scholarly journals General Method for Extending Discrete Global Grid Systems to Three Dimensions

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ulmer ◽  
John Hall ◽  
Faramarz Samavati
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Polyhedral Projection ◽  
Global Grid ◽  
General Method

Geospatial sensors are generating increasing amounts of three-dimensional (3D) data. While Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) are a useful tool for integrating geospatial data, they provide no native support for 3D data. Several different 3D global grids have been proposed; however, these approaches are not consistent with state-of-the-art DGGSs. In this paper, we propose a general method that can extend any DGGS to the third dimension to operate as a 3D DGGS. This extension is done carefully to ensure any valid DGGS can be supported, including all refinement factors and non-congruent refinement. We define encoding, decoding, and indexing operations in a way that splits responsibility between the surface DGGS and the 3D component, which allows for easy transference of data between the 2D and 3D versions of a DGGS. As a part of this, we use radial mapping functions that serve a similar purpose as polyhedral projection in a conventional DGGS. We validate our method by creating three different 3D DGGSs tailored for three specific use cases. These use cases demonstrate our ability to quickly generate 3D global grids while achieving desired properties such as support for large ranges of altitudes, volume preservation between cells, and custom cell aspect ratio.

scholarly journals Gold Exploration in Two and Three Dimensions: Improved and Correlative Insights from Microscopy and X-Ray Computed Tomography

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Joshua Chisambi ◽  
Bjorn von der Heyden ◽  
Muofhe Tshibalanganda ◽  
Stephan Le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Gold Mineralization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Space ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
2D And 3D

In this contribution, we highlight a correlative approach in which three-dimensional structural/positional data are combined with two dimensional chemical and mineralogical data to understand a complex orogenic gold mineralization system; we use the Kirk Range (southern Malawi) as a case study. Three dimensional structures and semi-quantitative mineral distributions were evaluated using X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and this was augmented with textural, mineralogical and chemical imaging using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy as well as fire assay. Our results detail the utility of the correlative approach both for quantifying gold concentrations in core samples (which is often nuggety and may thus be misrepresented by quarter- or half-core assays), and for understanding the spatial distribution of gold and associated structures and microstructures in 3D space. This approach overlays complementary datasets from 2D and 3D analytical protocols, thereby allowing a better and more comprehensive understanding on the distribution and structures controlling gold mineralization. Combining 3D XCT analyses with conventional 2D microscopies derive the full value out of a given exploration drilling program and it provides an excellent tool for understanding gold mineralization. Understanding the spatial distribution of gold and associated structures and microstructures in 3D space holds vast potential for exploration practitioners, especially if the correlative approach can be automated and if the resultant spatially-constrained microstructural information can be fed directly into commercially available geological modelling software. The extra layers of information provided by using correlative 2D and 3D microscopies offer an exciting new tool to enhance and optimize mineral exploration workflows, given that modern exploration efforts are targeting increasingly complex and low-grade ore deposits.

scholarly journals The Life Mission Theory III. Theory of Talent

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1286-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soren Ventegodt ◽  
Niels Jorgen Andersen ◽  
Joav Merrick
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Human Form ◽  
The World ◽  
Sex And Sexuality ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Third Dimension

When we acknowledge our purpose as the essence of our self, when we take all our power into use in an effortless way, and when we fully accept our own nature — including sex and sexuality, our purpose of life takes the form of a unique talent. Using this talent gives the experience of happiness. A person in his natural state of being uses his core talent in a conscious, joyful, and effortless way, contributing to the world the best he or she has to offer. Full expression of self happens when a person, in full acceptance of body and life, with whole-hearted intension, uses all his personal powers to realize his core talent and all associated talents, to contribute to his beloved and to the world. Thus, self-actualisation is a result of a person fully expressing and realizing his core talent.The theory of talent states that a core talent can be expressed optimally when a human being takes possession of a three-dimensional space with the axis of purpose, power and gender, as we have a threefold need: 1-Acknowledging our core talent (our purpose of life) and intending it 2-Understanding our potential powers and manifesting them 3-Accepting our human form including our sex and expressing itThe first dimension is spiritual, the next dimension is mental, emotional and physical, and the third dimension is bodily and sexual. We manifest our talents in a giving movement from the bottom of our soul trough our biological nature onto the subject and object of the outer world. These three dimensions can be drawn as three axes, one saggital axis called purpose or love or me-you, one vertical axis called power or consciousness (light) or heaven-earth, and one horizontal axis called gender or joy or male-female. The three core dimensions of human existence are considered of equal importance for expression of our life purpose, life mission, or core talent. Each of the dimensions is connected to special needs. When these needs are not fulfilled, we suffer and if this suffering becomes unbearable we deny the dimension or a part of is. This is why the dimensions of purpose, power and gender become suppressed from our consciousness.

scholarly journals Estimating oxygen distribution from vasculature in three-dimensional tumour tissue

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (116) ◽  
pp. 20160070 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Robert Grimes ◽  
Pavitra Kannan ◽  
Daniel R. Warren ◽  
Bostjan Markelc ◽  
Russell Bates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kernel Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Oxygen Distribution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dose Painting ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Boost Dose ◽  
Tumour Oxygenation ◽  
General Method

Regions of tissue which are well oxygenated respond better to radiotherapy than hypoxic regions by up to a factor of three. If these volumes could be accurately estimated, then it might be possible to selectively boost dose to radio-resistant regions, a concept known as dose-painting. While imaging modalities such as 18 F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography (PET) allow identification of hypoxic regions, they are intrinsically limited by the physics of such systems to the millimetre domain, whereas tumour oxygenation is known to vary over a micrometre scale. Mathematical modelling of microscopic tumour oxygen distribution therefore has the potential to complement and enhance macroscopic information derived from PET. In this work, we develop a general method of estimating oxygen distribution in three dimensions from a source vessel map. The method is applied analytically to line sources and quasi-linear idealized line source maps, and also applied to full three-dimensional vessel distributions through a kernel method and compared with oxygen distribution in tumour sections. The model outlined is flexible and stable, and can readily be applied to estimating likely microscopic oxygen distribution from any source geometry. We also investigate the problem of reconstructing three-dimensional oxygen maps from histological and confocal two-dimensional sections, concluding that two-dimensional histological sections are generally inadequate representations of the three-dimensional oxygen distribution.

An Acquisition and Display Method for Multi-View 3D Models

2014 ◽  
Vol 1078 ◽  
pp. 341-344
Author(s):  
Ji Chang Long ◽  
Wei Hua Ma ◽  
Chun Lin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
3D Display ◽  
Stereoscopic Displays ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Final Adjustment ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Application Programs ◽  
General Method

Based on the technology of OpenGL and DirectX Wrapper, this paper designs and implements a new general method of data collection and display for the existing three-dimensional models using in multi-view 3D display system. Firstly, by using the technology of OpenGL/DirectX Wrapper, it obtains the application information such as the models, calls and associated data. Secondly, it sends the information to all rendering nodes. Then, according to the multi-view system projection array number and expected angle threshold parameter, each rendering node does the final adjustment and calibration on the obtained information sequentially for multi-view image rendering. Finally, each node transmits corresponding viewpoint image rendered by themselves to the projection equipment, and displays stereo images through 3D device synchronously. This method can be applied to all application programs based on OpenGL or DirectX Library. It is a general method for collecting and displaying multi-view 3D data sources. Experimental results show that this method is of high acquisition and rendering process, the image quality is the same as the source and stereoscopic displays strong. It has a wide range of applications and research value in the field of Engineering.

scholarly journals How flat can a horse be? Exploring 2D approximations of 3D crania in equids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cardini Andrea ◽  
Marika Chiappelli
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Cranial Variation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Landmark Configuration ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Similarity Relationships ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
2D And 3D

ABSTRACTQuantitative analyses of morphological variation using geometric morphometrics are often performed on 2D photos of 3D structures. It is generally assumed that the error due to the flattening of the third dimension is negligible. However, despite hundreds of 2D studies, few have actually tested this assumption and none has done it on large animals, such as those typically classified as megafauna. We explore this issue in living equids, focusing on ventral cranial variation at both micro- and macro-evolutionary levels. By comparing 2D and 3D data, we found that size is well approximated, whereas shape is more strongly impacted by 2D inaccuracies, as it is especially evident in intra-specific analyses. The 2D approximation improves when shape differences are larger, as in macroevolution, but even at this level precise inter-individual similarity relationships are altered. Despite this, main patterns of sex, species and allometric variation in 2D were the same as in 3D, thus suggesting that 2D may be a source of ‘noise’ that does not mask the main signal in the data. However, the problem is complex and any generalization premature. Morphometricians should therefore test the appropriateness of 2D using preliminary investigations in relation to the specific study questions in their own samples. We discuss whether this might be feasible using a reduced landmark configuration and smaller samples, which would save time and money. In an exploratory analysis, we found that in equids results seem robust to sampling, but become less precise and, with fewer landmarks, may slightly overestimate 2D inaccuracies.

scholarly journals Pemahaman Konsep Siswa pada Materi Bangun Datar Terhadap Hasil Belajar Dimensi Tiga

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Malik Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh pemahaman konsep siswa pada materi bangun datar terhadap hasil belajar dimensi tiga kelas X MA. Hidayatul Muhsinin Labulia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan  kuantitatif jenis Ex Post Facto desain hubungan kausalitas yaitu hubungan yang bersifat sebab akibat. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian populasi yang jumlah keseluruhannya adalah 109 siswa terdiri dari kelas XA, XB dan XC.         Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh pemahaman konsep bangun datar cukup berpengaruh positif terhadap hasil belajar dimensi tiga. Hal ini terlihat pada hasil penelitian dengan melakukan pemberian tes kepada 109 siswa. Hubungan antara pemahaman konsep bangun datar dan hasil belajar dimensi tiga sebesar 0,668 atau 66,8%, ini berarti korelasi antara pemahaman konsep bangun datar dan hasil belajar dimensi tiga adalah cukup, sesuai dengan kriteria yang telah ada. Adapun pengaruh antara pemahaman konsep bangun datar dan hasil belajar dimensi tiga  sebesar 0,447 atau 44,7%. Sedangkan persamaan regresi antara pemahaman konsep bangun datar dan hasil belajar dimensi tiga adalah Y = 8,831 + 0,934 X, ini menjelasakan bahwa keterkaitan antara pemahaman konsep bangun datar dengan hasil belajar dimensi tiga bersifat searah (positif) atau dengan kata lain bahwa, jika tingkat pemahman konsep bangun datar tinggi maka akan mengakibatkan hasil belajar dimensi tiga tinggi pula, dan demikian pula sebaliknya. Berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif pemahaman konsep bangun datar terhadap hasil belajar dimensi tiga.Abstract:  This research aims to find out how much impact the students' conceptual understanding of the material is flat on the learning outcomes of the three dimensions of class X MA. Hidayatul Muhsinin Labulia. This study uses a quantitative approach to the type of Ex Post Facto design causality relationship that is causal relationships. This study uses a population research whose total number is 109 students consisting of classes XA, XB and XC. The results of the study showed that the impact of understanding the flat wake concept was quite a positive effect on the learning outcomes of three dimensions. This can be seen in the results of the study by giving tests to 109 students. The relationship between understanding the concept of flat wake and three dimensional learning outcomes is 0.668 or 66.8%, this means that the correlation between understanding the concept of flat wake and three dimensional learning outcomes is sufficient, according to existing criteria. The influence between the understanding of the concept of flat wake and the third dimension of learning outcomes is 0.447 or 44.7%. While the regression equation between understanding the concept of flat wake and three dimensional learning outcomes is Y = 8.831 + 0.934 X, this explains that the relationship between understanding the concept of flat wake with learning outcomes of three dimensions is unidirectional (positive) or in other words that, if the level of understanding concept wake up high then it will result in high three dimensional learning outcomes too, and vice versa. Based on these explanations, it can be concluded that there is a positive influence on understanding the concept of flat building on the results of three dimensional learning.

Phase diagrams of one-, two-, and three-dimensional quantum spin systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (9&10) ◽  
pp. 885-899
Author(s):  
Briiissuurs Braiorr-Orrs ◽  
Michael Weyrauch ◽  
Mykhailo V. Rakov
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transverse Field ◽  
Quantum Spin ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Quantum Spin Systems ◽  
Bipartite Entanglement ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Quantum Spin Models ◽  
2D And 3D

We study the bipartite entanglement per bond to determine characteristic features of the phase diagram of various quantum spin models in different spatial dimensions. The bipartite entanglement is obtained from a tensor network representation of the ground state wave-function. Three spin-1/2 models (Ising, XY, XXZ, all in a transverse field) are investigated. Infinite imaginary-time evolution (iTEBD in 1D, ‘simple update’ in 2D and 3D) is used to determine the ground states of these models. The phase structure of the models is discussed for all three dimensions.

Two- and three-dimensional simulations of aerosol transport and deposition in alveolar zone of human lung

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1401-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Darquenne ◽  
M. Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aerosol Transport ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
1D Model ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Aerosol Dispersion ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Three Dimensional Simulations ◽  
2D To 3D

We simulate two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) aerosol transport for different particle diameters within alveolated ducts. In agreement with previous studies (W. J. Federspiel and J. J. Fredberg. J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 2614-2621, 1988; A. Tsuda, J. P. Butler, and J. J. Fredberg. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 2497-2509, 1994), the 2D-computed velocity field shows that the flow inside the alveoli is negligible compared with that in the central channel of the ducts and that a recirculation zone is set up in each alveolus. The calculated particle trajectories indicate that in the 2D and 3D simulations the particles do not deposit uniformly on the alveolar walls. For <0.5-microns-diameter particles, simulations show that particles are mainly located near the entrance of alveoli. This suggests that local and mean aerosol concentrations may be substantially different. For large particles we show that the gravity field significantly affects deposition. Aerosol dispersion is also computed, and the simulations are compared with the classical one-dimensional (1D) approach with use of the trumpet model, with additional terms for deposition. The 3D model simulates total deposition that is intermediate between 1D and 2D models. The differences between 2D and 3D data are attributed to the inclusion of azimuthal alveolar walls in the 3D duct and the change from 2D- to 3D-particle motions. Finally, our work suggests that the 1D model may introduce large errors in the location of deposited particles.

scholarly journals Volume-CLEM: a method for correlative light and electron microscopy in three dimensions

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. L778-L784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hegermann ◽  
Christoph Wrede ◽  
Susanne Fassbender ◽  
Ronja Schliep ◽  
Matthias Ochs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
New Approach ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Em

Generation of three-dimensional (3D) data sets from serial sections of tissues imaged by light microscopy (LM) allows identification of rare structures by morphology or fluorescent labeling. Here, we demonstrate a workflow for correlative LM and electron microscopy (EM) from 3D LM to 3D EM, using the same sectioned material for both methods consecutively. The new approach is easy to reproduce in routine EM laboratories and applicable to a wide range of organs and research questions.

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