scholarly journals An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11753
Author(s):  
Aftab Ahmad ◽  
Nayla Munawar ◽  
Zulqurnain Khan ◽  
Alaa T. Qusmani ◽  
Sultan Habibullah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Regulatory Landscape ◽  
New Crop

The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits—without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.

scholarly journals Overcoming barriers to the registration of new plant varieties under the DUS system

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Jian Yang ◽  
Joanne Russell ◽  
Luke Ramsay ◽  
William Thomas ◽  
Wayne Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Property System ◽  
Dus Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Combinatorial Space ◽  
New Crop

AbstractDistinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) is an intellectual property system introduced in 1961 by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) for safeguarding the investment and rewarding innovation in developing new plant varieties. Despite the rapid advancement in our understanding of crop biology over the past 60 years, the DUS system has changed little and is still largely dependent upon a set of morphological traits for testing candidate varieties. As the demand for more plant varieties increases, the barriers to registration of new varieties become more acute and thus require urgent review to the system. To highlight the challenges and remedies in the current system, we evaluated a comprehensive panel of 805 UK barley varieties that span the entire history of DUS testing. Our findings reveal the system deficiencies such as inconsistencies in DUS traits across environments, limitations in DUS trait combinatorial space, and inadequacies in currently available DUS markers. We advocate the concept of genomic DUS and provide evidence for a shift towards a robust genomics-enabled registration system for new crop varieties.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Speeding Up the Development of Portfolio of New Crop Varieties to Adapt to and Mitigate Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdallah Bari ◽  
Hassan Ouabbou ◽  
abderrazek Jilal ◽  
Hamid Khazaei ◽  
Fred Stoddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Climate change poses serious challenges to achieving food security in a time of a need to produce more food to keep up with the worlds increasing demand for food. There is an urgent need to speed up the development of new high yielding varieties with traits of adaptation and mitigation to climate change. Mathematical approaches, including ML approaches, have been used to search for such traits, leading to unprecedented results as some of the traits, including heat traits that have been long sought-for, have been found within a short period of time.

scholarly journals Using of Genome Editing Methods in Plant Breeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venera S. Kamburova ◽  
Ilkhom B. Salakhutdinov ◽  
Shukhrat E. Shermatov ◽  
Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
New Crop

The main task of plant breeding is creating of high-yield, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses crop varieties with high product quality. The using of traditional breeding methods is limited by the duration of the new crop varieties creation with the required agronomic traits. This depends not only on the duration of growing season and reaching of mature stage of plants (especially the long-period growth plants, e.g. trees), as well as is associated with applying of multiple stages of crossing, selection and testing in breeding process. In addition, conventional methods of chemical and physical mutagenesis do not allow targeting effect to genome. However, the introduction of modern DNA-technology methods, such as genome editing, has opened in a new era in plant breeding. These methods allow to carry out precise and efficient targeted genome modifications, significantly reducing the time required to get plants with desirable features to create new crop varieties in perspective. This review provides the knowledge about application of genome editing methods to increase crop yields and product quality, as well as crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, future prospects for integrating these technologies into crop breeding strategies are also discussed.

scholarly journals THE EXPRESS WILL OF A PATIENT: TYPOLOGY BY NATURE OF ITS ORIGIN

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Liga Mazure
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Legal Consequences

The patient's express will, in accordance with the nature of its origin, could be categorized into initial and derivative express will. However, the regulatory framework is insufficient in Latvia, considering the significance of these institutes in the civil-law protection of the patient's express will and their specificity of different legal nature.The aim of the research is to carry out the analysis of the patient's express will types according to the nature of origin, to determine regulatory gaps and propose certain solutions for the elimination of the identified gaps. In order to achieve the aim, the following objectives are set: 1) to analyse the patient's express will classification according to various classification criteria; 2) to study legal nature of patient's consent; 3) to assess patient's refusal of a medical treatment and its legal consequences; 4) to analyse withdrawal by a patient as a derivative express will. The following research methods are applied in the paper: semantic method; grammatical method; historical method; comparative method; systemic method; teleological method. Research hypothesis: if all the patient’s express will types based on the nature of origin are regulated in detail, the legal status of a patient in medical treatment legal relations will be improved and stabilized. Literature, regulatory acts and legal practice materials are applied in the research as information resources.The author has developed the principles regarding the patient's express will types based on the nature of origin, which are in accordance with the legal system of Latvia and should be implemented in the regulatory framework, thus improving the civil law protection of patient's express will.

New and novel genetic tools for improving crops.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (028) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penna Suprasanna
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
New Novel ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

Abstract The basic tenet of crop improvement is the novel genetic variability that is achieved through selection, hybridization, mutation and recombination. The new technological innovations of plant breeding offer scope for transforming crop improvement with more precision and resolution. Advances in genomic-based tools and high-throughput phenotyping have enabled the analysis of genetic variation and identification of molecular signatures of agronomic traits. Molecular markers and molecular-marker-assisted breeding have facilitated the speedy selection of new, novel genetic combinations in breeding for high-yielding, stress-tolerant and nutritionally enriched crops. Transgenic methods have revolutionized modification for stress tolerance and higher productivity, and several genetically modified crops are under cultivation. Availability of genome sequencing platforms and genomic resources has significantly contributed to accessing novel genes and validating their functions. Genome-editing tools and recent advances of prime editing are now accessible for precise genetic alteration of plant traits. The new plant breeding tools will certainly foster development of highly productive, improved crop varieties for achieving food security and climate resilience.

Cell Phone Image-Based Plant Disease Classification

2015 ◽  
pp. 295-322
Author(s):  
Marion Neumann ◽  
Lisa Hallau ◽  
Benjamin Klatt ◽  
Kristian Kersting ◽  
Christian Bauckhage
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Control Growth

Modern communication and sensor technology coupled with powerful pattern recognition algorithms for information extraction and classification allow the development and use of integrated systems to tackle environmental problems. This integration is particularly promising for applications in crop farming, where such systems can help to control growth and improve yields while harmful environmental impacts are minimized. Thus, the vision of sustainable agriculture for anybody, anytime, and anywhere in the world can be put into reach. This chapter reviews and presents approaches to plant disease classification based on cell phone images, a novel way to supply farmers with personalized information and processing recommendations in real time. Several statistical image features and a novel scheme of measuring local textures of leaf spots are introduced. The classification of disease symptoms caused by various fungi or bacteria are evaluated for two important agricultural crop varieties, wheat and sugar beet.

The influence of crossing strategy on the potential for breeding new crop varieties

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
PS Brennan ◽  
DG Butler
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Genotype X Environment ◽  
Commercial Importance ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Genotype X Environment Interactions ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Breeding History ◽  
New Crop

Crosses between commercially acceptable varieties and introductions are most likely to generate segregation at many loci of commercial importance. The probability of recovery, after selfing, of individuals in which most of the favourable alleles have been accumulated is very low. Reducing the number of favourable alleles heterozygous in the breeding population would increase the probability of success. The utility of a single backcross (BC1) to the parent with the greatest number of favourable alleles was examined as a method of fixing commercially desirable alleles. The means for stability parameters for yield for BC1F2-derived populations were similar to those for F2-derived populations. The genetic variance for yield in 2 of the 3 crosses studied was greater for the BC1F2- than the F2-derived populations, while the genotype x environment interactions appeared to be smaller for the BC1F2 populations. This suggested that BC1F2-derived populations may be more productive, in terms of varietal production, than F2-derived populations, particularly in species with a long breeding history and/or a large number of desirable characteristics.

LEGAL STATUS OF PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN CLINICAL TRIALS

2019 ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Sanda Stikute
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Principal Investigator ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Laws And Regulations

With the development of the medical science, the clinical trials has become more and more complicated. Taking into account the specific nature of such trials, the regulatory framework, establishing procedure for implementing of clinical trials, shall precisely separate the rights, duties and responsibility of involved persons during the process of a trial. Due to the fact that the current laws and regulations of the Republic of Latvia, regulating medical treatment process, describe the legal status of participants in a vague and cursory manner, the Article analyzes duties and responsibility of a sponsor, investigator, principal investigator and participant.

ACTUALITY OF LEGAL STATUS OF PERSONS WHO CONDITIONAL RELEASED FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Iveta Pastare
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Probation Service

The author of article analyzed rights and obligations of persons who conditional released from criminal liability. The probation institute is relatively young in Latvia, and the functions of the State Probation Service are in a continuous process of development and change. Aim of article.- analyze the regulatory framework determining the rights and obligations of persons who conditional released from criminal liability, identify problems and offer solutions.

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