scholarly journals Cultured Meat Prospects for a Billion!

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2922
Author(s):  
Sishir K Kamalapuram ◽  
Harish Handral ◽  
Deepak Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Cultured Meat ◽  
Consumer Concerns ◽  
Conventional Animal ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Shed Light

The dietary protein requirements of almost 9.8 billion people need to be fulfilled in a healthy and sustainable manner by 2050. Meat consumption contributes to 35% of the total protein requirement of the Indian population. Meat intake needs to be sustainable and economical without causing food security and production issues. Consumption of meat in India is projected to rise with an increase in consumer incomes. Hence, novel alternative proteins, including cultured meat (CM) and plant-based meat (PBM), are being developed to satisfy the demand for meat-derived proteins in the diet. This involves the creation of novel PBM/CM products with a similar taste and texture as conventional animal meat with tailor-made nutritional attributes. In this article, we provide critical insights into the technical and business aspects of relevance to production and sustainability encountered by the Indian CM industry at a series of stages that can be termed the CM value chain comprising upstream and downstream processes. We shed light on the need for regulatory authorities and a framework. Consumer concerns towards CM products can be alleviated through effective scientific communication strategies, including prior familiarity, narrative building and transparency, and labelling aspects of CM products.

A Portrait of Global Value Chain Linkages of Indian Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-250
Author(s):  
Ketan Reddy ◽  
Subash Sasidharan
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Forward Integration ◽  
Shed Light

This article provides an overview of India’s participation in global value chains (GVCs). Using multiple databases at the aggregate and industry levels, this article documents the trends in GVC participation of India during the last three decades. Authors further differentiate between India’s backward and forward integration at the country level before evaluating the industry-specific dynamics of GVCs in India. In this study, authors also shed light upon the rising servicification of Indian manufacturing, and highlight the importance of services’ value addition in promoting GVC integration of India. JEL Codes: F1, F15, D57

Influence of a dietary excess of rumen degradable or undegradable protein on the lactation performance of Dairy cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
B. Sloan ◽  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
D.G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Rumen Microflora ◽  
Degradable Protein

The basis of the proposed scheme introduced by the A.R.C. (1980) for calculating the protein requirements of ruminants is the division of the protein requirement into two parts, (1) a minimum rumen degradable protein (RDP) supply to satisfy the requirements of the rumen microflora for cell wall synthesis, (2) a minimum undegradable protein (UDP) supply (protein that passes through the rumen to the intestine) which supplements the microbial protein produced in the rumen ensuring the tissue protein requirements of the ruminant can be met. The purpose of the experiment reported here was to investigate the effects on lactation parameters of feeding early lactation cattle levels of UDP or RDP above the minimum requirements proposed by the A.R.C. (1980).

scholarly journals Indicator amino acid oxidation protein requirement estimate in endurance-trained men 24 h postexercise exceeds both the EAR and current athlete guidelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. E741-E748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Bandegan ◽  
Glenda Courtney-Martin ◽  
Mahroukh Rafii ◽  
Paul B. Pencharz ◽  
Peter W. R. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Pattern ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Protein Requirements

Despite studies indicating increased protein requirements in strength-trained or endurance-trained (ET) individuals, the Institute of Medicine has concluded that “no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise,” and the controversy regarding exercise effects on protein requirements continues. The objective of this study was to determine the dietary protein requirement of healthy young ET men (≥1 yr training experience) 24 h post exercise (to minimize any acute effects of the previous training session) by measuring the oxidation of ingested l-[1-13C]phenylalanine to 13CO2 in response to graded intakes of protein (indicator amino acid oxidation technique). Eight men [maximal oxygen consumption 64.1 ml·kg−1·min−1 (SD 3.7)] were each studied 24 h postexercise repeatedly with protein intakes ranging from 0.3 to 3.5 g·kg−1·day−1. Protein was fed as an amino acid mixture based on the protein pattern in egg, except for phenylalanine and tyrosine, which were maintained at constant amounts across all protein intakes. For 2 days before the study day, all participants consumed 1.6 g protein·kg−1·day−1. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein was determined by applying a nonlinear mixed-effects change-point regression analysis to F13CO2 (label tracer oxidation in 13CO2 breath), which identified a breakpoint in the F13CO2 in response to the graded amounts of protein. The EAR for protein and the upper 95% confidence interval were 2.1 and 2.6 g·kg−1·day−1, respectively. These data suggest that the protein EAR for ET men 24 h postexercise exceeds the Institute of Medicine EAR and established athlete guidelines by ~3.5- and 1.3-fold, respectively.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein × Gyr calves fed milk with milk replacer containing increasing dry-matter concentrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (15) ◽  
pp. 1800
Author(s):  
M. R. Jolomba ◽  
A. L. Silva ◽  
C. M. Veloso ◽  
R. A. Azevedo ◽  
S. G. Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Context There is a lack of studies concerning the nutrient requirements of dairy calves, mainly, evaluating different genetic groups. Aims The objective was to quantify energy and protein requirements of dairy calves up to 60 days, testing the influence of genetic composition (Holstein or crossbred Holstein × Gyr) on these requirements. Methods The study involved 42 bull calves (3 days of age), including animals with less than 15/16 Holstein composition (considered crossbred) and animals with more than 15/16 Holstein pedigree (considered purebred). Six calves were slaughtered at the start of the experiment to estimate the initial body composition of the animals. Of the remaining animals, four formed the maintenance group (fed 3 L/day of raw milk), and the other 32 were distributed into four treatments, which consisted of 6 L/day of raw milk, with increasing DM contents of 13.5%, 16.1%, 18.2% and 20.4% respectively. The DM contents were corrected for adding milk replacer to the raw milk. All animals had free access to starter feed and water. Digestibility trials were conducted at 28 and 56 days of life, with total faeces collection being performed for 5 days and urine collection for a period of 24 h. At 60 days of life, the animals were slaughtered to determine their body composition. Key results Net energy requirements for maintenance and metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance were 57.6 and 86.8 kcal/(empty bodyweight, EBW)0.75.day respectively. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for maintenance was 66%. Net energy requirements for gain (NEg, Mcal/day) can be estimated by the following equation: , where EBG is empty body gain (kg/day) and EBW is in kilograms. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain was 27%. The metabolisable-protein requirement for maintenance was 3.22 g/EBW0.75.day. Net protein requirement for gain (NPg, g/day) can be estimated by the following equation:, where RE is retained energy (Mcal/day). The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable protein for gain was 59.1%. Conclusions Genetic group does not affect energy or protein requirements of pre-weaned calves. The estimates presented here can be used to calculate nutrient requirements of pre-weaned calves aged up to 60 days. Implications Inclusion of milk replacer in the liquid feed had a negative impact on diet quality.

The protein requirements of Australian white turkeys from hatching to twelve weeks

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
L Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

One experiment from hatching to six weeks and two from six to twelve weeks were carried out to determine the protein requirement for maximum growth and feed efficiency of Australian white poults. The results were compared with the present recommended levels. Male, female, and unsexed poults that were fed a protein level of 32 per cent were significantly heavier at six weeks old than those fed either 24 or 28 per cent protein (males P<0.01 ; females and unsexed poults P<0.001). Efficiency of feed conversion was not significantly affected by any of these protein levels. From six to twelve weeks, 21 per cent protein was necessary for maximum growth of unsexed and male poults, but 19 per cent protein was adequate for female poults. Efficiency of feed conversion at 21 per cent was greater than at 17 or 19 per cent and equal to that at 25 or 27 per cent.

A note on the protein requirement for maintenance of adult rams

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manohar Singh ◽  
V. Mahadevan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Factorial Method ◽  
Utilization Of Protein ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYNitrogen balance studies of latin square design were conducted on six adult rams receiving diets with approximately 4, 8 and 16% crude protein. The diets were almost isocaloric and contained groundnut cake, wheat bran, maize starch, and chopped wheat straw. Metabolic faecal and endogenous urinary N were 0·24 ± 0·003 g/100 g dry-matter intake and 0·038 ± 0·01 g/kg body weight per day. Biological value, true digestibility and coefficient of net utilization were 86·9 ± 8·68, 93·4 ± 1·94 and 79·6 ± 2·47, respectively.Daily digestible crude protein requirements for maintenance estimated by the factorial method (0·875 + 0·;06 g/kg W0·734) and from N balance and the net utilization of protein (0·893 + 0·03 g/kg W0·734) were similar but slightly higher than the requirement estimated from N balance alone (0·738 ± 0·04 g/kg W0·734). All values are lower than the conventional recommendations.

scholarly journals Untangling Longevity, Dauer, and Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans Insulin/IGF-1-Signalling

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin Yvès Ewald ◽  
Jorge Iván Castillo-Quan ◽  
T. Keith Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Lifespan Extension ◽  
Extension Programs ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Shed Light

The groundbreaking discovery that lower levels of insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) can induce lifespan extension was reported 24 years ago in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In this organism, mutations in the insulin/IGF-1 receptor gene daf-2 or other genes in this pathway can double lifespan. Subsequent work has revealed that reduced IIS (rIIS) extends lifespan across diverse species, possibly including humans. In C. elegans, IIS also regulates development into the diapause state known as dauer, a quiescent larval form that enables C. elegans to endure harsh environments through morphological adaptation, improved cellular repair, and slowed metabolism. Considerable progress has been made uncovering mechanisms that are affected by C. elegans rIIS. However, from the beginning it has remained unclear to what extent rIIS extends C. elegans lifespan by mobilizing dauer-associated mechanisms in adults. As we discuss, recent work has shed light on this question by determining that rIIS can extend C. elegans lifespan comparably through downstream processes that are either dauer-related or -independent. Importantly, these two lifespan extension programs can be distinguished genetically. It will now be critical to tease apart these programs, because each may involve different longevity-promoting mechanisms that may be relevant to higher organisms. A recent analysis of organismal “healthspan” has questioned the value of C. elegans rIIS as a paradigm for understanding healthy aging, as opposed to simply extending life. We discuss other work that argues strongly that C. elegans rIIS is indeed an invaluable model and consider the likely possibility that dauer-related processes affect parameters associated with health under rIIS conditions. Together, these studies indicate that C. elegans and analyses of rIIS in this organism will continue to provide unexpected and exciting results, and new paradigms that will be valuable for understanding healthy aging in humans.

Studies on goat nutrition Part II. Digestible protein requirements for maintenance from balance studies

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Endogenous Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. The crude protein requirement of goats for maintenance has been determined from balance studies. The requirement per kg., as found by three different methods of treatments of the balance data, is practically the same, viz. 2·63 g. crude protein.2. The digestible crude protein requirement also has been calculated, again by two different methods, and is estimated at 1·12 lb./1000 lb. body weight. This value is undoubtedly very much higher than the value (0·65 lb./1000 lb.) obtained previously from the endogenous urinary nitrogen determinations alone.3. The dry-matter requirement of goat per 100 lb. live weight has been determined. Calculated on the basis of live weight raised to the power 0·734, the requirement was found to be 2·6 lb./100 lb.

scholarly journals Protein requirements and ageing: metabolic demand and efficiency of utilization

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fereday ◽  
N. R. Gibson ◽  
M. Cox ◽  
P. J. Pacy ◽  
D. J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Healthy Elderly

The protein requirements of the elderly were investigated with [13C]leucine balance studies of metabolic demand, the efficiency of postprandial protein utilization (PPU) and the consequent apparent protein requirement. Ten elderly subjects aged 68–91 years (five men and five women) and ten young adult subjects aged 21–31 years (five men and five women) were infused with L-[1-13C]leucine for 9h commencing in the postabsorptive state (0–3h), continuing during the half-hourly feeding of low-protein meals (LP; protein 3% energy, 3–6 h), and during similar feeding of isoenergetic higher protein meals (HP; protein 15% energy, 6–9h). Leucine oxidation and balance were determined from plasma [l-13C]-α-ketoisocaproate enrichment and expired 13CO2 excretion measured during the 3rd hour of each 3h period. The protein intake during the HP phase was similar to the habitual intake estimated in the subjects from 24h urinary N excretion. Metabolic demand was defined as equal to twice the body-protein equivalent of measured postabsorptive leucine oxidation. The efficiency of PPU was calculated from the increased leucine oxidation observed during feeding, and the apparent protein requirement was defined as metabolic demand/PPU and calculated in relation to both body weight (BW) and fat-free mass (FFM) determined by densitometry or bioimpedance. Metabolic demand in the young adults was 0·83g protein/kg per d; in both elderly groups it was 36% lower when expressed per kg BW and 30% lower when expressed per kg FFM. The apparent protein requirement calculated from metabolic demand and PPU was 0·99g protein/kg per d in the young adults and this was also lower in the elderly, although this was only significant in the men (0·66g per kg BW, P=0·013; 0·79g per kg FFM, P=0·02). The results show that in this group of healthy elderly adults protein requirements as assessed from leucine balance studies were either similar to or less than those of younger adults.

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