scholarly journals Effect of Controlled Microbial Fermentation on Nutritional and Functional Characteristics of Cowpea Bean Flours

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Luis Ferreira ◽  
Ana Mendes-Ferreira ◽  
Clícia Benevides ◽  
Diana Melo ◽  
Anabela Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Mixed Culture Fermentation ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Total Dietary Fibre

This study aimed to optimize bean flours fermentation through the use of appropriate technological procedure and, thereby, to obtain a high quality and safe product. In this line, cowpea bean flours with different moisture conditions (10, 20 and 30%) were incubated with (1) a single culture of Lactobacillus plantarum, or (2) a consortium of lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria, together with one strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Effects of inoculation of cowpea beans flours on stability (i.e., evaluated by the decrease in pH), and variations in nutritional characteristics (i.e., protein, starch, water soluble carbohydrates, total dietary fibre) were investigated. In both fermented flours, the effect of fermentation was more noticeable in total water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration during the fermentation process (P < 0.001), accounted for by metabolic activity of the microorganisms. The pH values progressively decreased (P < 0.001) through the fermentation process, particularly in flours fermented with a single culture of L. plantarum. By contrast, titratable acidity increased (P < 0.001) throughout the fermentation process in F2 and F3, although more noticeable in F3. Total dietary fibre (TDF) was not variable over the time. In relation to the protein content, the fermentations behaved very similarly; F2 had a variation over the time, but the effect was not significant (P = 0.0690). Results revealed small changes in chemical composition except in the case of pH and sugar contents with the values lower in the fermented products (i.e., single- or mixed-culture fermentation), leading to a more stable and safety product. These results indicate that fermented dry beans flours have the potential as functional ingredients for new food formulations.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

scholarly journals Changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under submergence stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
Md Juiceball Hassan ◽  
Md Masudul Karim ◽  
Md Amirul Islam ◽  
Md Habibur Rahman Pramanik ◽  
Md Alamgir Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Stress Condition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Root Porosity ◽  
Submergence Stress ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Submergence stress at early vegetative stage is one of the most important constraints in the productivity of rice in Bangladesh. Submergence causes yield loss of rice at Aman season in Bangladesh and therefore, it is necessary to develop submergence tolerant rice cultivars. A pot experiment was conducted at the net house of Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, during Aman season from July to December, 2017 to evaluate the changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) associated with submergence tolerance in rice. The experiment consisted of two factors—(i) Rice cultivars (Binadhan-11, Binadhan-12, BRRI dhan51 and BRRI dhan52 as tolerant and BRRI dhan49 as susceptible) and(ii) Submergence stress: Submergence for 14 days at vegetative stage and control. Submergence stress was imposed by dipping of pots into a water tank with about 90 cm depth of water while the control plants are maintained in the pot house of the field laboratory. The plants were sampled at seven days interval during submergence to determine the changes in root porosity and to examine the contribution of shoot reserves for their survival. The root porosity was measured by pycnometer method and water soluble carbohydrate was measured by the anthrone method. Tolerant cultivars showed greater root porosity development in both control and stress condition but the susceptible cultivar showed significantly lower root development in stress condition. Higher root porosity might help tolerant cultivars to survive in submergence stress more efficiently. Tolerant rice cultivars had high initial soluble carbohydrate than the susceptible one. Under submergedcondition, the tolerant cultivars showed slow depletion of water soluble carbohydrate compared to susceptible cultivar. Higher carbohydrate contents in tolerant cultivars might act as buffer stock during submergence for their better survival and growth. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 539–544, 2019

scholarly journals The effect of dietary fibre isolates on gastric secretion, acidity and emptying

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Gastric Secretion ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Variable Effect

1. In six volunteers, the effect of intragastric administration of different water-soluble chemical isolates of dietary fibre on gastric secretion, acidity and emptying was studied.2. At 30 min after administration of the test meals, the stomach contents were completely aspirated and the volume, pH, phenol red concentration, total titratable acidity and different electrolytes were measured.3. Compared with the control meal, the pH and unionized (combined) hydrogen concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) following most of the fibre-containing meals, while the total titratable acid concentration was not significantly different. None of the fibre-containing meals appreciably altered the volume or type of gastric secretion but had a low-grade variable effect on gastric emptying.4. It is concluded that most dietary fibre isolates, although having a definite and notable buffering effect on the acid in the stomach, have a minimal effect on gastric secretion and a variable and small effect on gastric emptying.

Genotypic variation in water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari A. Ruuska ◽  
Greg J. Rebetzke ◽  
Anthony F. van Herwaarden ◽  
Richard A. Richards ◽  
Neil A. Fettell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Sequential Mechanism ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) that accumulates in the stems of wheat during growth can be an important contributor to grain filling, particularly under conditions when assimilation is limited, such as during end-of-season drought. WSC concentration was measured at anthesis across a diverse set of wheat genotypes over multiple environments. Environmental differences in WSC concentration were large (means for the set ranging between 108 and 203 mg g–1 dry weight), and there were significant and repeatable differences in WSC accumulation among genotypes (means ranging from 112 to 213 mg g–1 dry weight averaged across environments), associated with large broad-sense heritability (H = 0.90 ± 0.12). These results suggest that breeding for high WSC should be possible in wheat. The composition of the WSC, examined in selected genotypes, indicated that the variation in total WSC was attributed mainly to variation in the fructan component, with the other major soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and hexose, varying less. The degree of polymerisation (DP) of fructo-oligosaccharides was up to ~13 in samples where higher levels of WSC were accumulated, owing either to genotype or environment, but the higher DP components (DP > 6) were decreased in samples of lower total WSC. The results are consistent with fructan biosynthesis occurring via a sequential mechanism that is dependent on the availability of sucrose, and differences in WSC contents of genotypes are unlikely to be due to major mechanistic differences.

Response of phalaris to differing water regimes or grazing treatments as measured by basal bud weight, water-soluble carbohydrates, and plant tillers

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
North West ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
The North

Studies of Phalaris aquatica L. were used to collect data for basal bud (all below ground shoot material) weights, their water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, and green vegetative tillers. A glasshouse study of cvv. Australian and Sirosa was conducted on regrowth after 26 days of plants previously exposed to either non-limiting or limiting (simulated Mediterranean environment, and 3- or 6-week drought) watering treatments. The other studies were of Sirosa phalaris pastures that had previously been subjected to continuous or lenient (resting in both spring and autumn each year) grazing by Merino wethers. In the glasshouse study, weight of basal buds (g/plant) was highest (13.88 g/plant) for Australian plants in the non-limiting water treatment, but not significantly different among watering treatments for Sirosa plants. Basal bud WSC values ranged from 2126 mg/plant (Australian phalaris, non-limiting water) to <200 mg/plant in 6-week drought and Mediterranean watering treatments of both cultivars. Tiller regrowth was higher in Australian non-limiting water treatment compared with all other treatments. Post-drought field studies (6 weeks tiller regrowth in May–June 1995) showed that plants in continuously grazed treatments had basal bud weights <11 g/plant, basal bud WSC contents <600 mg/plant, and green vegetative tiller weights <2.5 g/plant, compared with values of >11 g/plant, >1300 mg/plant, and >3.6 g/plant, respectively, for treatments rested for 12 weeks in both autumn and spring. At the end of spring 1995, when plants were post stem elongation and anthesis, basal bud WSC (mg/plant) was significantly higher in autumn–spring rest treatments compared with plants that were continuously grazed (mean values for 2 sites of 2889 and 1458 mg/plant, respectively). From these data, threshold values of basal bud WSC contents of <600 mg/plant after 6 weeks of regrowth in autumn–early winter, or <2000 mg/plant in flowering plants in late spring in continuously grazed pastures >3 years old, were proposed as useful indicators that management intervention may be required to maintain Sirosa phalaris persistence on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales.

WATER-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN ORCHARDGRASS AND MIXED FORAGES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Bowden ◽  
D. K. Taylor ◽  
W. E. P. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
The Third ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Variations in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of orchardgrass among breeding lines, stages of harvest, frequency of harvest and time of day were studied. Water-soluble carbohydrate levels differed among breeding lines harvested at the same stage of development. Water-soluble carbohydrate content increased as orchardgrass plants matured with the most rapid increase following anthesis. Harvesting orchardgrass at intervals suitable for hay produced forage with a higher WSC content in the first two cuts, but a lower content in the third, than forage harvested at pasture stage. Orchardgrass cut at 4 pm contained an average of 3 percentage units more WSC than that cut at 9 am. Levels of WSC in both orchardgrass and grass-legume pasture mixtures declined with successive cuts as the season progressed.

scholarly journals Contribution of rumen protozoa to duodenal flow of nitrogen, conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in steers fed silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Yáñez-Ruiz ◽  
Nigel D. Scollan ◽  
Roger J. Merry ◽  
Charles J. Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Rumen Protozoa

The present experiment was designed to estimate the quantitative contribution of rumen protozoa to the total N, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA;trans-11–18:1) flow to the duodenum of steers fed two silage diets: control silage (CS) and silage high in water-soluble carbohydrates (HS). Protozoal duodenal flows were estimated using a real-time PCR assay to quantify the genes encoding protozoal 18S ribosomal RNA. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to confirm that the rumen protozoa populations were similar to the protozoal population flowing to the duodenum. Estimated duodenal flow of protozoal N was 14·2 and 18·2 g/d (P>0·05) for animals fed the CS and HS diets respectively. Protozoal flow thus represented between 12 and 15 % of the total N duodenal flow. In terms of fatty acid flow, protozoa accounted for between 30 and 43 % of the CLA and 40 % of the VA reaching the duodenum. The contribution of protozoa to 16:0 and 18:0 flows to the duodenum was less than 20 and 10 %, respectively. These results show that the fatty acids within protozoa make up a significant proportion of the CLA and VA reaching the duodenum of ruminants.

scholarly journals PSIV-14 Fecal Microbiome of Horses Grazing Integrated Warm- and Cool-Season Grass Rotational Pasture Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 276-277
Author(s):  
Jennifer R Weinert ◽  
Amy S Biddle ◽  
Carey A Williams
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Random Forest Classifier ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Forage Type

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize shifts in the fecal microbiota of horses grazing different forage types within integrated cool- and warm-season grass (CSG; WSG) pasture systems and to explore relationships between forage nutrients and microbial composition. Eight mares grazed integrated rotational systems containing mixed CSG and one of two WSG: bermudagrass or crabgrass. Fecal samples were collected after 2–3 weeks grazing WSG, CSG, and following an orchardgrass hay diet (HAY). Forage nutrients were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy and analyzed by two-way ANOVA in SAS (v.9.4). Following DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was conducted in QIIME 2 (v.2020.2) with Kruskall-Wallis tests for alpha diversity, Spearman correlation with forage nutrients, and taxonomic assignment with Greengenes. A random forest classifier and regressor determined ability to predict forage type and nutrients based upon bacterial composition. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Forage water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were greatest in CSG and lowest in WSG; neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was greater in HAY than CSG or WSG. Species richness and evenness (Shannon Index) was greater in horses adapted to WSG vs. CSG or HAY and was correlated with WSC (rs = -0.49) and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESCrs = -0.62). The random forest classifier resulted in model accuracy of 1.0 and identified amplicon sequence variants (ASV) most important in prediction of forage type. Sixteen ASV were from the order Clostridiales including Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcacceae, and Veillonellaceae families and the genus Coprococcus. Other important taxa included Prevotella spp., Streptococcus luteciae, and Fibrobacter succinogenes. The regressor accurately predicted WSC (r2 = 0.95) and ESC (r2 = 0.84), but not NDF (r2 = 0.09). These results suggest that the equine hindgut microbiome is impacted by forage type and soluble carbohydrate content; however, further research is required to determine functional and physiological significance in grazing horses.

scholarly journals High sugar ryegrasses for livestock systems in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Edwards ◽  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
S. Rasmussen ◽  
R.H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

There has been mounting interest over the proposed production and environmental benefits from using perennial ryegrass cultivars bred to have higher water soluble carbohydrate content (high sugar grasses). Here, we objectively review published evidence, from the EU and New Zealand, of the effects of these on milk yield per cow, liveweight gain in sheep, N utilisation and wider trophic interactions. The literature reveals substantial variation in animal responses, though some of the uncertainty in interpretation can be resolved by combining the data from multiple trials, and showing this forms a continuum of response to diet quality. It also reveals variation in the degree to which the sugar trait has been expressed, possibly reflecting a gene x environment interaction. Achieving a more consistent, and probably greater than current, expression of the high sugar trait would be a valuable goal. We suggest 'proof of concept' has been shown, notably for the potential for improving N utilisation in the rumen, and so reducing the proportion of N intake lost in urine. The evidence suggests that this may be a greater challenge, albeit a more valuable goal, because of the relatively high N (crude protein) content forages that predominate in the New Zealand pasture industry. Keywords: animal performance, high sugar grass, Lolium perenne, perennial ryegrass, nitrogen utilisation, trait expression, water soluble carbohydrates

Diurnal changes in the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in Phalaris aquatica L. pasture in spring, and the effect of short-term shading

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Ciavarella ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
I. M. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Early Afternoon

The concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and its components, starch, total nitrogen, and dry matter of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian) pasture were varied by shading for periods ranging from 38.5 to 46.5 h. In unshaded pasture, WSC concentrations were lowest at sunrise [103 mg/g dry matter (DM)] and increased until early afternoon (to 160 mg/g DM). Sucrose and starch increased in concentration during daylight, whilst the concentrations of glucose, fructose, fructan, and a component of WSC considered to be mainly the carbohydrate moiety of glycoside(s) were relatively constant. The concentrations of starch, and all components of WSC except sucrose, were reduced by shading, but increased to the concentrations observed in the unshaded pasture within 2–4 h after removal of the cover. The fructans present in phalaris were determined to be oligosaccharides of degree of polymerisation (DP) 3 and DP 4 and high molecular mass fructans with DP >10. Nitrogen concentration of shaded pasture was initially higher (4.7% DM) than in unshaded pasture (3.9% DM), but decreased after removal of the shade cover. Dry matter content was reduced in shaded pasture, partly due to increased retention of water on the exterior of plants. The experiment was a precursor for a grazing trial in which the WSC content of pasture was to be altered by shading. It indicated that shading would potentially alter WSC and N concentrations, and DM content, but would have only a relatively small impact on the digestibility of the pasture.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document