
John Dunning Woodbridge
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Religious Toleration ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reformed Churches ◽  
The Church

The struggles and sacrifices of those pastors and laymen who reconstructed the Reformed churches in southern France during the eighteenth century compose one of the intriguing chapters of the history of the “Church of the Desert.” Members of an outlawed Protestant church in a country which was overwhelmingly Roman Catholic by religion, these pastors and their flocks ran great risks in holding open-air religious services in the secluded and rugged countryside of the Midi—or the “Desert”—in southern France. Attendance at their services was punishable by perpetual service in the king's galleys for the men and life imprisonment for the women; the Reformed pastors who led these meetings did so on pain of death. Not a few of these Calvinists suffered extreme physical and mental anguish because of their obstinate refusal to abandon the faith of their fathers.

scholarly journals Transition Periods in the Udmurt Folk Calendar and Their Spirits

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Galina Glukhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Transition Time ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Summer Solstice ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Winter Solstice ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Evil Spirits ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Key Events

The article investigates the perceptions of time based on lunar and solar cycles, seasonal changes in nature, and the rhythm of agricultural work. The key events of the annual cycle in the Udmurt calendar are winter (vozhodyr/uyvozho) and summer (invozhodyr) solstices. The winter solstice period (vozhodyr, lit: transition time, crossroads / crossroads of time, the time of vozho, the time of evil spirits) and the time of the summer solstice are described. The winter period is dedicated to the winter Christmas period from January 7th to January 19th, and includes the following components: gatherings with songs and games, divination, dressing up, and mumming. The article characterises the most important events, such as mumming and masking, as well as beliefs, rituals and prohibitions connected with the spirits of the transition time. The summer solstice is connected with the image of the Mother/Foremother Invozho (In(‘)vozho-mumy), that descends from heaven to earth at that time of year. During summer solstice period the Udmurt particularly venerated heavenly powers and held calendar festivals (gershyd, gerber, gyron-bydton) in order to glorify blooming nature and peasant farmer’s labour.

scholarly journals The Methodological Study of Under-soil Heating System (USHS) for Warm-season Grass

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 521A-521
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Soil Heating ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Warm Season Grass ◽  
Pass Through

Recently, full-green turf on the sports fields in a winter period is highly required. The negative factor for warm-season grass pitch is its winter dormancy. Winter overseeding (WOS) is one of the successful methods to make them seem green. However, maintenance cost for winter overseeded turf is relatively expensive, and WOS itself involves some difficulties. On the other hand, under-soil heating (USHS) has been used only for cool-season grass pitch, but for warm-season grass pitch for the purpose to make them full green in a winter term. The objectives of this study are: 1) to confirm USHS's effectiveness for warm-season grass, 2) to make the specified system itself, and 3) to estimate the approximate heat demand. The results indicate that USHS can make warm-season grass green and maintain much higher turf quality, even in a severe winter period. The parameters needed to create the system are obtained. Those includes: heating pipe's spacing and depth, initial media temperature, and required soil temperature. In addition, USHS needs plastic cover for insulation, which light, air and water can pass through. Compared with WOS, this method can reduce maintenance fee and procedures such as preparation for WOS in a fall and transition in a spring. Thus, it can prolong total playing period. Moreover, it is easy to maintain the turf quality higher and maintenance cost can be less than WOS. The future subjects are to assess weed invasion, pests and diseases levels induced by USHS or by excess humidity, and to create a special maintenance program for this method.

scholarly journals Medieval Liturgical Vestments Depicted in the Iconographic Programs of Southern Transylvanian Churches (14th to 16th centuries)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-55
Author(s):  
Adrian Stoia
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Black Church ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Mural Paintings ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The Church

Abstract This work sets out to list and describe the liturgical vestments present in panel and mural paintings of churches located in southern Transylvania. The surviving body of such vestments on display in the ”Brukenthal” National Museum of Sibiu and that of the Black Church of Brașov not only confirms their use in religious services, but also the fact that they served as models for Transylvanian ecclesiastical painting. Of Western derivation, this type of vestment reflects a way of thinking and stands testament to social status or to the different hierarchies within the church. It is, at the same time, an indication of the development of this kind of craft, produced by specialized workshops.

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