scholarly journals Chemical Characterization of Pope Pius VII Ancient Ecclesiastical Vestment by a Multi-Analytical Approach

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1616-1638
Author(s):  
Donata Magrini ◽  
Susanna Bracci ◽  
Roberta Iannaccone ◽  
Lucia Nucci ◽  
Barbara Salvadori
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Analytical Protocol ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper presents a multi-analytical investigation performed for the study of the ecclesiastical vestment, with insignia, of Pope Pius VII, painted from the end of the 18th up to the beginning of the 19th century, made of five clothing elements: chasuble, stole, maniple, chalice veil and purse. The aim of this research was to assess the conservation state of the silk and painted backgrounds; to define the manufacturing technique of the work; to localize, if present, the underdrawing and any retouching; to identify the pigments and, where possible, the binders used. A diagnostic protocol was developed based on preliminary investigations through multiband imaging techniques known as MBI (visible, ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence (UVL), near-infrared reflected (NIR) and infrared reflected false color (IRRFC) photography). The images acquired with MBI techniques ensured a more specific choice of spots to be analyzed directly in situ by non-invasive techniques. In particular, portable digital optical microscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were performed. Two fragments detached from the chasuble were also analyzed by microFT-IR, microRaman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Application of the multi-analytical protocol enabled the materials used to be characterized and helped to define the peculiar execution technique used. The presence of an underdrawing made with a carbon pencil was highlighted by MBI. Red lakes, iron-based pigments and copper-based pigments have been identified on the painting palette, applied with arabic gum as a binder.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Assessment of Intravascular Pressure Gradients: A Review of Current and Proposed Novel Methods

Diagnostics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tin-Quoc Nguyen ◽  
Kristoffer Hansen ◽  
Thor Bechsgaard ◽  
Lars Lönn ◽  
Jørgen Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Bernoulli Equation ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Invasive catheterization is associated with a low risk of serious complications. However, although it is the gold standard for measuring pressure gradients, it induces changes to blood flow and requires significant resources. Therefore, non-invasive alternatives are urgently needed. Pressure gradients are routinely estimated non-invasively in clinical settings using ultrasound and calculated with the simplified Bernoulli equation, a method with several limitations. A PubMed literature search on validation of non-invasive techniques was conducted, and studies were included if non-invasively estimated pressure gradients were compared with invasively measured pressure gradients in vivo. Pressure gradients were mainly estimated from velocities obtained with Doppler ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. Most studies used the simplified Bernoulli equation, but more recent studies have employed the expanded Bernoulli and Navier–Stokes equations. Overall, the studies reported good correlation between non-invasive estimation of pressure gradients and catheterization. Despite having strong correlations, several studies reported the non-invasive techniques to either overestimate or underestimate the invasive measurements, thus questioning the accuracy of the non-invasive methods. In conclusion, more advanced imaging techniques may be needed to overcome the shortcomings of current methods.

scholarly journals The Art of Everyday Objects: A Non-Invasive In Situ Investigation of Materials and Techniques of Italian Pop Art Paintings on Aluminium

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-60
Author(s):  
Margherita Longoni ◽  
Norma Cicala ◽  
Vittoria Guglielmi ◽  
Gianluca Poldi ◽  
Silvia Bruni
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Pop Art ◽  
Special Effect ◽  
Organic Pigments ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
In Situ Investigation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Visible Reflectance

Two paintings, made on aluminium support by Silvio Pasotti (among the major exponents of 1960s Italian pop art) were investigated in a totally non-invasive manner to identify the materials used by the artist. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), visible reflectance spectroscopy, and spectrofluorimetry with visible excitation were exploited as molecular analysis techniques, which are particularly suitable to recognise also synthetic organic materials, such as pigments and binders. The effectiveness of this multi-analytical approach was demonstrated, leading to the identification of several synthetic organic pigments, both conventional and “special effect” ones, introduced during the first half of the 20th century, as well as some well-established inorganic ones. Combining FTIR results both in the medium and near IR ranges, considerations regarding the binders employed by the artist could also be made, suggesting the use of both nitrocellulose and acrylic paints. Imaging techniques, such as IR reflectography, false colour IR, UV induced fluorescence, and portable microscopy, were also used to achieve a better knowledge of the painting practice.

scholarly journals A Bright Future for Fluorescence Imaging of Fungi in Living Hosts

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambre Chapuis ◽  
Elizabeth Ballou ◽  
Donna MacCallum
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Models ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reporter Proteins ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Traditional in vivo investigation of fungal infection and new antifungal therapies in mouse models is usually carried out using post mortem methodologies. However, biomedical imaging techniques focusing on non-invasive techniques using bioluminescent and fluorescent proteins have become valuable tools. These new techniques address ethical concerns as they allow reduction in the number of animals required to evaluate new antifungal therapies. They also allow better understanding of the growth and spread of the pathogen during infection. In this review, we concentrate on imaging technologies using different fungal reporter proteins. We discuss the advantages and limitations of these different reporters and compare the efficacy of bioluminescent and fluorescent proteins for fungal research.

Desain Alat Ukur Kadar Asam Urat Non-Invasive Dengan Sensor Near Infrared

Lontara ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Usman Umar ◽  
Hasmah Hasmah ◽  
Risnawaty Alyah ◽  
Anita Nur Syam
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Test Strip ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Uric Acid ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Gout disease or commonly known as gout arthritis is a disease caused by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in the body. Monitoring blood uric acid levels is currently still using invasive techniques by taking blood samples to be included in the test strip, this invasive technique measurement requires money and time to come to health clinics so that many people cannot monitor blood uric acid levels on a regular basis. This study aims to develop a measuring instrument for monitoring blood uric acid levels using sensors by utilizing the absorption and reflectance of infrared rays so that gout sufferers and other individuals can monitor blood uric acid levels regularly and are easy to use. The method of developing non-invasive techniques focuses on monitoring blood uric acid levels using a NIR sensor with an IR LED with a wavelength of 940 nm as a transmitter and a photodiode as a detector at a wavelength of 700-1300 nm and a microcontroller as a minimum system for control. The first stage is measuring uric acid levels with invasive techniques on participants and at the same time measuring voltages with sensors, the results with invasive techniques are correlated with sensor output voltages to obtain non-linear equations in polynomial form, for conversion programs on the microcontroller. The second stage is measuring uric acid levels with invasive techniques and invasive measurements on participants at the same time. Both monitoring results were analyzed by simple ANOVA statistics and calculated SEP and RMSE to determine the accuracy of the prediction equation and its accuracy value.

scholarly journals Detecting the NIR Fingerprint of Colors: The Characteristic Response of Modern Blue Pigments

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2255-2261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yivlialin ◽  
Galli ◽  
Raimondo ◽  
Martini ◽  
Sassella
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Composite Sample ◽  
Model Composite ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), and near infrared (NIR) range is widely applied to art studies for the characterization of paints and pigments, with the advantages of non-invasive techniques. Isolating and detecting the fingerprint of pigments, especially in the NIR range, is quite challenging, since the presence of vibrational transitions of the most common organic functional groups prevents to relate the optical spectrum of a composite sample, as an artwork is, to each one of its elements (i.e., support, binder, and specific pigment). In this work, a method is presented to obtain the UV-Vis-NIR optical response of the single components of a model composite sample reproducing an artwork, i.e., the support, the binder, and the pigment or dye, by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. This allowed us to obtain the NIR spectral fingerprint of blue pigments and to identify specific features possibly applicable for detecting cobalt and phthalocyanine blue colors in artwork analysis.

scholarly journals Pemantauan Kadar Asam Urat Non Invasive Real Time Menggunakan Sensor Near Infrared

Lontara ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Usman Umar ◽  
Risnawaty Alyah
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
P Value ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Gout or gout arthritis is a disease caused by the accumulation of monosodium uric crystals in the body. Uric acid is the result of the final metabolism of purines, which is a component of nucleic acids found in the body's cell nucleus. Increased uric acid can cause disturbances in the human body such as feelings of pain. The standard system used to measure uric acid levels in the blood, in general, is an invasive system that uses blood samples and is performed in clinics, health centers, and hospitals at a high cost. This research aims to develop a non-invasive system measuring gout using Near Infrared (NIR) sensor with 940 nm LED and Photodiode as a detector at a wavelength range of 600-1300 nm. The method of developing this tool begins with the stages, conducting a literature study resulting in tool design and tool making as well as tool validation by comparing invasive and non-invasive techniques. The results of this study produce a simple gout monitoring tool with an error value of 4% and low cost and easy to use. Analysis of the results of the tests using analysis of variance P-value> 0.05 and the t-test P (T <= t) 0.45> α shows that the tool designed can be used to monitor gout.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Methods for Predicting the Quality of Processed Horticultural Food Products, with Emphasis on Dried Powders, Juices and Oils: A Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3061
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ekene Okere ◽  
Ebrahiema Arendse ◽  
Helene Nieuwoudt ◽  
Olaniyi Amos Fawole ◽  
Willem Jacobus Perold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
On Line ◽  
Horticultural Products ◽  
Invasive Techniques

This review covers recent developments in the field of non-invasive techniques for the quality assessment of processed horticultural products over the past decade. The concept of quality and various quality characteristics related to evaluating processed horticultural products are detailed. A brief overview of non-invasive methods, including spectroscopic techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance, and hyperspectral imaging techniques, is presented. This review highlights their application to predict quality attributes of different processed horticultural products (e.g., powders, juices, and oils). A concise summary of their potential commercial application for quality assessment, control, and monitoring of processed agricultural products is provided. Finally, we discuss their limitations and highlight other emerging non-invasive techniques applicable for monitoring and evaluating the quality attributes of processed horticultural products. Our findings suggest that infrared spectroscopy (both near and mid) has been the preferred choice for the non-invasive assessment of processed horticultural products, such as juices, oils, and powders, and can be adapted for on-line quality control. Raman spectroscopy has shown potential in the analysis of powdered products. However, imaging techniques, such as hyperspectral imaging and X-ray computed tomography, require improvement on data acquisition, processing times, and reduction in the cost and size of the devices so that they can be adopted for on-line measurements at processing facilities. Overall, this review suggests that non-invasive techniques have the potential for industrial application and can be used for quality assessment.

Comparative evaluation of marginal integrity of two new fissure sealants using invasive and non-invasive techniques: a SEM study

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhar Vineet ◽  
Shobha Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Dental Materials ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Fissure Sealants ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Marginal Integrity ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Dental Diseases ◽  
Plaque Control ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Invasive Techniques

In this era of preventive dentistry, many dental materials used for prevention of dental diseases are available. Since last few decades efforts are being directed towards prevention of dental caries which is one of the major dental diseases tormenting mankind. The main avenues available are plaque control, use of systemic and local fluorides and use of fissure sealants. There are many factors that contribute towards a successful sealant restoration such as properties of enamel, duration of etching, acid used for etching, manipulative variables. However, one of the prime factors governing the efficacy and life expectancy of a sealant is the marginal adaptability. This study was carried out on a total of 40 intact premolar teeth, which were divided in four main groups and subjected to evaluation under Scanning Electron Microscope. The parameters checked were the width and the number of marginal gaps. The results obtained showed that Teethmate had better marginal integrity and favored the use of invasive technique over non-invasive technique.

scholarly journals Imaging techniques as a method of sectional examination in forensic veterinary medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6005-2018
Author(s):  
MAŁGORZATA GRELA ◽  
PIOTR LISTOS ◽  
MAGDALENA GRYZIŃSKA ◽  
WOJCIECH CHAGOWSKI ◽  
GRZEGORZ BUSZEWICZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minimally Invasive Techniques ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Body Scanning ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Techniques

An autopsy or necropsy can be performed only once; therefore, its proper execution is of fundamental importance in explaining the cause of death. The protocol with photographic documentation is an integral part of the autopsy, but sometimes it does not fully reflect the state of the body and the pathological changes observed at each stage of the procedure. These shortcomings are addressed by modern imaging techniques, which are increasingly used during the autopsy of human bodies, but quite rarely during necropsy of animals. Non-invasive techniques (CT, MRI, or photogrammetry with laser body scanning), or in some cases also minimally invasive techniques (biopsy), enable comprehensive analysis of the carcass, but Virtopsy is only a supplement to the classical autopsy, especially in veterinary forensic medicine..

New frontiers in multispectral chemical imaging

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Michael D. Schaeberle ◽  
Patrick J. Treado
Keyword(s):  
Indium Antimonide ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Platinum Silicide ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ccd Detectors

Recent advancements in visible and near-infrared multichannel detectors as well as the availability of novel imaging quality tunable filters make multispectral chemical imaging microscopy viable for routine materials characterization. Our research involves the development and application of chemical imaging methods that are rapid, non-invasive, and intuitive. The methods require limited sample preparation, and can be performed at high spectral and spatial resolution.The chemical imaging techniques employ Raman scattering, fluorescence emission or infrared absorption spectroscopies in combination with optical microscopy. In general, the methods provide qualitative and quantitative information about the composition and distribution of constituents within a wide host of materials, including biological tissues, polymers, and semiconductors.Silicon charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors are widely utilized for image detection in visible microscopy. Currently underutilized, but providing significant capabilities for chemical imaging based on infrared vibrational absorption are focal plane array (FPA) detectors providing sensitivity in the near-infrared and mid infrared. These include cameras constructed from indium antimonide (InSb), platinum silicide (PtSi), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and mercury cadmium telluride (MCT).

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