scholarly journals Associations of Physical Behaviours and Behavioural Reallocations with Markers of Metabolic Health: A Compositional Data Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Biddle ◽  
Charlotte Edwardson ◽  
Joseph Henson ◽  
Melanie Davies ◽  
Kamlesh Khunti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Physical Behaviour

Standard statistical modelling has shown that the reallocation of sitting time to either standing or stepping may be beneficial for metabolic health. However, this overlooks the inherent dependency of time spent in all behaviours. The aim is to examine the associations between physical behaviours and markers of metabolic health (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, 2-h glucose, 2-h insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-IS), Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index (Matsuda-ISI) while quantifying the associations of reallocating time from one physical behaviour to another using compositional analysis. Objectively measured physical behaviour data were analysed (n = 435) using compositional analysis and compositional isotemporal substitutions to estimate the association of reallocating time from one behaviour to another in a population at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Stepping time was associated with all markers of metabolic health relative to all other behaviours. Reallocating 30 min from sleep, sitting, or standing to stepping was associated with 5–6 fold lower 2-h glucose, 15–17 fold lower 2-h insulin, and higher insulin sensitivity (10–11 fold via HOMA-IS, 12–15 fold via Matsuda-ISI). Associations of reallocating time from any behaviour to stepping were maintained for 2-h glucose, 2-h insulin, and Matsuda-ISI after further adjusting for body mass index (BMI). Relocating time from stepping into sleep, sitting, or standing was associated with lower insulin sensitivity. Stepping time may be the most important behavioural composition when promoting improved metabolic health in adults at risk of T2DM.

Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Body Fat Composition, and Leptin Sensitivity in Non-Obese and Overweight/Obese Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-218
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Leptin Sensitivity ◽  
Fat Composition

Both insulin and leptin are major contributors for the body energy balance. Obesity is a state of energy imbalance and is also associated with changes in both insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between insulin sensitivity and body fat composition, and leptin sensitivity in non-obese and obese adults. A total of 86 adults participated: 42 non-obese and 44 over-weight/obese. Body fat (BF) percent was determined by skinfold method. Fasting plasma glucose was analyzed by glucose oxidase-phenol and 4 aminophenazone (GOD-PAP) method using spectro-photometer, fasting serum insulin and leptin concentrations by direct sandwich ELISA method and resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry. Leptin sensitivity index and insulin sensitivity were expressed as REE : Leptin ratio and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), respectively. It was found that median value of HOMA-IR was significantly higher [2.93 vs 1.72, p<0.01] and leptin sensitivity was significantly lower [116.76 vs 265.66, p<0.001] in the overweight/obese adults than the non-obese adults, indicating that insulin sensitivity and leptin sensitivity were markedly reduced in overweight/obese adults in compare to non-obese adults. There was a moderate degree of positive relationship between HOMA-IR and BF only in the overweight/obese (ρ=0.509, n=44, p<0.001) and all adults (ρ=0.39, n=86, p<0.001). Similarly, a weak negative relationship between leptin sensitivity index and HOMA-IR was found in the overweight/obese (ρ=-0.328, n=44, p<0.05) and all adults (ρ=-0.35, n=86, p<0.01). It can be concluded that the insulin sensitivity was adiposity dependent, but, it did not depend on leptin sensitivity.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Metabolically Healthy Obesity: Role of Insulin Sensitivity

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Vinciguerra ◽  
Andrea Tumminia ◽  
Roberto Baratta ◽  
Alfredo Ferro ◽  
Salvatore Alaimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Insulinogenic Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Obesity represents a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, but some individuals, “metabolically healthy” (MHO), show less clinical evidence of these complications, in contrast to “metabolically unhealthy” (MUO) individuals. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to assess the prevalence of the MHO phenotype in a cohort of 246 overweight/obese Italian children and adolescents, and to evaluate their characteristics and the role of insulin resistance. Homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), insulinogenic index (IGI) and disposition index (DI) were all calculated from the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). MHO was defined by either: (1) HOMA-IR < 2.5 (MHO-IRes), or (2) absence of the criteria for metabolic syndrome (MHO-MetS). The MHO prevalence, according to MHO-MetS or MHO-IRes criteria, was 37.4% and 15.8%, respectively. ISI was the strongest predictor of the MHO phenotype, independently associated with both MHO-IRes and MHO-MetS. The MHO-MetS group was further subdivided into insulin sensitive or insulin resistant on the basis of HOMA-IR (either < or ≥ 2.5). Insulin sensitive MHO-MetS patients had a better metabolic profile compared to both insulin resistant MHO-MetS and MUO-MetS individuals. These data underscore the relevance of insulin sensitivity to identifying, among young individuals with overweight/obesity, the ones who have a more favorable metabolic phenotype.

scholarly journals SUN-010 Efficacy of High Intensity Intermittent Training for Improving Cardio-Metabolic Health in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhiannon Kate Patten ◽  
Luke McIlvenna ◽  
Alba Moreno-Asso ◽  
Nigel Nigel Stepto ◽  
Danielle Hiam
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Ovary Syndrome

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex endocrinopathy with reproductive and metabolic manifestations, carrying a major health and economic burden. Exercise training has consistently been found improve clinical outcomes in women with PCOS, but shortfalls with exercise prescription are evident. Research suggests that high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT) is feasible, well tolerated and enjoyable for people with or at risk of chronic disease and can address many of the shortfalls and barriers to exercise participation. To investigate the effects of high intensity exercise, twenty-four reproductive aged, overweight and obese, previously sedentary women with PCOS were recruited from the community and randomised to complete either 12 weeks of moderate intensity continuous cycling exercise (MOD; 50-60% of maximal heart rate [HRmax]; n=11) or HIIT (90-95% HRmax; n=13). All exercise was supervised by an exercise physiologist and completed 3 times per week on a cycle ergometer. Baseline and post testing measures consisted of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) determine by a graded maximal exercise test, insulin sensitivity determined by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp, body composition outcomes and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). Enjoyment was also measured throughout the intervention using feeling scales. Significant improvements were seen for VO2peak after HIIT with an average increase of 5.6 ± 2.5 mL.kg-1.min-1 (P=0.013) and non-significant increases in the MOD group (3.4 ± 2.1 mL/kg/min; P=0.20). Body composition, fasting insulin and AMH values remained unchanged in both groups. Non-significant improvements in glucose infusion rate (3.3 ± 2.8 mg.lbmkg-1.min-1; P=0.06) and insulin sensitivity index (M-to-I ratio; 3.0 ± 3.8 mg.lbmkg-1.min-1[mU/I]-1 x 100; P=0.17) were found as a result of HIIT compared to no changes after moderate intensity exercise. Importantly, HIIT was also found to be more enjoyable than moderate intensity continuous exercise. The present study is the first to compare current exercise recommendations of moderate and vigorous intensities in women with PCOS. The results of this study provide preliminary validation of HIIT and should be considered for improving cardio-metabolic health in women with PCOS.

Women at altitude: short-term exposure to hypoxia and/or α1-adrenergic blockade reduces insulin sensitivity

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Braun ◽  
Paul B. Rock ◽  
Stacy Zamudio ◽  
Gene E. Wolfel ◽  
Robert S. Mazzeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist

After short-term exposure to high altitude (HA), men appear to be less sensitive to insulin than at sea level (SL). We hypothesized that the same would be true in women, that reduced insulin sensitivity would be directly related to the rise in plasma epinephrine concentrations at altitude, and that the addition of α-adrenergic blockade would potentiate the reduction. To test the hypotheses, 12 women consumed a high-carbohydrate meal at SL and after 16 h at simulated 4,300-m elevation (HA). Subjects were studied twice at each elevation: once with prazosin (Prz), an α1-adrenergic antagonist, and once with placebo (Pla). Mathematical models were used to assess insulin resistance based on fasting [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and postprandial [composite model insulin sensitivity index (C-ISI)] glucose and insulin concentrations. Relative to SL-Pla (HOMA-IR: 1.86 ± 0.35), insulin resistance was greater in HA-Pla (3.00 ± 0.45; P < 0.05), SL-Prz (3.46 ± 0.51; P < 0.01), and HA-Prz (2.82 ± 0.43; P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity was reduced in HA-Pla (C-ISI: 4.41 ± 1.03; P < 0.01), SL-Prz (5.73 ± 1.01; P < 0.05), and HA-Prz (4.18 ± 0.99; P < 0.01) relative to SL-Pla (8.02 ± 0.92). Plasma epinephrine was significantly elevated in HA-Pla (0.57 ± 0.08 ng/ml; P < 0.01), SL-Prz (0.42 ± 0.07; P < 0.05), and HA-Prz (0.82 ± 0.07; P < 0.01) relative to SL-Pla (0.28 ± 0.04), but correlations with HOMA-IR, HOMA-β-cell function, and C-ISI were weak. In women, short-term exposure to simulated HA reduced insulin sensitivity compared with SL. The change does not appear to be directly mediated by a concurrent rise in plasma epinephrine concentrations.

Analysis of candidate genes in Polish families with obesity

2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Malczewska-Malec ◽  
Iwona Wybranska ◽  
Iwona Leszczynska-Golabek ◽  
Lukasz Partyka ◽  
Jadwiga Hartwich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractThis study analyzes the relationship between risk factors related to overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, lipid tolerance, hypertension, endothelial function and genetic polymorphisms associated with: i) appetite regulation (leptin, melanocortin-3-receptor (MCR-3), dopamine receptor 2 (D2R)); ii) adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γThe 122 members of 40 obese Caucasian families from southern Poland participated in the study. The genotypes were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) or by direct sequencing. Phenotypes related to obesity (body mass index (BMI), fat/lean body mass composition, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)), fasting lipids, glucose, leptin and insulin, as well as insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (4 points within 2 hours) and during oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) (5 points within 8 hours) were assessed. The insulin sensitivity indexes: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, whole body insulin sensitivity index, hepatic insulin sensitivity and early secretory response to an oral glucose load (HOMA-IR, ISI-COMP, ISI-HOMA and DELTA) were calculated.The single gene mutations such as CWe conclude that the polymorphisms we investigated were weakly correlated with obesity but significantly modified the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

Sex-dependent nutritional programming: fish oil intake during early pregnancy in rats reduces age-dependent insulin resistance in male, but not female, offspring

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (4) ◽  
pp. R313-R320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima L. C. Sardinha ◽  
Flavia S. Fernandes ◽  
Maria G. Tavares do Carmo ◽  
Emilio Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Model Assessment

Prenatal and early postnatal nutritional status may predispose offspring to impaired glucose tolerance and changes in insulin sensitivity in adult life. The long-term consequences of changes in maternal dietary fatty acid composition were determined in rats. From day 1 until day 12 of pregnancy, rats were given isocaloric diets containing 9% nonvitamin fat based on soybean, olive, fish (FO), linseed, or palm oil. Thereafter, they were maintained on the standard diet; offspring were studied at different ages. Body weight at 4, 8, and 12 mo and lumbar adipose tissue and liver weights at 12 mo did not differ between females on the different diets, whereas in males the corresponding values were all lower in the offspring from the FO group compared with the other dietary groups. Plasma glucose concentrations (both basal and after an oral glucose load) did not change with sex or dietary group, but plasma insulin concentrations were lower in females than in males and, in males, were lowest in the FO group. Similar relations were found with both the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity index. In conclusion, the intake of more n–3 fatty acids (FO diet) during early pregnancy reduced both fat accretion and age-related decline in insulin sensitivity in male offspring but not in females. It is proposed that the lower adiposity caused by the increased n–3 fatty acids during the intrauterine life was responsible of the lower insulin resistance in male offspring.

scholarly journals Limited predictive ability of surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity/resistance in Asian-Indian men

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (6) ◽  
pp. E1106-E1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranganath Muniyappa ◽  
Brian A. Irving ◽  
Uma S. Unni ◽  
William M. Briggs ◽  
K. Sreekumaran Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Asian Indian ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Asian Indians ◽  
Glucose Clamp ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Indian Men

Insulin resistance is highly prevalent in Asian Indians and contributes to worldwide public health problems, including diabetes and related disorders. Surrogate measurements of insulin sensitivity/resistance are used frequently to study Asian Indians, but these are not formally validated in this population. In this study, we compared the ability of simple surrogate indices to accurately predict insulin sensitivity as determined by the reference glucose clamp method. In this cross-sectional study of Asian-Indian men ( n = 70), we used a calibration model to assess the ability of simple surrogate indices for insulin sensitivity [quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA2-IR), fasting insulin-to-glucose ratio (FIGR), and fasting insulin (FI)] to predict an insulin sensitivity index derived from the reference glucose clamp method (SIClamp). Predictive accuracy was assessed by both root mean squared error (RMSE) of prediction as well as leave-one-out cross-validation-type RMSE of prediction (CVPE). QUICKI, FIGR, and FI, but not HOMA2-IR, had modest linear correlations with SIClamp (QUICKI: r = 0.36; FIGR: r = −0.36; FI: r = −0.27; P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted among CVPE or RMSE from any of the surrogate indices when compared with QUICKI. Surrogate measurements of insulin sensitivity/resistance such as QUICKI, FIGR, and FI are easily obtainable in large clinical studies, but these may only be useful as secondary outcome measurements in assessing insulin sensitivity/resistance in clinical studies of Asian Indians.

scholarly journals The Mathematics of Compositional Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carles Barcelo-Vidal ◽  
Josep-Antoni Martín-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Scale Invariance ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Quotient Space ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Space Structure ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Quotient Spaces ◽  
Subcompositional Coherence ◽  
Logratio Transformations

The term compositional data analysis is historically associated to the approach based on the logratio transformations introduced in the eighties. Two main principles of this methodology are scale invariance and subcompositional coherence. New developments and concepts emerged in the last decade revealed the need to clarify the concepts of compositions, compositional sample space and subcomposition. In this work the mathematics of compositional analysis based on equivalence relation is presented. The two principles are essential attributes of the corresponding quotient space. A logarithmic isomorphism between quotient spaces induces a metric space structure for compositions. Using this structure, the statistical analysis of compositions consists of analysing logratio coordinates.

scholarly journals A field guide for the compositional analysis of any-omics data

GigaScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P Quinn ◽  
Ionas Erb ◽  
Greg Gloor ◽  
Cedric Notredame ◽  
Mark F Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
General Solution ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Synthesis ◽  
Library Size ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Concise Guide ◽  
Log Ratio

Abstract Background Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has made it possible to determine the sequence and relative abundance of all nucleotides in a biological or environmental sample. A cornerstone of NGS is the quantification of RNA or DNA presence as counts. However, these counts are not counts per se: their magnitude is determined arbitrarily by the sequencing depth, not by the input material. Consequently, counts must undergo normalization prior to use. Conventional normalization methods require a set of assumptions: they assume that the majority of features are unchanged and that all environments under study have the same carrying capacity for nucleotide synthesis. These assumptions are often untestable and may not hold when heterogeneous samples are compared. Results Methods developed within the field of compositional data analysis offer a general solution that is assumption-free and valid for all data. Herein, we synthesize the extant literature to provide a concise guide on how to apply compositional data analysis to NGS count data. Conclusions In highlighting the limitations of total library size, effective library size, and spike-in normalizations, we propose the log-ratio transformation as a general solution to answer the question, “Relative to some important activity of the cell, what is changing?”

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Mitigates Skeletal Muscular Lipid Metabolism Disorder Related to High-Fat-Diet Induced Insulin Resistance through the AMPK/ACC Signaling Pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixing Li ◽  
Danchun Lan ◽  
Haihua Zhang ◽  
Hongtao Zhang ◽  
Xiaozhuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Lipid Metabolism Disorder ◽  
Metabolism Disorder

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistance (IR) rats and to evaluate expression of AMPK/ACC signaling components. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control group, HFD group, HFD+Pi (oral gavage of pioglitazone) group, and HFD+EA group. Acupuncture was subcutaneously applied to Zusanli (ST40) and Sanyinjiao (SP6). For Zusanli (ST40) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), needles were connected to an electroacupuncture (EA) apparatus. Fasting plasma glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Plasma fasting insulin (FINS) and adiponectin (ADP) were determined by ELISA. Triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) were determined by Gpo-pap. Proteins of adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1), AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were determined by Western blot, respectively. Compared with the control group, HFD group exhibits increased levels of FPG, FINS, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and decreased level of ADP and insulin sensitivity index (ISI). These changes were reversed by both EA and pioglitazone. Proteins of adipoR1 and AMPK were decreased, while ACC were increased in HFD group compared to control group. Proteins of these molecules were restored back to normal levels upon EA and pioglitazone. EA can improve the insulin sensitivity of insulin resistance rats; the positive regulation of the AMPK/ACC pathway in the skeletal muscle may be a possible mechanism of EA in the treatment of IR.

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