scholarly journals Crime Risk Stations: Examining Spatiotemporal Influence of Urban Features through Distance-Aware Risk Signal Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Tugrul Cabir Hakyemez ◽  
Bertan Badur
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Signal Functions ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Spatial Influence ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Crime Risk

Static indicators may fail to capture spatiotemporal differences in the spatial influence of urban features on different crime types. In this study, with a base station analogy, we introduced crime risk stations that conceptualize the spatial influence of urban features as crime risk signals broadcasted throughout a coverage area. We operationalized these risk signals with two novel risk scores, risk strength and risk intensity, obtained from novel distance-aware risk signal functions. With a crime-specific spatiotemporal approach, through a spatiotemporal influence analysis we examined and compared these risk scores for different crime types across various spatiotemporal models. Using a correlation analysis, we examined their relationships with concentrated disadvantage. The results showed that bus stops had relatively lower risk intensity, but higher risk strength, while fast-food restaurants had a higher risk intensity, but a lower risk strength. The correlation analysis identified elevated risk intensity and strength around gas stations in disadvantaged areas during late-night hours and weekends. The results provided empirical evidence for a dynamic spatial influence that changes across space, time, and crime type. The proposed risk functions and risk scores could help in the creation of spatiotemporal crime hotspot maps across cities by accurately quantifying crime risk around urban features.

scholarly journals Does COVID-19 change dietary habits and lifestyle behaviours in Kuwait: a community-based cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wafaa Husain ◽  
Fatemah Ashkanani
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviours ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Main Meal

Abstract Background The coronavirus pandemic has transformed and continues to transform and affect the daily lives of communities worldwide, particularly due to the lockdown restrictions. Therefore, this study was designed to understand the changes in dietary and lifestyle behaviours that are major determinants of health during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire using a convenience sample of 415 adults living in Kuwait (age range 18–73 years). Results The rate of skipping breakfast remained consistent, with a slight increase during the pandemic. Lunch remained the main reported meal before and during COVID-19. Compared to before COVID-19, people were much more likely have a late-night snack or meal during COVID-19 (OR = 3.57 (95% CI 1.79–7.26), p < 0.001). Moreover, there was a drastic decrease in the frequency of fast-food consumption during COVID-19, up to 82% reported not consuming fast food (p < 0.001). There was a significant increase in the percentage of participants who had their main meal freshly made (OR = 59.18 (95% CI 6.55–1400.76), p = 0.001). Regarding food group patterns, no significant differences were found before and during the pandemic in terms of the weekly frequency of consumption, except in the case of fish and seafood. There were no remarkable changes in beverage consumption habits among participants before and during the pandemic, except for Americano coffee and fresh juice. Furthermore, there was a great reduction in physical activity and an increase in the amount of screen time and sedentary behaviours. A notable increase was detected in day-time sleep and a decrease in night-time sleep among participants. Conclusion In general, this study indicates some changes in daily life, including changes in some eating practices, physical activity and sleeping habits during the pandemic. It is important that the government considers the need for nutrition education programmes and campaigns, particularly during this critical period of the pandemic in Kuwait.

scholarly journals Could Crime Risk Be Propagated across Crime Types?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengli Wang ◽  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Theft ◽  
Vehicle Theft ◽  
Crime Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
Crime Risk ◽  
Temporal Interaction

It has long been acknowledged that crimes of the same type tend to be committed at the same location or proximity in a short period. However, the investigation of whether this phenomenon exists across crime types remains limited. The spatial-temporal clustered patterns for two types of crimes in public areas (pocket-picking and vehicle/motor vehicle theft) are separately examined. Compared with existing research, this study contributes to current research from three aspects: (1) The repeat and near-repeat phenomenon exists in two types of crimes in a large Chinese city. (2) A significant spatial-temporal interaction between pocket-picking and vehicle/motor vehicle theft exists within a range of 100 m. Some cross-crime type interactions seem to have a stronger ability of prediction than does single-crime type interaction. (3) A risk-avoiding activity is identified after spatial-temporal hotspots of another crime type. The spatial extent with increased risk is limited to a certain distance from the previous hotspots. The experimental results are analyzed and interpreted with current criminology theories.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of Nitya Virechana in Hepato cellular Jaundice – A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5902-5906
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Ayurvedic Medicine ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Hepatocellular Jaundice ◽  
Infectious Condition

Kamala is a Vikar of the pittapradoshja. The symptoms are analogous to those of jaundice. Hepatocellular jaundice is an infectious condition which affects the liver.Due to lifestyle modification, society can't follow these concepts about ‘Aahar’&Vihar’(Diet and behavioural regime)(e.g. fast food, Chinese style food, late-night sleep and day sleep. So now the maximum people in a day are going to suffer from GIT problem. Pittakar-ahar likes Vada-Pav, highly spiced food and propensity to consume alcohol is also rising gradually. Ayurveda has historically been highly proficient and has been treating liver disorders for centuries, and the drug toxicity tends to be lower than conventional medicine. Therefore the case study, like NityaVirechana, is based on Ayurvedic Medicine and Purification Therapy (Panchakarma Procedure). Acharya Charak stated the Classical Virechana is management, but the patient was lean, and his strength was not as much of, so incapable of performing classical virechan. His body structure and his strength and working pattern kept in mind, we planned Nityavirechan (daily purgation) and got a very good outcome and also saved his time for hospitalisation.

scholarly journals Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) score compared to the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) score for cardiovascular risk assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S Shemesh ◽  
K.M.N Koren Morag ◽  
S.S Segev ◽  
G.E Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Statin Therapy ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Calcium Score ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Statin Treatment ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Ethnic Study ◽  
Cv Disease

Abstract Introduction The current categorization of cardiovascular (CV) disease based on the Pooled Cohort Equations Risk (PCE) broadened the scope of candidates eligible for statin therapy. Coronary artery calcium score (CCS) identifies those who are most likely to benefit from statin therapy for primary prevention. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) score is the first that includes CCS for CV risk calculation. Aim To find whether MESA score can better predicts CV events than the PCE score and better allocates asymptomatic subjects for statin treatment Methods 632 consecutive subjects free of CV disease, mean age 56±7 years, 84% male, underwent clinical evaluation and CCS measuring. PCE and MESA risk scores were calculated for each subject. Patients were divided according to the 4 PCE categories of 10 years CV risk, and further analyzed according to a higher or lower risk groups than 7.5%, the cutoff above which statin is definitely indicated. Results During mean follow-up of 6.5±3.3 years, 54 subjects experienced a first CV event. Those with MESA risk score ≤7.5% had a favorable outcome even when the PCE indicated a risk of &gt;7.5%. The MESA risk improves the discrimination, ROC curves C-statistics increased from 0.653 for the PCE risk to 0.770. 84% (99/118) of those with borderline risk (5 to ≤7.5%) according to the PCE score, were re-allocated by the MESA risk into an higher (&gt;7.5%) or lower risk category (&lt;5%). Conclusion The MESA risk score better predicts CV events than the PCE score in asymptomatic, and contributes to better allocate them to statin treatment. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Identification of an m6A-Related Signature as Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prognosis and Correlates with Sorafenib and Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Treatment Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hongye Jiang ◽  
Gang Ning ◽  
Yensheng Wang ◽  
Weibiao Lv
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
T Cells ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Sorafenib Treatment ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Prediction Of Prognosis

Background. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays an essential role in diverse key biological processes and may take part in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we systematically analyzed the expression profiles and prognostic values of 13 widely reported m6A modification-related genes in HCC. Methods. The mRNA expression of 13 m6A modification-related genes and clinical parameters of HCC patients were downloaded from TCGA, ICGC, GSE109211, and GSE78220. Univariate and LASSO analyses were used to develop risk signature. Time-dependent ROC was performed to assess the predictive accuracy and sensitivity of risk signature. Results. FTO, YTHDC1, YTHDC2, ALKBH5, KIAA1429, HNRNPC, METTL3, RBM15, YTHDF2, YTHDF1, and WTAP were significantly overexpressed in HCC patients. YTHDF1, HNRNPC, RBM15, METTL3, and YTHDF2 were independent prognostic factors for OS and DFS in HCC patients. Next, a risk signature was also developed and validated with five m6A modification-related genes in TCGA and ICGC HCC cohort. It could effectively stratify HCC patients into high-risk patients with shorter OS and DFS and low-risk patients with longer OS and DFS and showed good predictive efficiency in predicting OS and DFS. Moreover, significantly higher proportions of macrophages M0 cells, neutrophils, and Tregs were found to be enriched in HCC patients with high risk scores, while significantly higher proportions of memory CD4 T cells, gamma delta T cells, and naive B cells were found to be enriched in HCC patients with low scores. Finally, significantly lower risk scores were found at sorafenib treatment responders and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy responders compared to that in nonresponders, and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy-treated patients with lower risk scores had better OS than patients with higher risk scores. Conclusion. A risk signature developed with the expression of 5 m6A-related genes could improve the prediction of prognosis of HCC and correlated with sorafenib treatment and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy response.

Abstract 18914: Comparison of Statin Eligibility Using the Pooled Cohort Equations, ATP-III Framingham and Reynolds Risk Scores Among Adults Who Experienced ASCVD Events: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Polonsky ◽  
David Couper ◽  
Amy Yang ◽  
Philip Greenland ◽  
Salim Virani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statin Therapy ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk ◽  
Estimated Risk ◽  
Ascvd Risk ◽  
Statin Use

Background: The 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol recommended initiating statin therapy when an individual’s 10-year estimated ASCVD risk ≥7.5% We sought to determine whether adults who eventually experienced ASCVD events were more likely to be identified as having ≥7.5% risk using the ACC/AHA’s Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) compared to the ATP III-Framingham (FRS) and Reynolds risk scores (RRS). Methods: We used data from the biracial Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) visit 4 (1996-1998) because hsCRP was measured at this exam. We excluded participants with an ASCVD event prior to visit 4, diabetes, statin use at visit 4, age>74, LDL-C >190 mg/dl, or missing data. Published models for the PCE, ATP III-FRS, and RRS estimated risk. We defined statin eligibility as an estimated 10-year risk ≥7.5% for the PCE and RRS, and ≥10% for the ATP III-FRS. The primary outcome for each score was based on the outcomes originally used to derive the scores: ATP III-FRS (MI or CHD death), PCE (MI, CHD death, stroke) and RRS (MI, CHD death, stroke and revascularization). Results: Using the PCE, 2592 participants had an estimated risk ≥7.5% and 2760 <7.5%. The median age among those with estimated risk ≥7.5% was 66; 19% were black and 35% were women. Over a median of 11 years 304 CHD events, 201 strokes and 432 revascularizations occurred. With all 3 risk scores >80% of men who experienced events had an estimated risk ≥7.5% (see Table). In contrast, a much smaller proportion of women who experienced events had an estimated risk ≥7.5%, although the PCE yielded the highest proportion (52%). Conclusions: A cutoff of ≥7.5% 10-year ASCVD risk identified the majority of male participants in ARIC who experienced subsequent ASCVD events regardless of the risk score used. Substantially fewer women who experienced events were identified. Lower risk cutoffs or additional markers of ASCVD risk may be required when making decisions about statin therapy for women.

scholarly journals Genetic risk of obesity as a modifier of associations between neighbourhood environment and body mass index: an observational study of 335 046 UK Biobank participants

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjnph-2020-000107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E Mason ◽  
Luigi Palla ◽  
Neil Pearce ◽  
Jody Phelan ◽  
Steven Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Food Outlet ◽  
Home Address ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Neighbourhood Characteristics ◽  
Physical Activity Facilities

BackgroundThere is growing recognition that recent global increases in obesity are the product of a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. However, in gene-environment studies of obesity, ‘environment’ usually refers to individual behavioural factors that influence energy balance, whereas more upstream environmental factors are overlooked. We examined gene-environment interactions between genetic risk of obesity and two neighbourhood characteristics likely to be associated with obesity (proximity to takeaway/fast-food outlets and availability of physical activity facilities).MethodsWe used data from 335 046 adults aged 40–70 in the UK Biobank cohort to conduct a population-based cross-sectional study of interactions between neighbourhood characteristics and genetic risk of obesity, in relation to body mass index (BMI). Proximity to a fast-food outlet was defined as distance from home address to nearest takeaway/fast-food outlet, and availability of physical activity facilities as the number of formal physical activity facilities within 1 km of home address. Genetic risk of obesity was operationalised by weighted Genetic Risk Scores of 91 or 69 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), and by six individual SNPs considered separately. Multivariable, mixed-effects models with product terms for the gene-environment interactions were estimated.ResultsAfter accounting for likely confounding, the association between proximity to takeaway/fast-food outlets and BMI was stronger among those at increased genetic risk of obesity, with evidence of an interaction with polygenic risk scores (p=0.018 and p=0.028 for 69-SNP and 91-SNP scores, respectively) and in particular with a SNP linked to MC4R (p=0.009), a gene known to regulate food intake. We found very little evidence of gene-environment interaction for the availability of physical activity facilities.ConclusionsIndividuals at an increased genetic risk of obesity may be more sensitive to exposure to the local fast-food environment. Ensuring that neighbourhood residential environments are designed to promote a healthy weight may be particularly important for those with greater genetic susceptibility to obesity.

scholarly journals Genetic risk prediction of COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the Indian population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Prakrithi ◽  
Priya Lakra ◽  
Durai Sundar ◽  
Manav Kapoor ◽  
Mitali Mukerji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
P Value ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Risk Scores

Host genetic variants can determine the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and severity as noted in a recent Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) by Pairo-Castineira et al.1. Given the prominent genetic differences in Indian sub-populations as well as differential prevalence of COVID-19, here, we deploy the previous study and compute genetic risk scores in different Indian sub-populations that may predict the severity of COVID-19 outcomes in them. We computed polygenic risk scores (PRSs) in different Indian sub-populations with the top 100 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a p-value cutoff of 10-6 derived from the previous GWAS summary statistics1. We selected SNPs overlapping with the Indian Genome Variation Consortium (IGVC) and with similar frequencies in the Indian population. For each population, median PRS was calculated, and a correlation analysis was performed to test the association of these genetic risk scores with COVID-19 mortality. We found a varying distribution of PRS in Indian sub-populations. Correlation analysis indicates a positive linear association between PRS and COVID-19 deaths. This was not observed with non-risk alleles in Indian sub-populations. Our analyses suggest that Indian sub-populations differ with respect to the genetic risk for developing COVID-19 mediated critical illness. Combining PRSs with other observed risk-factors in a Bayesian framework can provide a better prediction model for ascertaining high COVID-19 risk groups. This has a potential utility in the design of more effective vaccine disbursal schemes.

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