scholarly journals The Origin of Dissolved Sulphate in the Thermal Waters of Budapest Inferred from Stable S and O Isotopes

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Fórizs ◽  
Viktória Szabó ◽  
József Deák ◽  
Stanisław Hałas ◽  
Andrzej Pelc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Water ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
O Isotopes ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Carbonaceous Rocks ◽  
Clay Formation ◽  
Dissolution Product ◽  
Buda Thermal Karst

The thermal waters produced by wells and springs from the Buda Thermal Karst in Budapest and its surroundings are rich in dissolved sulphate. Radiocarbon ages indicate that waters of T >45 ℃ were infiltrated during the Ice Age (more than 11 thousand years ago), on the higher elevations of the Buda-Pilis Hills, whereas waters of lower temperatures were infiltrated during the Holocene. For the origin of dissolved sulphate, two hypotheses can be set up: (1) the dissolved sulphate originates from the oxidation of the sulphide (pyrite) of Oligocene Clay Formation; (2) it is the dissolution product of the sulphate minerals (gypsum and anhydrite) of older carbonaceous rocks (limestone and dolomite). The isotopically stable sulphur composition of the dissolved sulphate in the thermal water (δ34S = 9.7‰ to 17.7‰) indicates its marine origin, so likely it dissolved from the older Permian evaporites.

scholarly journals The thermal waters in Sofia City (Bulgaria): importance, condition and problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Vladimir Hristov ◽  
Nikolay Stoyanov ◽  
Simeon Valchev ◽  
Aleksey Benderev
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Thermal Spring ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
City Center ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, is situated in a region rich in thermal waters, which were a major factor for the establishment and development of the city. The thermal spring in the city center of Sofia has been in use since ancient times. As the city expanded rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries, it absorbed many other sources of thermal water. In addition, the available volume of usable thermal water increased with the construction of abstraction wells. The prevailing types of thermal waters are sourced from Mesozoic rocks at the base of the Sofia graben. The water temperatures are in the range between 21 °C and 54 °C, and the mineralization is up to approximately 1 g/L total dissolved solids (TDS). There is only one source in deeper rock formations with approximately 4 g/L TDS. The population of the city utilizes the thermal water resources to a various degree, mainly for bottling of natural mineral water. Some sources are used for balneology, sport, recreation and sanitation; however, their potential is not sufficiently utilized. Considering the importance of the thermal water resources for the city and its population, a numerical model was set up to study the impact of subway construction on the thermal spring in the center of Sofia.

HyTheC - Multidisciplinary approach to conceptual modelling of hydrothermal systems in Croatia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirja Pavić ◽  
Staša Borović ◽  
Maja Briški ◽  
Tihomir Frangen ◽  
Kosta Urumović
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Water ◽  
Pannonian Basin ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
System Level ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Systems Research

<p>The increase in thermal water utilisation is foreseen by many European and Croatian strategic documents regulating energetics, tourism, environmental protection and sustainable development. Croatian Geological Survey wishes to establish a multidisciplinary group for hydrothermal systems research which will contribute to responsible geothermal development in our country through a 5-year research project HyTheC which started in 2020.</p><p>Pannonian part of Croatia has favourable geothermal characteristics and natural thermal water springs emerge at two dozen localities, with temperatures up to 65 °C. These waters have been used for millennia, and in the past fifty years they are a basis for the development of tourism and health care centres which use the thermal water resource for heating, therapy and recreation (Borović & Marković, 2015). As their water demand increased, higher quantities were abstracted and additional intake structures and wells were constructed.</p><p>Thermal springs are part of hydrothermal systems which include: recharge areas in the mountainous hinterlands of the springs; geothermal aquifers - in Croatia mostly fractured and karstified Mesozoic carbonate rocks (Borović et al., 2016) - in which water resides and gets heated due to heat flow from the Earth; and discharge areas in places with favourable structural characteristics of higher permeability. The continuous functioning of such systems depends on a delicate balance between groundwater flow velocities, precipitation/dissolution processes and structural framework.</p><p>In order to maintain that balance and use thermal water resources in a sustainable manner, a system-level understanding is required. Multidisciplinary methodology (structural geology, hydrogeology, geothermal, hydrogeochemical and geophysical research and remote sensing) will be used to construct conceptual models of systems, perform 3D geological modelling, hydrogeological and thermal parametrisation of the geological units involved in the thermal fluid flow, and conduct numerical simulations of system functioning in undisturbed conditions and with different extraction scenarios.</p><p>This methodology will be tested in three pilot areas in Croatia where thermal water is being utilized (Daruvar, Hrvatsko zagorje and Topusko). These three areas have significantly different levels of initial data availability and it shall therefore be determined which methodology and order of application of different methods should be applied while researching the systems with considerable existing data, medium amount of data and very scarce data, respectively.</p><p>Keywords : hydrothermal system, natural thermal spring, multidisciplinary research, Croatia</p><p>References</p><p>Borović, S. & Marković, T. 2015 : Utilization and tourism valorisation of geothermal waters in Croatia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44, pp. 52-63.</p><p>Borović, S., Marković, T., Larva, O., Brkić, Ž. & Mraz, V. 2016 : Mineral and Thermal Waters in the Croatian Part of the Pannonian Basin. U: Papić, P., ur., Mineral and Thermal Waters of Southeastern Europe. Cham: Springer, pp. 31-45.</p><p> </p><p>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</p><p>The Installation Research project HyTheC (UIP-2019-04-1218) is funded by the Croatian Science Foundation.</p>

scholarly journals Thermal regime of mining products in the presence of thermal water on the example of the mines of Tkvarcheli of Lenin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Lanchava ◽  
Shurman Oniani ◽  
Teimuraz Pirtskhalava
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Mine Workings ◽  
Water Cut ◽  
Intense Heat

Mine workings located in the areas of the ascending movement of thermal waters are characterized by intense water flow and significant water cut. Our observations and calculations showed that when hot water is poured into the workings, mainly due to the intense heat and mass transfer from water to air, the increase in the heat content of the ventilation stream increases sharply and over 100-300 m (depending on the air flow rate) the temperature mine air saturated with water vapor becomes approximately equal to the temperature of hot waters. Therefore, without preliminary diversion or elimination of the inflow of hot water, in this case, the creation of normal climatic conditions in mine workings is practically impossible.

scholarly journals An important plesiosaur discovery from the Oxford Clay: how cooperation between science and industry is benefitting palaeontology

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Harrington ◽  
Mark R Graham ◽  
Cliff Nicklin ◽  
Mark Wildman ◽  
Shona Tranter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Mature Individual ◽  
Public Display ◽  
Important Resource ◽  
Vertebrate Palaeontology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Clay Formation ◽  
Marine Reptile

The Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation is renowned for its abundant and well preserved marine reptile fossils. In recent years, however, the primary source of these fossils, the brick making industry, has gone into serious decline – so much so that there is only one remaining working quarry in the Lower Oxford Clay and, with the future of UK brick manufacturing unclear, the importance of this quarry to vertebrate palaeontology should not be underestimated. The Oxford Clay Working Group (OCWG) was set up in 2011, in collaboration with the quarry owners, to collect, protect and document vertebrate fossils from this very important resource. Despite collecting unassociated fossils, particularly teeth and isolated bones, efforts to secure articulated or disarticulated skeletons have been hampered by modern quarrying techniques and a change of practice in excavating to the most productive levels. Here we report on a newly recovered, partially articulated plesiosaur skeleton representing a fully mature individual, which was saved because of the combined efforts of the OCWG in conjunction with both the quarry owners and employees. The specimen, which has been safely conserved and secured by the group, will be deposited into an accredited institution and so made available for scientific study and, perhaps, public display. It is planned that the skull block is CT scanned which may not only provide hitherto unknown data relative to Plesiosauroidea but may help, together with other skeletal elements, to solve anatomical and taxonomic problems within Cryptoclididae and, perhaps, Elasmosauridae.

scholarly journals Geothermal potential, chemical characteristic and utilization of groundwater in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Petrović Pantić ◽  
Katarina Atanasković Samolov ◽  
Jana Štrbački ◽  
Milan Tomić
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Pannonian Basin ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Hydrochemical Facies ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Groundwater Temperature ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Geothermal Potential

Abstract In order to collect and unify data about all geothermal resources in Serbia, a database is formed. The database allows us to perceive the geothermal resources of Serbia and their potential for utilization. Based on the data available in the geothermal database, the estimated temperatures of reservoirs, heat power, and geothermal energy utilization were calculated. The database contains 293 objects (springs, boreholes) registered at 160 locations with groundwater temperature in the range between 20°C and 111°C. The maximum expected temperature of the reservoir is 146°C (according to the SiO2 geothermometer). Some thermal water is cooled while mixed with cold, shallow water. Geothermal resources are mostly used for balneology and recreation, and less for heating, water supply, bottling, fish and animal farms, agriculture, and technical water. 26% of all geothermal resources is used by the local population or has not been used at all. The annual utilization of geothermal energy for direct heat is 1507 TJ/yr, and the estimated capacity of geothermal energy in Serbia is 111 MWt. The results of analytical work were presented in the form of maps with a geological and hydrogeological background. Thermal waters are mostly registrated in the area of Tertiary magmatism. The three geothermal potential areas are identified: Pannonian basin-Vojvodina Province, Mačva-Srem and area from Jošanička Banja to Vranjska Banja (southern Serbia). Based on chemical analyses, four hydrochemical facies are distinguished. Thermal water mainly belongs to NaHCO3 or CaMgHCO3 hydrochemical facies, usually depending on the primary aquifer: karst, karst-fissured, intergranular or fissured.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Geothermometry Applications of Thermal Waters in Coastal Xinzhou and Shenzao Geothermal Fields, Guangdong, China

Geofluids ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Guoping Lu ◽  
Bill X. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Geothermal Waters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Granite Batholith

Two separate groups of geothermal waters have been identified in the coastal region of Guangdong, China. One is Xinzhou thermal water of regional groundwater flow system in a granite batholith and the other is thermal water derived from shallow coastal aquifers in Shenzao geothermal field, characterized by high salinity. The hydrochemical characteristics of the thermal waters were examined and characterized as Na-Cl and Ca-Na-Cl types, which are very similar to that of seawater. The hydrochemical evolution is revealed by analyzing the correlations of components versus Cl and their relative changes for different water samples, reflecting different extents of water-rock interactions and clear mixing trends with seawaters. Nevertheless, isotopic data indicate that thermal waters are all of the meteoric origins. Isotopic data also allowed determination of different recharge elevations and presentation of different mixing proportions of seawater with thermal waters. The reservoir temperatures were estimated by chemical geothermometries and validated by fluid-mineral equilibrium calculations. The most reliable estimates of reservoir temperature lie in the range of 148–162°C for Xinzhou and the range of 135–144°C for Shenzao thermal waters, based on the retrograde and prograde solubilities of anhydrite and chalcedony. Finally, a schematic cross-sectional fault-hydrology conceptual model was proposed.

Ground movements associated with thermal water production from the Buda Thermal Karst (Hungary) by PS-InSAR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eszter Békési ◽  
Gyula Grenérczy ◽  
Sándor Frey ◽  
Péter Farkas ◽  
Jan-Diederik van Wees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Water ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Elastic Half Space ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Persistent Scatterer ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
Fault Structures ◽  
Extraction Processes ◽  
Buda Thermal Karst

<p>Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar has been used worldwide for investigating ground deformation due to subsurface extraction processes. However, in the Central and Eastern European region, no such studies are available so far. We present a case study for the Buda Thermal Karst demonstrating the effectiveness of satellite-based monitoring of the region. Budapest (and the whole territory of Hungary) is well-known from balneology for centuries. Thermal bathes in Budapest mainly utilize water discharging from carbonate reservoirs. Hot springs in the area are commonly located along fault zones controlling the groundwater flow systems. We investigate ground deformation in the vicinity of the Buda Thermal Karst by Persistent Scatterer time series analysis based on Sentinel-1 data for the period of 2014-2018. Results show that surface movements associated with the extraction of thermal water and groundwater recharge and discharge exist. Inverse geodetic modeling based on various deformation sources embedded in an elastic half-space is applied to infer for reservoir processes and properties and fault structures controlling fluid pathways. The modeling results are jointly interpreted with geological and hydrogeological models of the area. The satellite-based monitoring together with the modeling results allow a better understanding of the characteristics of fluid flow systems in the area and the dynamics of geothermal reservoirs under production. Such information can be of high importance for the sustainable production of thermal water in the future.</p>

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF A FLOWSTONE-LIKE HISTORICAL INDOOR-TRAVERTINE (RUDAS SPA, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY) USING THE 14C “BOMB-PEAK”

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1419-1435
Author(s):  
Magdolna Virág ◽  
Mihály Molnár ◽  
Mihály Braun ◽  
Andrea Mindszenty
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Isotope Geochemistry ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Textural Features ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nuclear Tests ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Buda Thermal Karst

ABSTRACTTravertine precipitated during the past ca. 120 years, from thermal waters in one of the historical Spas of the Buda Thermal Karst (Hungary) was investigated using radiocarbon (14C). The age of the deposit is based on the historic date of the structure on which the travertine was deposited. A textural study of the travertine buildup using a ~22-cm-long diamond-core crosscutting was undertaken. The original aim of the study was to improve our understanding of the controls and possibly also the rate of travertine-precipitation. In addition to characteristic, mm-scale, regular laminations, 0.5–1.0 cm dark-colored intervals were also observed in the core. Correlation of these latter textural changes with well-known changes in the water management of the Spa was greatly hindered by the lack of age data from the interior of the core. Therefore, in addition to the two known points (beginning in 1883 AD and ending 2004 AD) at least one age-datum point, somewhere inbetween, was necessary. Since the timespan of the core obviously included the 1960s of the last century, we expected that the 14C anomaly related to the atmospheric nuclear tests of those years could be detected by isotope-geochemistry. This paper gives a brief overview of the textural features of the investigated travertine and presents the dataset proving the incorporation of considerable amounts of atmospheric carbon in the carbonate precipitate, which, indeed, facilitated the indirect dating of the part of the core containing “bomb” 14C, and this helped us to unfold the factors controlling the observed textural changes of the travertine.

scholarly journals Hydrogeothermal modelling vs. inorganic chemical composition of thermal waters from the area of Carballiño (NW Spain)

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Delgado-Outeiriño ◽  
P. Araujo-Nespereira ◽  
J. A. Cid-Fernández ◽  
J. C. Mejuto ◽  
E. Martínez-Carballo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Group I ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Inorganic Chemical ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

Abstract. Hydrothermic features in Galicia (northwest Spain) have been used since ancient times for therapeutic purposes. A characterization of these thermal waters was carried out in order to understand their behaviour based on inorganic pattern and water-rock interaction mechanisms. In this way 15 thermal water samples were collected in the same hydrographical system. The selected thermal water samples were classified using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis in two groups according to their chemical composition: group I with the young water samples and group II with the samples with longest water-rock contact time. This classification agreed with the results obtained by the use of geothermometers and hydrogeochemical modelling, where the samples were classified into two categories according their residence time in the reservoir and their water-rock interaction.

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