scholarly journals Identification, Localization in the Central Nervous System and Novel Myostimulatory Effect of Allatostatins in Tenebrio molitor Beetle

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3510
Author(s):  
Jan Lubawy ◽  
Paweł Marciniak ◽  
Grzegorz Rosiński
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Corpus Allatum ◽  
Sigmoidal Curve ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Allatostatins (ASTs) are pleiotropic insect neuropeptides that are potent myoinhibitors of muscle contractions. In this study, we identified and immunolocalized peptides from the MIP/AST and PISCF/AST families in the nervous system of a model beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Neurons containing MIPs were immunolocalized in the brains of adults and the ventral nerve cords of larvae, pupae and imagines of this species as well as in the retrocerebral complex. PISCFs were immunolocalized in the ventral nerve cord of all stages as well as the brain of the adult beetle. Faint signals were also observed in the corpus allatum but not in the corpus cardiacum. The results allowed us to deduce the sequences of three neuropeptides belonging to MIP/ASTs, Tenmo-MIP4—NWGQFGXWa, Tenmo-MIP5—SKWDNFRGSWa and Tenmo-MIP6—EPAWSNLKGIWa, and one peptide from the PISCF/AST family, QSRYXQCYFNPISCX. Furthermore, we showed for the first time myostimulatory action of endogenous MIP/ASTs. Tenmo-MIP5 caused dose-dependent stimulation of the contractile activity of the beetle oviduct muscles, showing a sigmoidal curve up to 81.20% at the 10−8 M concentration, and the EC50 value for the myostimulatory effect of this peptide was 8.50 × 10−12 M. This is the first report of myostimulatory action of an endogenous myoinhibitory peptide in insect muscles.

scholarly journals Deep stimulation in neurosurgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Kalinkin ◽  
Alexey G. Vinokurov ◽  
Olga N. Kalinkina ◽  
Alexander S. Ilinykh ◽  
Andrey A. Bocharov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Conservative Therapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

The technique of deep brain stimulation is used to treat patients with various diseases of the central nervous system who are not amenable to conservative therapy, while open interventions in them are associated with a high risk of complications. In the review, we evaluate the efficiency of the deep stimulation of different regions of the brain in some pharmacoresistant forms of diseases.

scholarly journals Role of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors of the brain in the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular regulation by the negative feedback mechanism

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
Ye. V. V. Naumenko ◽  
A. V. Amikishiyeva ◽  
L. I. Serova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Gaba A ◽  
Negative Feedback Mechanism ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of the brain and its receptors in the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular (HPT) regulation by the negative feedback mechanism was for the first time studied in sham-operated and unilaterally castrated adult Wister rats. Increased level of GABA in the central nervous system following an injection of GABA transaminase inhibitor, aminoacetic acid, into the lateral ventricle of the brain was associated with activation of a compensatory increase of testosterone level in the blood, caused by unilateral castration. GABA effect is mediated through the receptors. Muscimol stimulation of GABA-A receptors of the central nervous system activated and their blocking with bicucullin inhibited a compensatory increase of testosterone level in the blood caused by hemicastration. Baclofen stimulation of cerebral GABA-B receptors was associated with an inhibition and their saclofen blocking with stimulation of the level of male sex steroid hormone in the blood following unilateral castration. A conclusion is made about participation of GABAergic mechanisms of the brain in the regulation of HPT function via the negative feedback mechanism

scholarly journals CLIPPERS. Three clinical cases and review

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-265
Author(s):  
L. N. Prakhova ◽  
A. S. Parfyonova ◽  
Zh. I. Savintseva ◽  
A. G. Ilves ◽  
E. V. Bubnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical Cases

CLIPPERS (Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) is a rare inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, during which the pons of the brain is damaged. This disease was described for the first time in 2010 by S.J. Pittock et.al. At present, there have been around 50 described cases of the disease. Up to the present moment, there are difficulties diagnosing this disease. In the article, a literature review and three clinical cases are presented. Furthermore, the necessity of further research is shown for improving the accuracy and specificity of the diagnostic criteria, as well as for defining biomarkers and developing algorithms of effective therapy.

scholarly journals The brain of Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1850) (Teleostei: Characiformes: Bryconidae): gross morphology and phylogenetic considerations

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago N. A. Pereira ◽  
Ricardo M. C. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Detailed Protocol

ABSTRACT The brain of Brycon orbignyanus is described as a model for future studies of the gross morphology of the central nervous system in Characiformes. The study of brain gross morphology of 48 distinct taxa of Characiformes, one of Cypriniformes, two of Siluriformes and two of Gymnotiformes, allowed us to propose, for the first time, six putative brain synapomorphies for the Characiformes and also two possibly unique gross brain morphology characters for the Siluriformes. A detailed protocol for the extraction of the brain in Characiformes is also provided.

scholarly journals FATE OF NASALLY INSTILLED POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN NORMAL AND CONVALESCENT MONKEYS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROBLEM OF HOST TO HOST TRANSMISSION

1938 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

With a method of intranasal instillation of poliomyelitis virus that brings about infection of all M. rhesus monkeys subjected to it, a study was undertaken of the fate of nasally instilled virus in normal and convalescent, immune animals. Control experiments revealed that nasal mucosa of normal monkeys contained no observable antiviral factors and that when five or ten minimal cerebral infective doses were added to the mucosa, virus could be detected by the employed procedure. In the olfactory bulbs even a single infective dose could be recovered, since suspensions of both bulbs could be transferred to the brain of a monkey without any loss of material. After nasal instillation of virus in normal monkeys, it disappeared quickly (4 hours or less) and could be recovered neither from the excised nasal mucosa nor from the olfactory bulbs during the first 48 hours. At 72 hours, just before or coincident with the first rise of temperature, virus was found in very small amounts in the nasal mucosa and for the first time also in the olfactory bulbs. At 96 hours, at least 3 days before the appearance of nervous signs, and later, while virus continued to be present in considerable amounts in the olfactory bulbs (and presumably elsewhere in the central nervous system), none was detected in the nasal mucosa. In convalescent, immune animals receiving the same strain of virus intranasally which caused the original infection, none could be recovered from the nasal mucosa or central nervous system at 4 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 days. The bearing of these observations on the problem of host to host transmission of poliomyelitis virus is discussed.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

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