Aquatic Toxicity Effects and Risk Assessment of ‘Form Specific’ Product-Released Engineered Nanomaterials

The study investigated the toxicity effects of ‘form specific’ engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and ions released from nano-enabled products (NEPs), namely sunscreens, sanitisers, body creams and socks on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Daphnia magna. Additionally, risk estimation emanating from the exposures was undertaken. The ENMs and the ions released from the products both contributed to the effects to varying extents, with neither being a uniform principal toxicity agent across the exposures; however, the effects were either synergistic or antagonistic. D. magna and S. polyrhiza were the most sensitive and least sensitive test organisms, respectively. The most toxic effects were from ENMs and ions released from sanitisers and sunscreens, whereas body creams and sock counterparts caused negligible effects. The internalisation of the ENMs from the sunscreens could not be established; only adsorption on the biota was evident. It was established that ENMs and ions released from products pose no imminent risk to ecosystems; instead, small to significant adverse effects are expected in the worst-case exposure scenario. The study demonstrates that while ENMs from products may not be considered to pose an imminent risk, increasing nanotechnology commercialization may increase their environmental exposure and risk potential; therefore, priority exposure cases need to be examined.

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Aquatic Toxicity Comparison of Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nanowires

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/893049 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Eun Kyung Sohn ◽

Seyed Ali Johari ◽

Tae Gyu Kim ◽

Jin Kwon Kim ◽

Ellen Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Silver Nanowires ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Oryzias Latipes ◽

Aquatic Environments ◽

Silver Nanomaterials ◽

Raphidocelis Subcapitata ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Test Fish

To better understand the potential ecotoxicological impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) released into freshwater environments, the toxicities of these nanomaterials were assessed and compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guidelines, including a “Daphniasp., acute immobilization test,” “Fish, acute toxicity test,” and “freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test.” Based on the estimated median lethal/effective concentrations of AgNPs and AgNWs, the susceptibility to the nanomaterials was different among test organisms (daphnia > algae > fish), suggesting that the AgNPs are classified as “category acute 1” forDaphnia magna, “category acute 2” forOryzias latipes, and “category acute 1” forRaphidocelis subcapitata, while the AgNWs are classified as “category acute 1” forDaphnia magna, “category acute 2” forOryzias latipes, and “category acute 2” forRaphidocelis subcapitata, according to the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals). In conclusion, the present results suggest that more attention should be paid to prevent the accidental or intentional release of silver nanomaterials into freshwater aquatic environments.

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Vulnerability and risk assessment for operating system (OS) with framework STRIDE: comparison between VulnOS and Vulnix

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1643-1653 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 1643

Author(s):

Adityas Widjajarto ◽

Muharman Lubis ◽

Vreseliana Ayuningtyas

Keyword(s):

Information Disclosure ◽

Risk Estimation ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Denial Of Service ◽

Cyber Attacks ◽

Easy Access ◽

Case Scenario ◽

Worst Case ◽

Network Function ◽

The World

The rapid development of information technology has made security become extremely. Apart from easy access, there are also threats to vulnerabilities, with the number of cyber-attacks in 2019 showed a total of 1,494,281 around the world issued by the national cyber and crypto agency (BSSN) honeynet project. Thus, vulnerability analysis should be conducted to prepare worst case scenario by anticipating with proper strategy for responding the attacks. Actually, vulnerability is a system or design weakness that is used when an intruder executes commands, accesses unauthorized data, and carries out denial of service attacks. The study was performed using the AlienVault software as the vulnerability assessment. The results were analysed by the formula of risk estimation equal to the number of vulnerability found related to the threat. Meanwhile, threat is obtained from analysis of sample walkthroughs, as a reference for frequent exploitation. The risk estimation result indicate the 73 (seventy three) for the highest score of 5 (five) type risks identified while later on, it is used for re-analyzing based on the spoofing, tampering, repudiation, information disclosure, denial of service, and elevation of prvilege (STRIDE) framework that indicated the network function does not accommodate the existing types of risk namely spoofing.

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Investigating The Sub-Acute Responses Of Lemna Minor, Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata, Euglena Gracilis And Anodonta Grandis To Tributyltin-Hydride And Atrazine In Freshwater

10.32920/ryerson.14660325.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher J.E. Pearce

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Euglena Gracilis ◽

Lemna Minor ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Realistic Representation ◽

Antifouling Agent ◽

Anodonta Grandis

Freshwater resources exist in limited quantities and are subject to increasing demands due to the consumption by residential, commercial and industrial uses. There are concerns that the widely used chemical analysis of drinking water does not deliver timely results. This study examines the efficacy of developing a holistic, multi-organism early-warning biomonitoring technology to assess aquatic toxicity. Sensitive indicator species such as Lemna minor, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Euglena gracilis, and Anodonta grandis have been selected due to their specific behavioural and short-term biochemical responses in the identification of classes of contaminants in aquatic environments. Tributyltin, an antifouling agent in paints used on boats and atrazine, an herbicide widely used on agricultural crops, are evaluated in increasing concentrations to identify behavioural changes in these organisms. These graded responses, upon implementation in models, will warn water treatment operators of incoming contaminants and help identify the nature of the stressor. All organisms displayed some sensitivity to selected concentrations of the two test chemicals. The normal growth rate of L. minor dramatically declined with exposure to TBT (100.0 mg/L) and atrazine (500.0 g/L). Monitoring the biochemical changes, dissolved oxygen production, and also the growth rate, cell counts, of P. subcapitata showed significant effects to similar concentrations of TBT (100.00 g/L) and atrazine (500.00 g/L). The aquatic protest, E. gracilis, alters its cell morphology in the presence of low concentrations of TBT (10.0 g/L) and atrazine (50.0 g/L). Respiration patters of the bivalve, A. grandis, was directly influenced by the two chemicals, TBT (1.0 mg/L) and atrazine (50.0 mg/L). This study demonstrates that biological assessments of water samples deliver a rapid, realistic representation of the surrounding aquatic environment conditions.

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A Review of Microplastics Risk Assessment in the Coastal Environment

Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications ◽

10.21786/bbrc/14.4.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1422-1427

Author(s):

Balakrishnan Balasubramaniyan

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

Coastal Environment ◽

Chemical Degradation ◽

Combined Toxicity ◽

Marine Life ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Important Test ◽

Toxicity Effects

Pollution from microplastics has recently become a prevalent threat to the ecosystem. Microplastics with a dimension less than or equal to 5 mm are smaller. There are many ways that microplastics can reach the atmosphere. By various mechanisms, the breakdown of macro plastics will happen. Chemical degradation, tire abrasion, is the most common forms of degradation. Microplastics (MPs) pollution in the coastal and marine ecosystem is currently a global problem. Transferring MPs from land to sea and allowing them to enter the food chain has a direct negative impact on marine life and human health. The combined toxicity effects of MicroPlastics (MPs) and other contaminants in marine environments, as well as their toxicity effects and mechanisms based on a variety of environmentally important test organisms, were also covered in this study.

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Effect of UV-A, UV-B and UV-C irradiation of glyphosate on photolysis and mitigation of aquatic toxicity

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-76241-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dimitra Papagiannaki ◽

Claudio Medana ◽

Rita Binetti ◽

Paola Calza ◽

Peter Roslev

Keyword(s):

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Transformation Products ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Indirect Photolysis ◽

Before And After ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Inorganic Constituents ◽

Uv C

AbstractThe active herbicide ingredient glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is frequently detected as a contaminant in groundwater and surface waters. This study investigated effects of UV-A (365 nm), UV-B (302 nm) and UV-C (254 nm) irradiation of glyphosate in water on photolysis and toxicity to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels. A test battery with bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Aliivibrio fischeri), a green microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata), and a crustacean (Daphnia magna) was used to assess biological effect of glyphosate and bioactive transformation products before and after UV irradiation (4.7–70 J/cm2). UV-C irradiation at 20 J/cm2 resulted in a 2–23-fold decrease in toxicity of glyphosate to aquatic test organisms. UV-B irradiation at 70 J/cm2 caused a twofold decrease whereas UV-A did not affect glyphosate toxicity at doses ≤ 70 J/cm2. UV-C irradiation of glyphosate in drinking water and groundwater with naturally occurring organic and inorganic constituents showed comparable or greater reduction in toxicity compared to irradiation in deionized water. High-resolution mass spectrometry analyses of samples after UV-C irradiation showed > 90% decreases in glyphosate concentrations and the presence of multiple transformation products. The study suggests that UV mediated indirect photolysis can decrease concentrations of glyphosate and generate less toxic products with decreased overall toxicity to aquatic organisms.

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Disulfide Oil Hazard Assessment Using Categorical Analysis and a Mode of Action Determination

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/1091581813504227 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 181S-198S ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

David Morgott ◽

Christopher Lewis ◽

James Bootman ◽

Marcy Banton

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Bond Cleavage ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Dimethyl Disulfide ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Hazard Evaluation ◽

Radical Intermediate ◽

Worst Case ◽

Categorical Analysis

Diethyl and diphenyl disulfides, naphtha sweetening (Chemical Abstracts Service [CAS] # 68955-96-4), are primarily composed of low-molecular-weight dialkyl disulfides extracted from C4 to C5 light hydrocarbon streams during the refining of crude oil. The substance, commonly known as disulfide oil (DSO), can be composed of up to 17 different disulfides and trisulfides with monoalkyl chain lengths no greater than C4. The disulfides in DSO constitute a homologous series of chemical constituents that are perfectly suited for a hazard evaluation using a read-across/worst-case approach. The DSO constituents exhibit a common mode of action that is operable at all trophic levels. The observed oxidative stress response is mediated by reactive oxygen species and free radical intermediates generated after disulfide bond cleavage and subsequent redox cycling of the resulting mercaptan. Evidence indicates that the lowest series member, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), can operate as a worst-case surrogate for other members of the series, since it displays the highest toxicity. Increasing the alkyl chain length or degree of substitution has been shown to serially reduce disulfide toxicity through resonance stabilization of the radical intermediate or steric inhibition of the initial enzymatic step. The following case study examines the mode of action for dialkyl disulfide toxicity and documents the use of read-across information from DMDS to assess the hazards of DSO. The results indicate that DSO possesses high aquatic toxicity, moderate environmental persistence, low to moderate acute toxicity, high repeated dose toxicity, and a low potential for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive/developmental effects.

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A Comprehensive Review on the Aquatic Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials

Reviews in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/rnn.2013.1025 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 79-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Stella W. Y. Wong ◽

Kenneth M. Y. Leung ◽

A. B. Djurišić

Keyword(s):

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Engineered Nanomaterials ◽

Comprehensive Review

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EVALUATION OF DISPERSANTS FOR USE IN THE AZERBAIJAN REGION OF THE CASPIAN SEA

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-247 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 (1) ◽

pp. 247-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Afag Abbasova ◽

Khabiba Bagirova ◽

Gary Campbell ◽

James Clark ◽

Ronnie Gallagher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Caspian Sea ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Oil Spills ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

The Caspian Sea ◽

Dispersed Oil ◽

Test Organisms

ABSTRACT Open marine water (salinity 30–35°/00) is the environment where dispersants are used most frequently in oil spill response. In the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea, offshore oil and gas reserves are being developed in areas where salinity ranges from 10 to 12 °loo. Because salinity can affect dispersant efficacy and toxicity, the effectiveness and aquatic toxicity of six commercially available dispersants were tested using Azerbaijan crude oil, Caspian species and 12°/oo seawater. Effectiveness for the dispersants tested with Chirag crude oil and Caspian seawater ranged from 72% to 86%, using USEPA's baffled flask method. Dispersant toxicities were in the ranges: diatom (Chaetoceros tenuissimus) 72 hr EC50 (effective concentrations inhibiting growth rate by 50%) 18 to > 100 mg/l; copepod (Calanipeda aquae dulcis) 48 hr LC50 (effective concentration for immobilizing 50% test organisms) 12 to 49 mg/l; amphipod (Pontogammarus maeoticus) 48 hr LC50 (concentration lethal to 50% test organisms) 50 to > 100 mg/l. For dispersant use, the key toxicity concern is that of dispersed oil, not dispersant. Aquatic toxicity was determined for water—accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Chirag crude in Caspian seawater. Toxicity results for the WAFs were: diatom 72 hr EC50 > 10,000 mg/l nominal; copepod 48 hr LC50 3.9 mg/l; amphipod 48 hr LC50 >15 mg/l. Chirag crude was mixed with dispersant at 20:1 oil: dispersant ratio and resulting WAFs were tested for toxicity. Results were: diatom 72 hr EC50 < 18 to 208 mg/l nominal; copepod 48 hr LC50 2.1 to 37 mg/l; amphipod 48 hr LC50 20 to 89 mg/l. Dispersant and dispersed oil toxicity for Caspian species are similar to published toxicity data for marine species tested at typical ocean salinity. Prolonged exposure (24 to 96hrs.) to constant concentrations of dispersant or dispersed oil used in laboratory tests may overestimate potential field toxicity, where dilution and mixing can decrease concentrations to low ppm's within hours of application. Dispersant use decisions for any Caspian Sea oil spills will focus on net environmental benefits of moving oil into the water column where it can be quickly diluted compared to potentially greater impacts from oil reaching nearshore environments.

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Use of Brine Shrimp (Artemia) In Dispersant Toxicity Tests: Some Caveats1

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-327 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2003 (1) ◽

pp. 327-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anita George-Ares ◽

Eric J. Febbo ◽

Daniel J. Letinski ◽

Joseph Yarusinsky ◽

Regina S. Safadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Red Sea ◽

Latin American ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Test Methods ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Natural Seawater ◽

Synthetic Seawater ◽

Corexit 9500 ◽

Test Organisms

ABSTRACT Several Latin American countries currently use Artemia to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of dispersants. Test methods used to evaluate dispersant toxicity to Artemia are not uniform. The study reported here demonstrates how varying Artemia test conditions can significantly affect toxicity results for the dispersant Corexit® 9500. The type of seawater used in Artemia toxicity tests affects 48 hour LC50 values for Corexit 9500 (lethal concentration for 50% of test organisms). Nominal LC50 values ranged from 35 to 147 ppm when natural seawater was used. Nominal LC50 values ranged from 29 to 39 ppm when a synthetic seawater prepared from Crystal Sea® Marinemix was used. Greater toxicity was observed when synthetic (reconstituted) seawater was prepared according to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1987) Artemia dispersant test guideline. Observed nominal LC50 values ranged from 8.4 to 14 ppm. Age of the Artemia nauplii is another test variable that can significantly affect toxicity results. The 48 hour nauplii showed greater toxicity to Corexit 9500 than 24 hour old nauplii. In tests using two types of synthetic seawater (Coral Reef Red Sea Salt® and Crystal Sea® Marinemix at 20 °C, 20 ppt salinity), nominal LC50 values ranged from 29 to 68 ppm for 24 hour old nauplii; 48 hour old nauplii had LC50 values ranging from 9 to 27 ppm. Greater toxicity was also observed in 48 hour nauplii under different salinity and temperature (Red Sea, 25 °C, 33 to 35 ppt salinity). The LC50 values were 33 and 1.6 ppm for 24 and 48 hour nauplii respectively.

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