scholarly journals TPS Genes Silencing Alters Constitutive Indirect and Direct Defense in Tomato

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2748
Author(s):  
Mariangela Coppola ◽  
Pasquale Cascone ◽  
Simone Bossi ◽  
Giandomenico Corrado ◽  
Antonio Garonna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Indirect Defenses ◽  
Constitutive Defenses ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Following herbivore attacks, plants modify a blend of volatiles organic compounds (VOCs) released, resulting in the attraction of their antagonists. However, volatiles released constitutively may affect herbivores and natural enemies’ fitness too. In tomato there is still a lack of information on the genetic bases responsible for the constitutive release of VOC involved in direct and indirect defenses. Here we studied the constitutive emissions related to the two most abundant sesquiterpene synthase genes expressed in tomato and their functional role in plant defense. Using an RNA interference approach, we silenced the expression of TPS9 and TPS12 genes and assessed the effect of this transformation on herbivores and parasitoids. We found that silenced plants displayed a different constitutive volatiles emission from controls, resulting in reduced attractiveness for the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi and in an impaired development of Spodoptera exigua larvae. We discussed these data considering the transcriptional regulation of key-genes involved in the pathway of VOC metabolism. We provide several lines of evidence on the metabolic flux from terpenoids to phenylpropanoids. Our results shed more light on constitutive defenses mediated by plant volatiles and on the molecular mechanisms involved in their metabolic regulation.

scholarly journals Tomato Below Ground–Above Ground Interactions: Trichoderma longibrachiatum Affects the Performance of Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Its Natural Antagonists

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Battaglia ◽  
Simone Bossi ◽  
Pasquale Cascone ◽  
Maria Cristina Digilio ◽  
Juliana Duran Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Indirect Defenses ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Species Specific

Below ground and above ground plant–insect–microorganism interactions are complex and regulate most of the developmental responses of important crop plants such as tomato. We investigated the influence of root colonization by a nonmycorrhizal plant-growth-promoting fungus on direct and indirect defenses of tomato plant against aphids. The multitrophic system included the plant Solanum lycopersicum (‘San Marzano nano’), the root-associated biocontrol fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain MK1, the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (a tomato pest), the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi, and the aphid predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. Laboratory bioassays were performed to assess the effect of T. longibrachiatum MK1, interacting with the tomato plant, on quantity and quality of volatile organic compounds (VOC) released by tomato plant, aphid development and reproduction, parasitoid behavior, and predator behavior and development. When compared with the uncolonized controls, plants whose roots were colonized by T. longibrachiatum MK1 showed quantitative differences in the release of specific VOC, better aphid population growth indices, a higher attractiveness toward the aphid parasitoid and the aphid predator, and a quicker development of aphid predator. These findings support the development of novel strategies of integrated control of aphid pests. The species-specific or strain-specific characteristics of these below ground–above ground interactions remain to be assessed.

scholarly journals DNA Methylation Profiles of Tph1A and BDNF in Gut and Brain of L. Rhamnosus-Treated Zebrafish

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Mariella Cuomo ◽  
Luca Borrelli ◽  
Rosa Della Monica ◽  
Lorena Coretti ◽  
Giulia De Riso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Targeted Analysis ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
High Resolution Power ◽  
Resolution Level ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain

The bidirectional microbiota–gut–brain axis has raised increasing interest over the past years in the context of health and disease, but there is a lack of information on molecular mechanisms underlying this connection. We hypothesized that change in microbiota composition may affect brain epigenetics leading to long-lasting effects on specific brain gene regulation. To test this hypothesis, we used Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) as a model system. As previously shown, treatment with high doses of probiotics can modulate behavior in Zebrafish, causing significant changes in the expression of some brain-relevant genes, such as BDNF and Tph1A. Using an ultra-deep targeted analysis, we investigated the methylation state of the BDNF and Tph1A promoter region in the brain and gut of probiotic-treated and untreated Zebrafishes. Thanks to the high resolution power of our analysis, we evaluated cell-to-cell methylation differences. At this resolution level, we found slight DNA methylation changes in probiotic-treated samples, likely related to a subgroup of brain and gut cells, and that specific DNA methylation signatures significantly correlated with specific behavioral scores.

scholarly journals Hypoxic tumor microenvironment: Implications for cancer therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (13) ◽  
pp. 1073-1086
Author(s):  
Sukanya Roy ◽  
Subhashree Kumaravel ◽  
Ankith Sharma ◽  
Camille L Duran ◽  
Kayla J Bayless ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Tumor Vasculature ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Cancer Types

Hypoxia or low oxygen concentration in tumor microenvironment has widespread effects ranging from altered angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, tumor metabolism, growth, and therapeutic resistance in different cancer types. A large number of these effects are mediated by the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1⍺ (HIF-1⍺) which is activated by hypoxia. HIF1⍺ induces glycolytic genes and reduces mitochondrial respiration rate in hypoxic tumoral regions through modulation of various cells in tumor microenvironment like cancer-associated fibroblasts. Immune evasion driven by HIF-1⍺ further contributes to enhanced survival of cancer cells. By altering drug target expression, metabolic regulation, and oxygen consumption, hypoxia leads to enhanced growth and survival of cancer cells. Tumor cells in hypoxic conditions thus attain aggressive phenotypes and become resistant to chemo- and radio- therapies resulting in higher mortality. While a number of new therapeutic strategies have succeeded in targeting hypoxia, a significant improvement of these needs a more detailed understanding of the various effects and molecular mechanisms regulated by hypoxia and its effects on modulation of the tumor vasculature. This review focuses on the chief hypoxia-driven molecular mechanisms and their impact on therapeutic resistance in tumors that drive an aggressive phenotype. Impact statement Hypoxia contributes to tumor aggressiveness and promotes growth of many solid tumors that are often resistant to conventional therapies. In order to achieve successful therapeutic strategies targeting different cancer types, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are induced by hypoxia. Aberrant tumor vasculature and alterations in cellular metabolism and drug resistance due to hypoxia further confound this problem. This review focuses on the implications of hypoxia in an inflammatory TME and its impact on the signaling and metabolic pathways regulating growth and progression of cancer, along with changes in lymphangiogenic and angiogenic mechanisms. Finally, the overarching role of hypoxia in mediating therapeutic resistance in cancers is discussed.

scholarly journals A Cybernetic Approach to Modeling Lipid Metabolism in Mammalian Cells

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Aboulmouna ◽  
Shakti Gupta ◽  
Mano Maurya ◽  
Frank DeVilbiss ◽  
Shankar Subramaniam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Substrate Uptake ◽  
Data Set

The goal-oriented control policies of cybernetic models have been used to predict metabolic phenomena such as the behavior of gene knockout strains, complex substrate uptake patterns, and dynamic metabolic flux distributions. Cybernetic theory builds on the principle that metabolic regulation is driven towards attaining goals that correspond to an organism’s survival or displaying a specific phenotype in response to a stimulus. Here, we have modeled the prostaglandin (PG) metabolism in mouse bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) cells stimulated by Kdo2-Lipid A (KLA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), using cybernetic control variables. Prostaglandins are a well characterized set of inflammatory lipids derived from arachidonic acid. The transcriptomic and lipidomic data for prostaglandin biosynthesis and conversion were obtained from the LIPID MAPS database. The model parameters were estimated using a two-step hybrid optimization approach. A genetic algorithm was used to determine the population of near optimal parameter values, and a generalized constrained non-linear optimization employing a gradient search method was used to further refine the parameters. We validated our model by predicting an independent data set, the prostaglandin response of KLA primed ATP stimulated BMDM cells. We show that the cybernetic model captures the complex regulation of PG metabolism and provides a reliable description of PG formation.

Abstract 129: Transient Activation of AMPK Prior to Cardiac Pressure Overload Alleviates Fibrotic Accumulation and Functional Decline

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L Reineke ◽  
George E Taffet ◽  
Jason T Kaelber ◽  
Heinrich Taegtmeyer ◽  
Mark L Entman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Pressure Overload ◽  
Left Ventricular Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Cardiac Stress ◽  
Molecular Change ◽  
Transient Activation

The multiple adaptive pathways activated during cardiac stress must communicate with each other for an efficient response; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this coordination. During left ventricular pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), an increase in metabolic flux to meet the ATP demand is the first molecular change observed in the heart. Following initial metabolic changes, there is genetic remodeling of the metabolic machinery and activation of other acute and long-term adaptive pathways to control hypertrophy, fibrosis, and contraction. In order to better understand how the early metabolic changes affect the activation and magnitude of the downstream pathways, we treated mice with the AMPK activator AICAR for 6 days prior to TAC and then monitored effects on the cardiac stress response for 4 weeks. This treatment was performed in both WT mice and in mice lacking cardiomyocyte expression of steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2 CKO), a model we have previously shown to be genetically similar to a stressed mouse and whose function declines rapidly in response to TAC. Interestingly, we found that this small transient treatment with AICAR is sufficient to blunt hypertrophy (20% reduction) and fibrotic accumulation (56% reduction) and prevent left ventricular dilation and pleural edema. Furthermore, AICAR treatment in the SRC-2 CKO animals was able to rescue the functional decline observed post-TAC. We are currently investigating the molecular pathways underlying these changes. Our results strongly suggest that there are very early events during cardiac stress that are key determinants in the ability of the heart to adapt and maintain function under stress, even in late stages post-stress. Disruption of these determinants can lead to rapid failure, whereas their promotion could hold a key for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Knock-Down of Gossypol-Inducing Cytochrome P450 Genes Reduced Deltamethrin Sensitivity in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hafeez ◽  
Sisi Liu ◽  
Saad Jan ◽  
Le Shi ◽  
G. Mandela Fernández-Grandon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P450 Monooxygenases

Plants employ an intricate and dynamic defense system that includes physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to counteract the effects of herbivorous attacks. In addition to their tolerance to phytotoxins, beet armyworm has quickly developed resistance to deltamethrin; a widely used pyrethroid insecticide in cotton fields. The lethal concentration (LC50) required to kill 50% of the population of deltamethrin to gossypol-fed Spodoptera exigua larvae was 2.34-fold higher than the control group, suggesting a reduced sensitivity as a consequence of the gossypol diet. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) treatment was found to synergize with deltamethrin in gossypol-fed S. exigua larvae. To counteract these defensive plant secondary metabolites, beet armyworm elevates their production of detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s). Gossypol-fed beet armyworm larvae showed higher 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activities and exhibited enhanced tolerance to deltamethrin after 48 and 72 h when compared to the control. Moreover, gossypol pretreated S. exigua larvae showed faster weight gain than the control group after transferring to a deltamethrin-supplemented diet. Meanwhile, gossypol-induced P450s exhibited high divergence in the expression level of two P450 genes: CYP6AB14 and CYP9A98 in the midgut and fat bodies contributed to beet armyworm tolerance to deltamethrin. Knocking down of CYP6AB14 and CYP9A98, via double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) in a controlled diet, rendered the larvae more sensitive to the insecticide. These data demonstrate that generalist insects can exploit secondary metabolites from host plants to enhance their defense systems against other toxic chemicals. Impairing this defense pathway by RNA interference (RNAi) holds a potential to eliminate the pest’s tolerance to insecticides and, therefore, reduce the required dosages of agrochemicals in pest control.

Mechanisms linking energy balance and reproduction: impact of prenatal environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Rhinehart
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Prenatal Environment ◽  
Regulation Of Reproduction

AbstractThe burgeoning field of metabolic reproduction regulation has been gaining momentum due to highly frequent discoveries of new neuroendocrine factors regulating both energy balance and reproduction. Universally throughout the animal kingdom, energy deficits inhibit the reproductive axis, which demonstrates that reproduction is acutely sensitive to fuel availability. Entrainment of reproductive efforts with energy availability is especially critical for females because they expend large amounts of energy on gestation and lactation. Research has identified an assortment of both central and peripheral factors involved in the metabolic regulation of reproduction. From an evolutionary perspective, these mechanisms likely evolved to optimize reproductive fitness in an environment with an unpredictable food supply and regular bouts of famine. To be effective, however, the mechanisms responsible for the metabolic regulation of reproduction must also retain developmental plasticity to allow organisms to adapt their reproductive strategies to their particular niche. In particular, the prenatal environment has emerged as a critical developmental window for programming the mechanisms responsible for the metabolic control of reproduction. This review will discuss the current knowledge about hormonal and molecular mechanisms that entrain reproduction with prevailing energy availability. In addition, it will provide an evolutionary, human life-history framework to assist in the interpretation of findings on gestational programming of the female reproductive function, with a focus on pubertal timing as an example. Future research should aim to shed light on mechanisms underlying the prenatal modulation of the adaptation to an environment with unstable resources in a way that optimizes reproductive fitness.

CONSPECIFIC SUPERPARASITISM IN TWO PARASITOID WASPS, APHIDIUS ERVI HALIDAY AND APHELINUS ASYCHIS WALKER: REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES INFLUENCE HOST DISCRIMINATION

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bai
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Host Discrimination ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Aphelinus Asychis ◽  
Physiological Suppression

AbstractConspecific host discrimination and larval competition in two aphid parasitoid species were studied in the laboratory using the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), as a host. Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) used internal host cues to discriminate between unparasitized and conspecific parasitized hosts. When only parasitized hosts were available, females oviposited into recently parasitized ones where their progeny had a good chance to survive, but rejected those parasitized ≥24 h earlier where their offspring normally died. Competitions occurred only after both eggs had hatched. Larvae eliminated supernumeraries by means of physical combat and physiological suppression. In Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), factors, or changes in host internal condition, associated with hatching of the first egg resulted in suppression of conspecific competitors which could be in either larval or egg stage. The older larvae always won competitions through physiological means. A wasp’s oviposition decision is shown to be influenced by the probability of its progeny’s survival. Species that have different reproductive strategies may respond differently to identical host conditions.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Fluoride to the Pathogenesis of Eye Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Public Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Declan Waugh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Hsp70 Expression ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

This study provides diverse lines of evidence demonstrating that fluoride (F) exposure contributes to degenerative eye diseases by stimulating or inhibiting biological pathways associated with the pathogenesis of cataract, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. As elucidated in this study, F exerts this effect by inhibiting enolase, τ-crystallin, Hsp40, Na+, K+-ATPase, Nrf2, γ -GCS, HO-1 Bcl-2, FoxO1, SOD, PON-1 and glutathione activity, and upregulating NF-κB, IL-6, AGEs, HsP27 and Hsp70 expression. Moreover, F exposure leads to enhanced oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant activity. Based on the evidence presented in this study, it can be concluded that F exposure may be added to the list of identifiable risk factors associated with pathogenesis of degenerative eye diseases. The broader impact of these findings suggests that reducing F intake may lead to an overall reduction in the modifiable risk factors associated with degenerative eye diseases. Further studies are required to examine this association and determine differences in prevalence rates amongst fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities, taking into consideration other dietary sources of F such as tea. Finally, the findings of this study elucidate molecular pathways associated with F exposure that may suggest a possible association between F exposure and other inflammatory diseases. Further studies are also warranted to examine these associations.

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