scholarly journals Yield, Grain Quality and Starch Physicochemical Properties of 2 Elite Thai Rice Cultivars Grown under Varying Production Systems and Soil Characteristics

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2601
Author(s):  
Wichian Sangwongchai ◽  
Kanitha Tananuwong ◽  
Kuakarun Krusong ◽  
Maysaya Thitisaksakul
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Panicle Number

Rice production systems and soil characteristics play a crucial role in determining its yield and grain quality. Two elite Thai rice cultivars, namely, KDML105 and RD6, were cultivated in two production systems with distinct soil characteristics, including net-house pot production and open-field production. Under open-field system, KDML105 and RD6 had greater panicle number, total grain weight, 100-grain weight, grain size, and dimension than those grown in the net-house. The amounts of reducing sugar and long amylopectin branch chains (DP 25–36) of the RD6 grains along with the amounts of long branch chains (DP 25–36 and DP ≥ 37), A-type starch granules, and average chain length of the KDML105 were substantially enhanced by the open-field cultivation. Contrastingly, the relative crystallinity of RD6 starch and the amounts of short branch chains (DP 6–12 and DP 13–24), B- and C-type granules, and median granule size of KDML105 starch were significantly suppressed. Consequently, the open-field-grown RD6 starch displayed significant changes in its gelatinization and retrogradation properties, whereas, certain retrogradation parameters and peak viscosity (PV) of KDML105 starches were differentially affected by the distinct cultivating conditions. This study demonstrated the influences of production systems and soil characteristics on the physicochemical properties of rice starches.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Grain Quality and Starch Physicochemical Properties between Japonica Rice Cultivars with Different Contents of Amylose, as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 616
Author(s):  
Yajie Hu ◽  
Shumin Cong ◽  
Hongcheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
Peak Intensity

In order to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the grain quality and starch physicochemical properties of japonica rice cultivars with different contents of amylose, normal amylose content (NAC) and low amylose content (LAC) cultivars were grown in a field, with or without nitrogen fertilizer (WN). The relationships between the amylose content, starch physicochemical properties and eating quality were also examined. Compared with WN, nitrogen fertilizer (NF) significantly increased the grain yield but markedly decreased the grain weight. In addition, the processing quality tended to improve, but the appearance quality and eating quality deteriorated under NF application. The grain yield was similar between NAC and LAC cultivars. However, the grain quality and starch physicochemical properties were significantly different between NAC and LAC cultivars. The palatability of the cooked rice was significantly higher in the LAC than in NAC cultivar, which was due to its lower amylose content, protein content, hardness, and retrogradation enthalpy and degree, and its higher stickiness, peak viscosity, breakdown, relative crystallinity and peak intensity. The amylose content and protein content were significantly negatively correlated with the palatability. The amylose content was significantly positively correlated with the final viscosity and setback, and was significantly negatively correlated with the relative crystallinity, peak intensity, gelatinization enthalpy and breakdown. Palatability was significantly positively correlated with peak viscosity, breakdown and peak intensity, and was significantly negatively correlated with the final viscosity, setback, and retrogradation enthalpy and degree. Therefore, the selection of a low amylose content japonica rice cultivar grown without nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the amylose and protein contents, as well as improving the pasting properties, starch retrogradation properties and eating quality of the cooked rice.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties of Starches in Proso (Non-Waxy and Waxy) and Foxtail Millets (Non-Waxy and Waxy)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghua Yang ◽  
Weili Zhang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Xiangwei Gong ◽  
Baili Feng
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Average Molar Mass ◽  
Bimodal Size Distribution ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Pasting Temperature

Proso and foxtail millets are widely cultivated due to their excellent resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and high nutritional value. Starch is the most important component of millet kernels. Starches with different amylose contents have different physicochemical properties. In this study, starches in proso (non-waxy and waxy) and foxtail millets (non-waxy and waxy) were isolated and investigated. All the starch granules had regular polygonal round shapes and exhibited typical “Maltese crosses”. These four starches all showed bimodal size distribution. The waxy proso and foxtail millets had higher weight-average molar mass and branching degree and lower average chain length of amylopectin. These four starches all presented A-type crystallinity; however, the relative crystallinity of waxy proso and foxtail millets was higher. The two waxy millets had higher onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature, and gelatinization enthalpy. However, the two non-waxy millets had higher setback viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature. The significantly different physicochemical properties of waxy and non-waxy millet starches resulted in their different functional properties.

scholarly journals Morphological Observation and Correlation of Growth and Yield Characteristics with Grain Quality and Antioxidant Activities in Exotic Rice Varieties of Afghanistan

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kifayatullah Kakar ◽  
Tran Dang Xuan ◽  
Saidajan Abdiani ◽  
Imran Khan Wafa ◽  
Zubair Noori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Panicle Number

Rice is an important staple food for Afghans. Its production has been increased, and attention is needed to improve grain quality. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth, yield, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and morphological structures of four exotic rice varieties widely grown in Afghanistan (Attai-1, Jalalabad-14, Shishambagh-14, and Zodrass). Antioxidant activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), of rice grain were determined. A scanning electron microscopic observation was conducted on the cross-cut section of dehulled rice grains. The results showed a wide variation among four rice varieties for growth, grain yield, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and morphology. Tiller and panicle number per hill, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and antioxidant activities were found to be highest in Jalalabad-14. Attai-1 showed lower amylose, protein, and lipid contents with a high number of perfect grains, consequently enhanced taste point (score of quality). Grain yield, protein, and amylose contents showed a negative correlation with antioxidant activities. Accumulated structures in Attai-1, Shishambagh-14, and Zodrass were normal; however, Jalalabad-14 increased protein bodies and its traces in the amyloplasts. Information on yield potential, grain quality, and nutritional value of these exotic rice varieties may useful for sustainable food provision and nutritional improvement of rice in Afghanistan.

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Methods on the Quality of Three Egyptian Rice Varieties

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Nessreen N. Bassuony ◽  
József Zsembeli
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Plot

Abstract In Egypt, the traditional transplanting method of rice planting is substituted by broadcasting and dibbling recently. This paper studies the effects and the changes occur in different rice varieties due to different methods on grain quality and amino acids of rice. Three Egyptian rice cultivars belonging to japonica, japonica/indica and indica subspecies were investigated for grain quality, protein and amino acid composition under three planting methods, i.e., broadcasting, seedling transplanting and dibbling. A strip plot design with three replications was used; the investigated three rice cultivars occupied the horizontal main plot, while three planting methods were devoted to the vertical main plot. The method of planting did not affect significantly the grain dimension, but it affected significantly the milling characters and the 1,000-grain weight. The highest milling characters and 1,000-grain weight came from transplanting, while the lowest one from the dibbling method. There was no significant difference between transplanting and broadcasting in milling characters and 1,000-grain weight. The chemical and cooking characters of grains showed no significant differences in moisture content and gelatinization temperature characters, while the differences in protein content and elongation were significant among the varieties and planting methods. The interaction between the planting method and rice had significant effect on the protein content. The most important essential amino acids according to the FAO/WHO pattern were not affected significantly by the different methods of planting. This means that the biological value of rice grains is not affected by different methods of planting.

scholarly journals Effects of Grain Shape Genes Editing on Appearance Quality of Erect-Panicle Geng/Japonica Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Mao ◽  
Mingdong Zhu ◽  
Zhonghua Sheng ◽  
Gaoneng Shao ◽  
Guiai Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Shape ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Appearance Quality ◽  
Panicle Number

Abstract Background Long grain geng/japonica rice has a higher market preference due its excellent appearance quality. The dense and erect-panicle 1 (dep1) gene has been widely used in the breeding of high-yielding geng/japonica rice cultivars in China. However, this gene causes short and round grain shape thus making it less attractive in global rice markets. Therefore, breeding of high-yielding long-grain geng/japonica rice cultivars by incorporating dep1 with major-effect grain shape gene is of high priority in rice industry. Up to now, multiple grain shape genes’ effect mechanism has been clearly elaborated, however, under the background of erect-panicle geng/japonica rice, the effect of major grain shape genes on the appearance quality need to be further clarified, as detailed reports are limited. Findings: Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a series of near-isogenic lines (NILs) (YF47dep1-gw8, YF47dep1-gs3, YF47dep1-gl7, YF47dep1-qgl3 and YF47dep1-tgw6) in Yanfeng 47(YF47dep1) background were created. Grain appearance and yield components analysis showed that: i) All NILs’ grain length to width ratio was significantly increased compared to that of YF47dep1, excepted YF47dep1-gs3, ii) The chalkiness degree was significantly reduced in all of the NILs, iii) In all of the NILs, YF47dep1-gw8 grains exhibited the greatest length to width ratio and the lowest chalkiness degree, iv) The composition of glume cells and filling characteristics of the endosperm were two key factors contributing grain shape and grain chalk variations, respectively, and v) Owning to a substantial increase in the thousand grain weight, the yields of YF47dep1-gs3 and YF47dep1-tgw6 were significantly higher than that of YF47dep1, whereas YF47dep1-qgl3 exhibited the lowest yield because of a dramatic decrease in the effective panicle number and thousand grain weight. Conclusions All the results revealed that pyramiding dep1 with major-effect grain shape alleles was an effective approach to improving the appearance quality of erect-panicle geng/japonica rice, owning to both of the appearance quality and yield improvement, GS3 and TGW6 alleles can be applied directly for breeding long-grain shape geng/japonica rice, and editing GW8 resulted in excellent appearance quality but low yield, therefore, this gene would be difficult to use directly but can be considered as the core germplasm resource.

Grain yield and quality of wheat under increased ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) at later stages of the crop cycle

2007 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. CALDERINI ◽  
X. C. LIZANA ◽  
S. HESS ◽  
C. R. JOBET ◽  
J. A. ZÚÑIGA
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Crop Cycle

SUMMARYThe increase of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation could be a challenge for wheat production systems in Southern Chile, as in other areas. Previous reports have shown that increased UV-B radiation decreases wheat yield by affecting both grain number and grain weight. However, contrasting results have also been published showing no effect on wheat biomass and grain yield. In addition, little is known about the effect of higher UV-B radiation at particular periods of the crop cycle on grain quality traits. The objective of the present study was to evaluate grain yield, yield components and grain quality in response to increased UV-B radiation during key periods of yield component determination. Two experiments were carried out under field conditions in the Universidad Austral de Chile (latitude 39°62′S). Two spring wheat cultivars were exposed to two periods of supplemented UV-B radiation (280–320 nm): (i) between booting and anthesis, c. 20 days, and (ii) from 10 days after anthesis until physiological maturity, c. 40 days. Ultraviolet radiation was increased to levels of 3·8 and 4·9 kJ/m2/day in experimental years 1 and 2, respectively, by using UV-B lamps. At harvest, plants were sampled to quantify aboveground biomass, grain yield, grain number and average grain weight. In addition, protein and gluten concentration of grains were measured. Grain yield was not affected (P>0·05) by the UV-B increase at pre- or at post-anthesis treatments. Similar results were found for each yield component. In addition, grain protein and gluten concentration showed similar values in the increased UV-B and control treatments. Therefore, if increases in UV-B radiation take place during the latter stages of the crop cycle as is expected, the present results do not support the speculation that increases of UV-B radiation in Southern Chile will compromise wheat production systems.

scholarly journals Application of Exogenous Phytohormones at Silking Stage Improve Grain Quality under Post-Silking Drought Stress in Waxy Maize

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Longfei Wang ◽  
Yini Yan ◽  
Weiping Lu ◽  
Dalei Lu
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Waxy Maize ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Grain Starch ◽  
Exogenous Cytokinin

The application of exogenous plant growth regulator can improve plant resistance to drought stress. The effects of application of exogenous cytokinin (CTK), brassinolide (BR), or gibberellic acid (GA) at the silking time on the grain quality of two waxy maize hybrids under drought stress at grain formation stage were studied. Grain weight of both hybrids was unaffected by exogenous phytohormones under control conditions but increased under drought conditions with the application of BR. The grain starch content in response to drought varied with hybrid and phytohormone. Starch granule size and protein content in grains were increased by drought under all conditions, but various phytohormones exerted different forms of influence. The starch λmax in Yunuo7 was unaffected by single or interaction of phytohormones and water deficit, λmax in Jingkenuo2000 with BR was unaffected but with CTK or GA increased by drought. Relative crystallinity was reduced by drought without the application of phytohormone, but with phytohormones in response to drought it was different. Flour peak viscosity was reduced by drought. The value was increased with BR spraying under control and drought conditions. Retrogradation percentage under drought conditions was unaffected by exogenous phytohormones in Jingkenuo2000. In Yunuo7, retrogradation percentage was unaffected by BR but reduced by CTK and GA. In conclusion, spraying phytohormones at the silking stage can affect grain weight and starch quality, grains with a sticky taste can be improved by applying BR, and grains with low retrograde tendency can be produced by applying CTK.

scholarly journals Effects of Grain Shape Genes Editing on Appearance Quality of Erect-Panicle Geng/Japonica Rice

Rice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Mao ◽  
Mingdong Zhu ◽  
Zhonghua Sheng ◽  
Gaoneng Shao ◽  
Guiai Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Shape ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Appearance Quality ◽  
Panicle Number

AbstractLong grain geng/japonica rice has a higher market preference due its excellent appearance quality. The dense and erect-panicle 1 (dep1) gene has been widely used in the breeding of high-yielding geng/japonica rice cultivars in China. However, this gene causes short and round grain shape thus making it less attractive in global rice markets. Therefore, breeding of high-yielding long-grain geng/japonica rice cultivars by incorporating dep1 with major-effect grain shape gene is of high priority in rice industry. Up to now, multiple grain shape genes’ effect mechanism has been clearly elaborated, however, under the background of erect-panicle geng/japonica rice, the effect of major grain shape genes on the appearance quality need to be further clarified, as detailed reports are limited. Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a series of near-isogenic lines (NILs) (YF47dep1-gw8, YF47dep1-gs3, YF47dep1-gl7, YF47dep1-qgl3 and YF47dep1-tgw6) in Yanfeng 47(YF47dep1) background were created. Grain appearance and yield components analysis showed that: (1) All NILs’ grain length to width ratio was significantly increased compared to that of YF47dep1, excepted YF47dep1-gs3, (2) The chalkiness degree was significantly reduced in all of the NILs, (3) In all of the NILs, YF47dep1-gw8 grains exhibited the greatest length to width ratio and the lowest chalkiness degree, (4) The composition of glume cells and filling characteristics of the endosperm were two key factors contributing grain shape and grain chalk variations, respectively, and v) Owning to a substantial increase in the thousand grain weight, the yields of YF47dep1-gs3 and YF47dep1-tgw6 were significantly higher than that of YF47dep1, whereas YF47dep1-qgl3 exhibited the lowest yield because of a dramatic decrease in the effective panicle number and thousand grain weight. All the results revealed that pyramiding dep1 with major-effect grain shape alleles was an effective approach to improving the appearance quality of erect-panicle geng/japonica rice, owning to both of the appearance quality and yield improvement, GS3 and TGW6 alleles can be applied directly for breeding long-grain shape geng/japonica rice, and editing GW8 resulted in excellent appearance quality but low yield, therefore, this gene would be difficult to use directly but can be considered as the core germplasm resource.

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