scholarly journals Water Use and Yield Responses of Chile Pepper Cultivars Irrigated with Brackish Groundwater and Reverse Osmosis Concentrate

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Gurjinder S. Baath ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla ◽  
Paul W. Bosland ◽  
Stephanie J. Walker ◽  
Rupinder K. Saini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
Chile Peppers ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Ro Concentrate

Freshwater availability is declining in most of semi-arid and arid regions across the world, including the southwestern United States. The use of marginal quality groundwater has been increasing for sustaining agriculture in these arid regions. Reverse Osmosis (RO) can treat brackish groundwater, but the possibility of using an RO concentrate for irrigation needs further exploration. This greenhouse study evaluates the water use and yield responses of five selected chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars irrigated with natural brackish groundwater and RO concentrate. The four saline water treatments used for irrigation were tap water with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.6 dS m−1 (control), groundwater with EC 3 and 5 dS m−1, and an RO concentrate with EC 8 dS m−1. The evapotranspiration (ET) of all chile pepper cultivars decreased and the leaching fraction (LF) increased, particularly in the 5 dS m−1 and 8 dS m−1 irrigation treatments. Based on the water use efficiency (WUE) of the selected chile pepper cultivars, brackish water with an EC ≤ 3 dS/m could be used for irrigation in scarce freshwater areas while maintaining the appropriate LFs. A piecewise linear function resulted in a threshold soil electrical conductivity (ECe) ranging between 1.0–1.3 dS m−1 for the tested chile pepper cultivars. Both piecewise linear and sigmoid non-linear functions suggested that the yield reductions in chile peppers irrigated with Ca2+ rich brackish groundwater were less than those reported in studies using an NaCl-dominant saline solution. Further research is needed to understand the role of supplementary calcium in improving the salt tolerance of chile peppers.

scholarly journals Magnetic Field Influence on The Properties of Water Treated by Reverse Osmosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 4433-4439 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Karkush ◽  
M. D. Ahmed ◽  
S. M. A. Al-Ani
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Main Application ◽  
Swelling Soil ◽  
Field Influence ◽  
Magnetic Water

The current study is focused on reviewing the rapid growing of magnetic water use in different science fields and in measuring the influence of several intensities of magnetization on the chemical and electrical properties of tap water treated by reverse osmosis. This work includes water circulation for 24h in magnetic fields of intensities 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000G. The magnetization of water increases some ions in the water such as Mg, K, Na, Cl, and SiO2and decreases Ca and SO3. The main application of magnetic water is the improvement of the geotechnical properties of soft and swelling soil through precipitation of calcite in pores which increases the bond between soil particles and the strength of the soil.

scholarly journals Germination and Emergence Responses of Alfalfa, Triticale and Quinoa Irrigated with Brackish Groundwater and Desalination Concentrate

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Vanaja Kankarla ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla ◽  
Geno A. Picchioni ◽  
Dawn VanLeeuwen ◽  
Brian J. Schutte
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
As Species ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Ro Concentrate

Increasing human population has raised the demand for food and forage production for a secure future. Current agriculture is challenged by increasing salinity and decreasing vegetation, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Western United States, especially, New Mexico is confronting continued drought, sodic soils, and degrading rangelands. Groundwater is increasingly used to supplement surface water for irrigation, despite being brackish, with an EC greater than 3 dSm−1. One way to supplement irrigation water supply is to desalinize brackish groundwater using a reverse osmosis (RO) process and utilize the RO concentrate to irrigate food and forage crops. The objective of this study were to determine the germination and emergence of three species, alfalfa (Medicago sativa-VNS (variety not stated)), triticale (×Triticosecale (VNS)), and quinoa (Chenopodium californicum-hand selected from native stand in S. California), when irrigated with brackish and RO concentrate waters. A germination experiment was conducted with alfalfa, triticale, and quinoa for 20 days in growth chambers set at their optimum germination temperatures of 29/18 °C, 17/7 °C, and 17/7.2 °C day/night, respectively, with a 12-hour photoperiod. An emergence experiment was conducted with the same species under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. In both the experiments, seeds were irrigated with four irrigation water salinity treatments (EC 0.7 dSm−1 (tap water as control)), 4.0 dSm−1 brackish groundwater (BGW), 8.0 dSm−1 reverse osmosis concentrate (RO), and 10.0 dSm−1 (BGW + NaCl) irrigation. Germination %, and emergence %, mean germination and emergence time, germination and emergence index, Timson’s index and Timson’s modified index were calculated. Results showed triticale had the highest germination % (80.5% as soils main effect and 87.84 % as species main effect irrespective of salinity) and emergence % (91.25% with control and BGW, 87.19% with RO) while quinoa was the most sensitive to salinity. Sand soil was favorable promoting higher germination up to 8 dSm−1 and clay soil promoted good emergence in alfalfa and triticale. The mean germination and emergence time was the shortest for triticale followed by alfalfa and longest for quinoa. This clearly demonstrates triticale as a promising salt tolerant forage species that can be cultivated in dry and degraded rangelands.

Effect of the structure of cellulose acetate membranes on their permeability, electrical conductivity and rejection

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 2933-2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Hartmut Schwarz ◽  
Vlastimil Kůdela ◽  
Klaus Richau
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Dc Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membranes

Ultrafiltration cellulose acetate membrane can be transformed by annealing into reverse osmosis membranes (RO type). Annealing brings about changes in structural properties of the membranes, accompanied by changes in their permeability behaviour and electrical properties. Correlations between structure parameters and electrochemical properties are shown for the temperature range 20-90 °C. Relations have been derived which explain the role played by the dc electrical conductivity in the characterization of rejection ability of the membranes in the reverse osmosis, i.e. rRO = (1 + exp (A-B))-1, where exp A and exp B are statistically significant correlation functions of electrical conductivity and salt permeation, or of electrical conductivity and water flux through the membrane, respectively.

scholarly journals Spatial–Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Agricultural Water Use Efficiency in Northwest China—Based on a Super-DEA Model and a Spatial Panel Econometric Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Weinan Lu ◽  
Wenxin Liu ◽  
Mengyang Hou ◽  
Yuanjie Deng ◽  
Yue Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Agricultural Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Semi Arid

Improving agricultural water use efficiency (AWUE) is an important way to solve the shortage of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions. This study used the Super-DEA (data envelopment analysis) to measure the AWUE of 52 cities in Northwest China from 2000 to 2018. Based on spatial and temporal perspectives, it applied Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) to explore the dynamic evolution and regional differences of AWUE. A spatial econometric model was then used to analyze the main factors that influence the AWUE in Northwest China. The results showed firstly that the overall AWUE in Northwest China from 2000 to 2018 presented a steady upward trend. However, only a few cities achieved effective agricultural water usage by 2018, and the differences among cities were obvious. Secondly, AWUE showed an obvious spatial autocorrelation in Northwest China and showed significant high–high and low–low agglomeration characteristics. Thirdly, economic growth, urbanization development, and effective irrigation have significant, positive effects on AWUE, while per capita water resource has a significant, negative influence. Finally, when improving the AWUE in arid and semi-arid regions, plans should be formulated according to local conditions. The results of this study can provide new ideas on the study of AWUE in arid and semi-arid regions and provide references for the formulation of regional agricultural water resource utilization policies as well.

scholarly journals Using hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity data to distinguish between mountain-front and mountain-block recharge to basin aquifers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1629-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Bresciani ◽  
Roger H. Cranswick ◽  
Eddie W. Banks ◽  
Jordi Batlle-Aguilar ◽  
Peter G. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Hydraulic Head ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Quaternary Aquifers ◽  
Groundwater Systems ◽  
Flow Directions ◽  
Electrical Conductivity Data

Abstract. Numerous basin aquifers in arid and semi-arid regions of the world derive a significant portion of their recharge from adjacent mountains. Such recharge can effectively occur through either stream infiltration in the mountain-front zone (mountain-front recharge, MFR) or subsurface flow from the mountain (mountain-block recharge, MBR). While a thorough understanding of recharge mechanisms is critical for conceptualizing and managing groundwater systems, distinguishing between MFR and MBR is difficult. We present an approach that uses hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity (EC) data to distinguish between MFR and MBR. These variables are inexpensive to measure, and may be readily available from hydrogeological databases in many cases. Hydraulic heads can provide information on groundwater flow directions and stream–aquifer interactions, while chloride concentrations and EC values can be used to distinguish between different water sources if these have a distinct signature. Such information can provide evidence for the occurrence or absence of MFR and MBR. This approach is tested through application to the Adelaide Plains basin, South Australia. The recharge mechanisms of this basin have long been debated, in part due to difficulties in understanding the hydraulic role of faults. Both hydraulic head and chloride (equivalently, EC) data consistently suggest that streams are gaining in the adjacent Mount Lofty Ranges and losing when entering the basin. Moreover, the data indicate that not only the Quaternary aquifers but also the deeper Tertiary aquifers are recharged through MFR and not MBR. It is expected that this finding will have a significant impact on the management of water resources in the region. This study demonstrates the relevance of using hydraulic head, chloride and EC data to distinguish between MFR and MBR.

scholarly journals Treatments of reverse osmosis concentrate using natural zeolites

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Taherifar ◽  
Sima Rezvantalab ◽  
Fatemeh Bahadori ◽  
Omid Sadrzadeh Khoei
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Natural Zeolites ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Brine Treatment ◽  
Rhyolitic Tuff ◽  
Ro Concentrate

Abstract The purpose of the current study is to experimentally investigate the reduction of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) from a concentrated stream of reversed osmosis (RO) using natural zeolites. In order to reduce the salinity of solution, experiments were carried out using zeolites of varying concentration, pretreatment of adsorbents, and the addition of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The results show that both zeolites can be used in an RO brine treatment; however, Rhyolitic tuff is more effective than clinoptilolite for the reduction of water salinity. The experiments show that Rhyolitic tuff decreases salinity of RO concentrate to nearly one – third of the initial value. Statistical analyses show that the effect of zeolite concentration is negligible. Furthermore, the addition of EDTA and pretreatment of zeolite increase the SAR values.

Development and Evaluation of a Variable-Rate Irrigation Management Method in the Mississippi Delta

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-298
Author(s):  
Ruixiu Sui ◽  
Jonnie Baggard
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water Productivity ◽  
Variable Rate Irrigation

HighlightsWe developed and evaluated a variable-rate irrigation (VRI) management method for five crop years in the Mississippi Delta.VRI management significantly reduced irrigation water use in comparison with uniform-rate irrigation (URI). There was no significant difference in grain yield and irrigation water productivity between VRI and URI management.Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was used to delineate irrigation management zones and generate VRI prescriptions.Sensor-measured soil water content was used in irrigation scheduling.Abstract. Variable-rate irrigation (VRI) allows producers to site-specifically apply irrigation water at variable rates within a field to account for the temporal and spatial variability in soil and plant characteristics. Developing practical VRI methods and documenting the benefits of VRI application are critical to accelerate the adoption of VRI technologies. Using apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) and soil moisture sensors, a VRI method was developed and evaluated with corn and soybean for five crop years in the Mississippi Delta. Soil ECa of the study fields was mapped and used to delineate VRI management zones and create VRI prescriptions. Irrigation was scheduled using soil volumetric water content measured by soil moisture sensors. A center pivot VRI system was employed to deliver irrigation water according to the VRI prescription. Grain yield, irrigation water use, and irrigation water productivity in the VRI treatment were determined and compared with that in a uniform-rate irrigation (URI) treatment. Results showed that the grain yield and irrigation water productivity between the VRI and URI treatments were not statistically different with both corn and soybean crops. The VRI management significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water by 22% in corn and by 11% in soybean (p = 0.05). Adoption of VRI management could improve irrigation water use efficiency in the Mississippi Delta. Keywords: Soil electrical conductivity, Soil moisture sensor, Variable rate irrigation, Water management.

Potential yield and water-use efficiency benefits in sorghum from limited maximum transpiration rate

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Sinclair ◽  
Graeme L. Hammer ◽  
Erik J. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Responses

Limitations on maximum transpiration rates, which are commonly observed as midday stomatal closure, have been observed even under well-watered conditions. Such limitations may be caused by restricted hydraulic conductance in the plant or by limited supply of water to the plant from uptake by the roots. This behaviour would have the consequences of limiting photosynthetic rate, increasing transpiration efficiency, and conserving soil water. A key question is whether the conservation of water will be rewarded by sustained growth during seed fill and increased grain yield. This simulation analysis was undertaken to examine consequences on sorghum yield over several years when maximum transpiration rate was imposed in a model. Yields were simulated at four locations in the sorghum-growing area of Australia for 115 seasons at each location. Mean yield was increased slightly (5–7%) by setting maximum transpiration rate at 0.4 mm h–1. However, the yield increase was mainly in the dry, low-yielding years in which growers may be more economically vulnerable. In years with yield less than ∼450 g m–2, the maximum transpiration rate trait resulted in yield increases of 9–13%. At higher yield levels, decreased yields were simulated. The yield responses to restricted maximum transpiration rate were associated with an increase in efficiency of water use. This arose because transpiration was reduced at times of the day when atmospheric demand was greatest. Depending on the risk attitude of growers, incorporation of a maximum transpiration rate trait in sorghum cultivars could be desirable to increase yields in dry years and improve water use efficiency and crop yield stability.

scholarly journals Tuning capacitance wire-mesh sensor gains for measurement of conductive fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (s1) ◽  
pp. s107-s113
Author(s):  
Felipe d. A. Dias ◽  
Philipp Wiedemann ◽  
Marco J. da Silva ◽  
Eckhard Schleicher ◽  
Uwe Hampel
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Conductivity Measurement ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Front End ◽  
Multiphase Fluids ◽  
First Time

Abstract In this paper, the front-end circuit of a capacitance wire-mesh sensor (WMS) is analyzed in detail and a new methodology to tune its feedback gains is reported. This allows, for the first time, a capacitance WMS to be able to provide linear measurements of multiphase fluids with electrical conductivity greater than 100 𝜇S/cm, which is particularly important for tap water, where the conductivity is typically in between 100 S/cm and 500 𝜇S/cm. Experimental and numerical results show that the selected gains using the proposed methodology contribute to suppress cross-talk and energy losses, which in turn, reduces considerably the deviation of the conductivity measurement and the estimation of derived flow parameters, such as local and average phase fraction.

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