scholarly journals Possible Observational Evidence for the Existence of a Parallel Universe

Foundations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Eugene Oks
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bulk Flow ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gravitational Pull

Many totally different kinds of astrophysical observations demonstrated that, in our universe, there exists a preferred direction. Specifically, from observations in a wide range of frequencies, the alignment of various preferred directions in different data sets was found. Moreover, the observed Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) quadrupole, CMB octopole, radio and optical polarizations from distant sources also indicate the same preferred direction. While this hints at a gravitational pull from the “outside”, the observational data from the Plank satellite showed that the bulk flow velocity was relatively small: much smaller than was initially thought. In the present paper we propose a configuration where two three-dimensional universes (one of which is ours) are embedded in a four-dimensional space and rotate about their barycenter in such a way that the centrifugal force nearly (but not exactly) compensates their mutual gravitational pull. This would explain not only the existence of a preferred direction for each of the three-dimensional universes (the direction to the other universe), but also the fact that the bulk flow velocity, observed in our universe, is relatively small. We point out that this configuration could also explain the perplexing features of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP), previously called Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs), recorded by various detection systems—the features presented in the latest official report by the US Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Thus, the proposed configuration of the two rotating, parallel three-dimensional universes seems to explain both the variety of astrophysical observations and (perhaps) the observed features of the UAP.

scholarly journals Protein dynamics revealed by NMR relaxation methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fa-An Chao ◽  
R. Andrew Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Protein Dynamics ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Relaxation Methods ◽  
Genomic Databases ◽  
Wide Range

Structural biology often focuses primarily on three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules, deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). This resource is a remarkable entity for the worldwide scientific and medical communities, as well as the general public, as it is a growing translation into three-dimensional space of the vast information in genomic databases, e.g. GENBANK. There is, however, significantly more to understanding biological function than the three-dimensional co-ordinate space for ground-state structures of biomolecules. The vast array of biomolecules experiences natural dynamics, interconversion between multiple conformational states, and molecular recognition and allosteric events that play out on timescales ranging from picoseconds to seconds. This wide range of timescales demands ingenious and sophisticated experimental tools to sample and interpret these motions, thus enabling clearer insights into functional annotation of the PDB. NMR spectroscopy is unique in its ability to sample this range of timescales at atomic resolution and in physiologically relevant conditions using spin relaxation methods. The field is constantly expanding to provide new creative experiments, to yield more detailed coverage of timescales, and to broaden the power of interpretation and analysis methods. This review highlights the current state of the methodology and examines the extension of analysis tools for more complex experiments and dynamic models. The future for understanding protein dynamics is bright, and these extended tools bring greater compatibility with developments in computational molecular dynamics, all of which will further our understanding of biological molecular functions. These facets place NMR as a key component in integrated structural biology.

Three-dimensional chromosome organization in flowering plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Grob
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Nuclear Periphery ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chromosome Organization ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
De Novo Genome Assembly ◽  
3D Genome ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Research on plant three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture made rapid progress over the past 5 years. Numerous Hi-C interaction data sets were generated in a wide range of plant species, allowing for a comprehensive overview on 3D chromosome folding principles in the plant kingdom. Plants lack important genes reported to be vital for chromosome folding in animals. However, similar 3D structures such as topologically associating domains and chromatin loops were identified. Recent studies in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed how chromosomal regions are positioned within the nucleus by determining their association with both, the nuclear periphery and the nucleolus. Additionally, many plant species exhibit high-frequency interactions among KNOT entangled elements, which are associated with safeguarding the genome from invasive DNA elements. Many of the recently published Hi-C data sets were generated to aid de novo genome assembly and remain to date little explored. These data sets represent a valuable resource for future comparative studies, which may lead to a more profound understanding of the evolution of 3D chromosome organization in plants.

Advanced Data Mining and Visualization Techniques with Probabilistic Principal Surfaces

2011 ◽  
pp. 244-264
Author(s):  
Antonino Staiano ◽  
Lara De Vinco ◽  
Giuseppe Longo ◽  
Roberto Tagliaferri
Keyword(s):  
Density Function ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Principal Surfaces

Probabilistic Principal Surfaces (PPS) is a non linear latent variable model with very powerful visualization and classification capabilities which seem to be able to overcome most of the shortcomings of other neural tools. PPS builds a probability density function of a given set of patterns lying in a high-dimensional space which can be expressed in terms of a fixed number of latent variables lying in a latent Q-dimensional space. Usually, the Q-space is either two or three dimensional and thus the density function can be used to visualize the data within it. The case in which Q = 3 allows to project the patterns on a spherical manifold which turns out to be optimal when dealing with sparse data. PPS may also be arranged in ensembles to tackle complex classification tasks. As template cases we discuss the application of PPS to two real- world data sets from astronomy and genetics.

Simulation of Simplified Three-Dimensional Space Flow Velocity Field in Reservoir on the Condition of Unsteady Flow and its Application

2012 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 514-518
Author(s):  
Shi Ping Fan ◽  
Jian Ming Yang ◽  
Min Quan Feng ◽  
Bang Min Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Velocity Field ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Unsteady Flow ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Velocity Field ◽  
Flood Period ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

In view of the complexity of the conventional simulation calculation method of three-dimensional flow field for the reservoir, and to analysis of the change of the reservoir’s flow field in flood period, in this paper, based on the unsteady flow numerical calculation, the simulation method for three-dimensional space flow velocity field of the reservoir in flood period was studied and applied to the Wenyuhe Reservoir. First refining the actual extraction of grid, and then having an unsteady flow numerical calculation for the reservoir, finally through layering and stripping the grid, three-dimensional space flow velocity field the reservoir on the condition of unsteady flow has been studied. The results showed that the reservoir velocity along the flow direction is becoming smaller, and surface velocity is fast; with the flow increase gradually, the unsteady flow has a great effect on the flow field of the reservoir’s concave bank. The grid can at will encryption, so the calculation precision can be effectively controlled and the process of simulation is easy to be programmed. The research results can simplify the complexity of the reservoir for three-dimensional numerical simulation, and up to providing theoretical support for reservoir flood control.

scholarly journals Analysis of Three-Dimensional Space Expansion Characteristics in Old Industrial Area Renewal Using GIS and Barista: A Case Study of Tiexi District, Shenyang, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyan Xu ◽  
Miao Liu ◽  
Yuanman Hu ◽  
Chunlin Li ◽  
Zaiping Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Landscape Index ◽  
The North ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Wide Range

With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, 3D characteristics have been the main feature of urban morphology. Nevertheless, the vast majority of urban growth research has only focused on area expansion horizontally, with few studies conducted in a 3D perspective. In this paper, the characteristics of 3D expansion that occurred in Tiexi from 1997 to 2011 were evaluated based on geographic information system (GIS) tools, remote-sensing images, and Barista software. Landscape index, the spatiotemporal distribution of changes in buildings’ renewal modes and variations in city skylines as well as the relationship between number and size of high-rise buildings are the specific phenomena and data utilized to quantify the 3D urban expansion. The results showed that the average height of Tiexi increased by 0.69 m annually, the average urban capacity increased by 490.15 m3 annually, and space congestion degree increased by 0.11% annually. The average annual increase of the building evenness index was 36.43. The renewal area occupied up to 75.38% of the total area. The change of the skyline was more consistent with the east–west direction. The change in the south direction was significant, while in the north direction it was relatively slow. The overall shape of the city was that of a weak pyramid, with the angle of the top of the pyramid gradually becoming larger. The methods proposed in this paper laid a foundation for a wide range of study of 3D urban morphology changes.

Large-scale dynamics in turbulent mixing and the three-dimensional space–time behaviour of outer fluid interfaces

2002 ◽  
Vol 471 ◽  
pp. 381-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARIS J. CATRAKIS ◽  
ROBERTO C. AGUIRRE ◽  
JESUS RUIZ-PLANCARTE ◽  
ROBERT D. THAYNE ◽  
BRENDA A. McDONALD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Fluid Interfaces ◽  
Ambient Fluid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dimensional Space Time ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Experiments have been conducted to investigate turbulent mixing and the dynamics of outer fluid interfaces, i.e. the interfaces between mixed fluid and pure ambient fluid. A novel six-foot-diameter octagonal-tank flow facility was developed to enable the optical imaging of fluid interfaces above the mixing transition, corresponding to fully developed turbulence. Approximately 10003 whole-field three-dimensional space– time measurements of the concentration field were recorded using laser-induced- fluorescence digital-imaging techniques in turbulent jets at a Reynolds number of Re ∼ 20 000, Schmidt number of Sc ∼ 2000, and downstream distance of ∼ 500 nozzle diameters. Multiple large-scale regions of spatially nearly uniform-concentration fluid are evident in instantaneous visualizations, in agreement with previous findings above the mixing transition. The ensemble-averaged probability density function of concentration is found to exhibit linear dependence over a wide range of concentration thresholds. This can be accounted for in terms of the dynamics of large-scale well- mixed regions. Visualization of the three-dimensional space–time concentration field indicates that molecular mixing of entrained pure ambient fluid is dynamically initiated and accomplished in the vicinity of the unsteady large scales. Examination of the outer interfaces shows that they are dynamically confined primarily near the instantaneous large-scale boundaries of the flow. This behaviour is quantified in terms of the probability density of the location of the outer interfaces relative to the flow centreline and the probability of pure ambient fluid as a function of distance from the centreline. The current measurements show that the dynamics of outer interfaces above the mixing transition is significantly different from the behaviour below the transition, where previous studies have shown that unmixed ambient fluid can extend across a wide range of transverse locations in the flow interior. The present observations of dynamical confinement of the outer interfaces to the unsteady large scales, and considerations of entrainment, suggest that the mechanism responsible for this behaviour must be the coupling of large-scale flow dynamics with the presence of small-scale structures internal to the large-scale structures, above the mixing transition. The dynamics and structure of the outer interfaces across the entire range of space–time scales are quantified in terms of a distribution of generalized level-crossing scales. The outer-interface behaviour determines the mixing efficiency of the flow, i.e. fraction of mixed fluid. The present findings indicate that the large-scale dynamics of the outer interfaces above the mixing transition provides the dominant contribution to the mixing efficiency. This suggests a new way to quantify the mixing efficiency of turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers.

scholarly journals Distance Between Two Circles In Any Number Of Dimensions Is A Vector Ellipse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asli Pinar Tan
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Gravitational Pull ◽  
Elliptical Motion ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Moving Bodies

Based on measured astronomical position data of heavenly objects in the Solar System and other planetary systems, all bodies in space seem to move in some kind of elliptical motion with respect to each other, whereas objects follow parabolic escape orbits while moving away from Earth and bodies asserting a gravitational pull, and some comets move in near-hyperbolic orbits when they approach the Sun. In this article, it is first mathematically proven that the “distance between points on any two different circles in three-dimensional space” is equivalent to the “distance of points on a vector ellipse from another fixed or moving point, as in two-dimensional space.” Then, it is further mathematically demonstrated that “distance between points on any two different circles in any number of multiple dimensions” is equivalent to “distance of points on a vector ellipse from another fixed or moving point”. Finally, two special cases when the “distance between points on two different circles in multi-dimensional space” become mathematically equivalent to distances in “parabolic” or “near-hyperbolic” trajectories are investigated. Concepts of “vector ellipse”, “vector hyperbola”, and “vector parabola” are also mathematically defined. The mathematical basis derived in this Article is utilized in the book “Everyhing Is A Circle: A New Model For Orbits Of Bodies In The Universe” in asserting a new Circular Orbital Model for moving bodies in the Universe, leading to further insights in Astrophysics.

scholarly journals Dynamic Sensor Matching for Parallel Point Cloud Data Acquisition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Müller ◽  
Dieter Kranzlmüller
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Object Perception ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Digital Twins

Based on depth perception of individual stereo cameras, spatial structures can be derived as point clouds. The quality of such three-dimensional data is technically restricted by sensor limitations, latency of recording, and insufficient object reconstructions caused by surface illustration. Additionally external physical effects like lighting conditions, material properties, and reflections can lead to deviations between real and virtual object perception. Such physical influences can be seen in rendered point clouds as geometrical imaging errors on surfaces and edges. We propose the simultaneous use of multiple and dynamically arranged cameras. The increased information density leads to more details in surrounding detection and object illustration. During a pre-processing phase the collected data are merged and prepared. Subsequently, a logical analysis part examines and allocates the captured images to three-dimensional space. For this purpose, it is necessary to create a new metadata set consisting of image and localisation data. The post-processing reworks and matches the locally assigned images. As a result, the dynamic moving images become comparable so that a more accurate point cloud can be generated. For evaluation and better comparability we decided to use synthetically generated data sets. Our approach builds the foundation for dynamic and real-time based generation of digital twins with the aid of real sensor data.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the 30S ribosomal subunit from randomly oriented particles

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 758-759
Author(s):  
A. Verschoor ◽  
J. Frank ◽  
M. Radermacher ◽  
T. Wagenknecht ◽  
M. Boublik
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mapping Algorithm ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Significant Factors

The small (30S) subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes can assume any of a wide range of tilt positions on the specimen support. Correspondence analysis should make it possible to order views appearing in the electron micrograph according to the angle of tilt.231 individual windowed images from two micrographs showing negatively stained 30S subunits from E. coli ribosomes were subjected to multireference alignment. Correspondence analysis yielded six morphologically significant factors of variance. The second of these related to variations in stain concentrations, which are irrelevant at the level of gross morphology. The coordinates for each image in five-dimensional space (relating to factors 1,3,4,5, and 6) were subjected to a nonlinear mapping algorithm, which calculated an optimal two-dimensional map.The resulting distribution (Fig 1) consisted of two clusters, one of rightfacing, the other of left-facing views. Subaverages along the outer margin of the cluster on the left showed the particle in a range of typical views.

scholarly journals Volume-CLEM: a method for correlative light and electron microscopy in three dimensions

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. L778-L784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hegermann ◽  
Christoph Wrede ◽  
Susanne Fassbender ◽  
Ronja Schliep ◽  
Matthias Ochs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
New Approach ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Em

Generation of three-dimensional (3D) data sets from serial sections of tissues imaged by light microscopy (LM) allows identification of rare structures by morphology or fluorescent labeling. Here, we demonstrate a workflow for correlative LM and electron microscopy (EM) from 3D LM to 3D EM, using the same sectioned material for both methods consecutively. The new approach is easy to reproduce in routine EM laboratories and applicable to a wide range of organs and research questions.

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