scholarly journals Spatial Landslide Risk Assessment at Phuentsholing, Bhutan

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhirup Dikshit ◽  
Raju Sarkar ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan ◽  
Saroj Acharya ◽  
Abdullah M. Alamri
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Spatial Probability ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Combination Approach ◽  
Landslide Hazard Map

Landslides are one of the most destructive and most recurring natural calamities in the Himalayan region. Their occurrence leads to immense damage to infrastructure and loss of land, human lives, and livestock. One of the most affected regions is the Bhutan Himalayas, where the majority of the landslides are rainfall-induced. The present study aims to determine the hazard and risk associated with rainfall-induced landslides for the Phuentsholing region located in the southwestern part of the Bhutan Himalayas. The work involves developing a landslide risk map using hazard and vulnerability maps utilizing landslide records from 2004 to 2014. The landslide hazard map was generated by determining spatial and temporal probabilities for the study region. The spatial probability was computed by analyzing the landslide contributing factors like geology, slope, elevation, rainfall, and vegetation based on comprehensive field study and expertise about the area. The contributing factors were divided into various classes and the percentage of landslide occurrence under each class was calculated to understand its contributing significance. Thereafter, a weighted linear combination approach was used in a GIS environment to develop the spatial probability map which was multiplied with temporal probabilities based on regional rainfall thresholds already determined for the region. Consequently, vulnerability assessment was conducted using key elements at risk (population, land use/land cover, proximity to road, proximity to stream) and the weights were provided based on expert judgment and comprehensive field study. Finally, risk was determined and the various regions in the study area were categorized as high, medium, and low risk. Such a study is necessary for low-economic countries like Bhutan which suffers from unavailability of extensive data and research. The study is conducted for a specific region but can be extended to other areas around the investigated area. The tool can serve as an indicator for the civil authorities to analyze the risk posed by landslides due to the rapid infrastructure development in the region.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Various Statistical Models and Its Accuracy for Landslide Risk Mapping: A Case Study on Part of Himalayan Region, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prakasam ◽  
Aravinth R. ◽  
Varinder S. Kanwar ◽  
B. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Risk Zones ◽  
Gis Environment

Among other natural hazards, Landslides are the most prominent and frequently occurring natural disaster in the state of Himachal Pradesh with higher socio-economical losses. About 0.42 million sq.kms of area are prone to landslide activities in our country that is excluding the snow covered areas. The current research focuses on estimating the landslide risk zones of the Shimla Tehsil, Himachal Pradesh using various statistical models. Landslide contributing factors as such Landuse Landcover, Elevation, Slope, Lithology, Soil, Geology and Geomorphology has been used to assess the Landslide risk factors. Data obtained from LANDSAT 8 OLI sensors, SRTM DEM, Soil and Land Use Survey of India and SOI Toposheets have been used as sources. Weighted Overlay, Fuzzy logic and Analytical Hierarchical Process models will be used to categorize the Vulnerability and risk Zones of the study area. The causative factors were analyzed and processed in GIS environment. These values will be then being integrated using various studied models to produce individual landslide vulnerability and risk zones. The results reveal that most of the study area falls under Very Low risk category with a total coverage of 67.34%. Low and Moderate area covers about 23% and 9.13% of the study area. Higher risk areas only account for about 0.46%. Higher percent of the study area is mostly covered by settlements. National highways, Metal roads, Slopes and Denser settlements are located along the Moderate and low risk areas. The results retrieved from the WOM model reveals a total of 55% of the area comes under very low category. Low and Moderate category covers about 31.4% and 10.6% of the study area. High and Very High category cover a total of 1.9% together.

scholarly journals Inventory of landslides triggered by hurricane Matthew in Guantánamo, Cuba

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusmira Savón Vaciano ◽  
Ricardo Delgado Tellez ◽  
Enrique A. Castellanos Abella ◽  
Rafael Guardado Lacaba ◽  
Arisleidys Peña de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Sentinel 2A ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Landslide Hazard Map

Abstract An inventory of landslides triggered by Hurricane Matthew (4–5 October 2016) through the eastern region of Cuba was carried out using Sentinel 2A satellite images. The inventory was compared with the slope map generated from the digital elevation model at 25 m per pixel and with the geological map at 1: 100 000 scale. The precipitation data from the 1-hour rain gauge records of four stations of the Cuban Institute of Meteorology (INSMET) and 24-hour rain gauge records of six stations of National Institute of Hydraulic Resources (INRH) were processed and analysed during this event. In total, 237 landslides were classified into rockslides, debrisflows and topples. A wide distribution of landslides was found within the selected slope classes, depending of the landslide type. Most of the landslides were generated in green schist of volcanic and vulcanoclastic rocks and rocks of the ophiolitic complex made up of ancient remains of oceanic crust. Findings increase understanding of landslide occurrence in this area in order to update landslide hazard map and to reduce landslide risk.

scholarly journals Dendrochronological dating as the basis for developing a landslide hazard map – An example from the Western Carpathians, Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Łuszczyńska ◽  
Małgorzata Wistuba ◽  
Ireneusz Malik ◽  
Marek Krąpiec ◽  
Bartłomiej Szypuła
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Hazard Map ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Landslide Activity ◽  
Landslide Event ◽  
Landslide Hazard Map

Abstract Most landslide hazard maps are developed on the basis of an area’s susceptibility to a landslide occurrence, but dendrochronological techniques allows one to develop maps based on past landslide activity. The aim of the study was to use dendrochronological techniques to develop a landslide hazard map for a large area, covering 3.75 km2. We collected cores from 131 trees growing on 46 sampling sites, measured tree-ring width, and dated growth eccentricity events (which occur when tree rings of different widths are formed on opposite sides of a trunk), recording the landslide events which had occurred over the previous several dozen years. Then, the number of landslide events per decade was calculated at every sampling site. We interpolated the values obtained, added layers with houses and roads, and developed a landslide hazard map. The map highlights areas which are potentially safe for existing buildings, roads and future development. The main advantage of a landslide hazard map developed on the basis of dendrochronological data is the possibility of acquiring long series of data on landslide activity over large areas at a relatively low cost. The main disadvantage is that the results obtained relate to the measurement of anatomical changes and the macroscopic characteristics of the ring structure occurring in the wood of tilted trees, and these factors merely provide indirect information about the time of the landslide event occurrence.

scholarly journals Application of FLaIR model for early warning system in Chibo Pashyor, Kalimpong, India for rainfall-induced landslides

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhirup Dikshit ◽  
Neelima Satyam
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Rainfall Forecasting ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Mobility Function ◽  
Hourly Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Model

Abstract. The development of an early warning system for landslides due to rainfall has become an indispensable part for landslide risk mitigation. This paper explains the application of the hydrological FLaIR (Forecasting of Landslides Induced by Rainfall) model, correlating rainfall amount and landslide events. The FLaIR model comprises of two modules: RL (Rainfall-Landslide) which correlates rainfall and landslide occurrence and RF (Rainfall-Forecasting) which allows simulation of future rainfall events. The model can predetermine landslides based on identification of mobility function Y(.) which links actual rainfall and incidence of landslide occurrence. The critical value of mobility function was analyzed using 1st July 2015 event and applying it to 2016 monsoon to validate the results. These rainfall thresholds presented can be improved with intense hourly rainfall and landslide inventory data. This paper describes the details of the model and its performance for the study area.

scholarly journals Development of A Methodology For Predicting Landslide Hazards At A Regional Scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanche Richer ◽  
Ali Saeidi ◽  
Maxime Boivin ◽  
Alain Rouleau
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Back Analysis ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Electric Induction

Abstract Landslide risk analysis is a common geotechnical evaluation and aims to protect life and infrastructure. In the case of sensitive clay zones, landslides can affect large areas and are difficult to predict. Here we propose a methodology to determine the landslide hazard across a large territory, and we apply our approach to the Saint-Jean-Vianney area, Quebec, Canada. The initial step consists of creating a 3D model of the surficial deposits of the target area. After creating a chart of the material electrical resistivity adapted for eastern Canada, we applied electric induction to interpret the regional soil. We collected samples from the main lithologies and estimated selected soil geotechnical parameters in laboratory tests. We transposed parameter values obtained from the samples to a larger scale that of a slope using the results of a back analysis undertaken on an earlier, smaller slide within the same area. The regional 3D model of deposits is then used to develop a zonation map of at-risk slopes and their respective constraint areas with the study region. This approach allowed us to target specific areas where a more precise stability analysis would be required. Our methodology offers an effective tool for stability analysis in territories characterized by the presence of sensitive clays.

scholarly journals Methodologies of Economic Measurement and Vulnerability Assessment for Application in Landslide Risk Analysis in a Highway Domain Strip: A Case Study in the Serra Pelada Region (Brazil)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Felizardo Batista ◽  
Larissa De Brum Passini ◽  
Alessander Christopher Morales Kormann
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Serra Do Mar

Landslides are one of the main causes of death caused by disasters in the world. In this study, methodologies to measure landslide costs and to assess vulnerability are presented, with the objective of applying them to landslide risk analyses. The methodologies were applied in a region of Serra do Mar, which is crossed by a highway. The analyses and mappings were implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Through the application of the methodology that considers both direct and indirect costs in the composition of total cost, it was established how much an m2 of a landslide would cost. The composition of direct costs encompassed the damages related to restoration or construction of the highways, infrastructures, unpaved roads, residential and commercial buildings, vegetal cover and agricultural areas. In indirect costs, the economic losses by victims, highway interdiction, and agricultural area profitability were calculated. In the methodology for vulnerability assessment, bodily injuries, structural damages, and functional disturbances resulted from landslides were analyzed. The risk assessment was performed through the junction of the maps of total cost, vulnerability and susceptibility. The results indicate that indirect costs were predominant in cost composition, corresponding to 87% of total costs, in comparison to 13% of the direct costs, stressing the importance of considering indirect costs in economic measurement studies. As a result, it is possible to conclude that studying landslide consequences as economic parameters supports the increasing need of performing risk quantitative analyses. It is also prudent to add that these studies help decision makers in projects of disaster risk mitigation strategies, by allowing the identification of regions with greater economic impacts in case of landslide occurrence.

scholarly journals An approach of preparing earthquake induced landslide hazard map: a case study of Nuwakot District, central Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Harish Dangi ◽  
Tara Nidhi Bhattarai ◽  
Prem Bahadur Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Hazard Map ◽  
Gorkha Earthquake ◽  
Quantification Theory ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Major Disaster ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Landslide Hazard Map

The Gorkha Earthquake-2015 triggered landslides which are widespread in central Nepal. The landslides swept away physical infrastructures like roads, schools, public and residential buildings, and cultivated lands at several locations. This indicated that the decision makers were not aware of the fact that the locations for possible earthquake-induced landslides can be predicted, and physical infrastructure development can be planned accordingly. What is needed for the purpose is an earthquake-induced landslide hazard map which is a useful tool in decision making, particularly for finding safer geographical locations for residential and public building construction, and also for other physical infrastructure development. Immediately after the Gorkha Earthquake-2015, JICA prepared an earthquake-induced landslide hazard map of the Gorkha and the Sindhupalchowak Districts using a certain methodology. But there remains a research question regarding whether the same methodology can be applied in preparing earthquake-induced landslide hazard maps of other earthquake-affected districts located away from the epicenter area. The main purpose of this research was to apply the JICA methodology to prepare an earthquake-induced landslide hazard map of the Nuwakot District, central Nepal which is the one if the most affected district by Gorkha earthquake 2015. The second purpose was to examine whether the map captured the ground reality or not. While preparing the input data required, four major disaster factors were taken into consideration which includes, among others, slope inclination, slope direction, relationship with the major thrust and distance from the epicenter. These factors were classified and characterized according to their nature and condition. The result was then analyzed by using quantification theory. An earthquake-induced landslide hazard map was then prepared using QGIS as a major software tool. The map was also verified through ground-truthing visiting several locations of the study site. The proposed methodology can be used to prepare similar maps in other affected districts of Gorkha earthquake 2015, and suitable sites for constructing physical infrastructures like roads, residential and public buildings can also be identified using the maps.

GIS and Crime Analysis

Geography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Crime Patterns ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Basic And Applied Research ◽  
Spatial Analysis Of Crime

Spatial analysis of crime has gained increasing attention during the past thirty years, coupled with the growth of geographic information systems (GIS). Most crime analysis tasks are either carried out in a GIS environment or supported by a GIS. GIS is typically used as a tool for data management, data processing, data visualization, and data analysis for crime studies. Crime analysis normally involves the following elements: uncovering spatio-temporal patterns of crime distribution, such as crime hotspots; explaining these patterns and discerning major contributing factors based on multivariate regression modeling; predicting future crime patterns using machine learning and other predictive methods; developing crime prevention approaches based on historical and future crime patterns; and evaluating the effectiveness of crime prevention, to find out if crime is reduced in the targeted area and whether the nearby areas are affected by the intervention. It should be noted that crime analysis is inherently multidisciplinary, including but not limited to geography, criminology, computer science, statistics, urban planning, and sociology. Therefore, an effective crime analyst should be well trained in multiple disciplinary approaches. Any crime analysis that leads to real-world impact must rely on sound theories and effective methodologies. Many of the theories covered in this article are related to geography, criminology, and sociology. The methods are mostly influenced by GIS, spatial statistics, and artificial intelligence. Crime analysis also involves multiple stakeholders, including at least government agencies, universities, and private companies. Universities conduct basic and applied research, private companies convert the research to products, and government agencies provide funding for research and implement crime prevention strategies. In addition, crime analysis needs to pay close attention to potential issues related to ethics, privacy, confidentiality, and discrimination.

Ravine Erosion and Livelihoods in Semi-arid India: Implications for Socioeconomic Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmini Pani
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The People ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Chambal Valley ◽  
Socioeconomic Data ◽  
Semi Arid

The ravines found along the Chambal River are among the most severe types of gully erosion found in semi-arid India. This paper estimates the extent and areal expansion of ravines over 40 years in the Lower Chambal Valley and provides a classification scheme to understand ravine characteristics in the region. To examine the implications of ravines on socioeconomic development and livelihoods of the people in the area, a mixed method approach has been followed. A combination of spatial and statistical tests has been run to examine the overall status of land degradation and its impact in the area concerned. Village-level socioeconomic data have been integrated with physical and environmental parameters in a GIS environment, which has been supplemented with findings from a qualitative survey in a few villages of the study region. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between indices of natural resources availability and socioeconomic development. A majority of villages within ravines were found to be very poor in development. In this fragile environment, people’s livelihoods are being adversely affected because of land degradation.

scholarly journals The damage caused by landslides in socio-economic spheres within the Kigezi highlands of South Western Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Denis Nseka ◽  
Frank Mugagga ◽  
Hosea Opedes ◽  
Patience Ayesiga ◽  
Hannington Wasswa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Landslide Hazards ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
Landslide Distribution

Abstract An assessment of the socio-economic implications of landslide occurrence in the Kigezi highlands of South Western Uganda was conducted. Landslide occurrence is on the increase and threatens community livelihoods in these highlands. Detailed field investigations were undertaken with the help of local communities between June 2018 and May 2020 to identify and map recent and visible landslide scars in Rukiga uplands of Kigezi highlands. In the course of field inventories, 85 visible landslide scars were identified and mapped using handheld GPS receivers to produce a landslide distribution map for the study area. A socio-economic analysis was conducted to establish the effects of landslide damage on people’s livelihoods as well as their existing coping and adaptation mechanisms. The assessment was administered through field observations and surveying, focus group discussions, key informants and household interviews as well as the use of Local Government Environmental Reports. The study established an increase in the spatial-temporal distribution of landslides over the Kigezi highlands in the past 40 years. The landslides have resulted in a reduction in the quality of land, loss of lives, destruction of transport infrastructures, settlements, farmlands, crops and other socio-economic infrastructures. Therefore, it is important to look for reliable and sustainable measures to prevent landslide hazards. Total landscape reforestation with deep-rooted trees can possibly reduce the landslide risk. It is also important to undertake policy implementation for preparedness and mitigation plans against landslides in this region and in the country at large. Proper soil and water conservation measures could help in enhancing soil strength against landslide hazards.

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