scholarly journals Microbiota Alterations and Their Association with Oncogenomic Changes in Pancreatic Cancer Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12978
Author(s):  
Heidelinde Sammallahti ◽  
Arto Kokkola ◽  
Sama Rezasoltani ◽  
Reza Ghanbari ◽  
Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Cancer Mutations ◽  
Host Metabolism

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive disease with a high mortality and poor prognosis. The human microbiome is a key factor in many malignancies, having the ability to alter host metabolism and immune responses and participate in tumorigenesis. Gut microbes have an influence on physiological functions of the healthy pancreas and are themselves controlled by pancreatic secretions. An altered oral microbiota may colonize the pancreas and cause local inflammation by the action of its metabolites, which may lead to carcinogenesis. The mechanisms behind dysbiosis and PC development are not completely clear. Herein, we review the complex interactions between PC tumorigenesis and the microbiota, and especially the question, whether and how an altered microbiota induces oncogenomic changes, or vice versa, whether cancer mutations have an impact on microbiota composition. In addition, the role of the microbiota in drug efficacy in PC chemo- and immunotherapies is discussed. Possible future scenarios are the intentional manipulation of the gut microbiota in combination with therapy or the utilization of microbial profiles for the noninvasive screening and monitoring of PC.

scholarly journals Microbiome—Friend or Foe of Pancreatic Cancer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5624
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Daniluk ◽  
Urszula Daniluk ◽  
Pawel Rogalski ◽  
Andrzej Dabrowski ◽  
Agnieszka Swidnicka-Siergiejko
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Overall Survival Rate ◽  
Improve Treatment ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Deadly Disease

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest human neoplasms. Despite the development of new surgical and adjuvant therapies, the prognosis remains very poor, with the overall survival rate not exceeding 9%. There is now increasing evidence that the human microbiome, which is involved in many physiological functions, including the regulation of metabolic processes and the modulation of the immune system, is possibly linked to pancreatic oncogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Our review summarizes the current understanding of how the microbiome affects pancreatic cancer development and progression. We discuss potential pathways of microbe translocation to the pancreas, as well as the mechanism of their action. We describe the role of the microbiome as a potential marker of pancreatic cancer diagnosis, progression, and survival. Finally, we discuss the possibilities of modifying the microbiome to improve treatment effectiveness for this deadly disease.

scholarly journals Unity of bowel-lung axis and the role of beneficial microbiota in anti-infectious protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-361
Author(s):  
T.E. Taranushenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Child Health

NIH Human Microbiome Project determined particular attention of the worldwide medical community to the study of the human microbiome and the assessment of the impact of symbiont microorganisms in the development of various (not only gastrointestinal) disorders. Potential interactions between the bowel and lungs (bowel-lung axis) via microbiota that allow for the possible involvement of microorganisms in the development of respiratory diseases are actively debated. This paper reviews studies on the pattern of interactions between bowel and lungs in infectious diseases associated with mucosal inflammation. The association between gut microbiota and the protective barrier of the respiratory tract based on known mechanisms and novel data derived from recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 is discussed. The relevance of beneficial bacteria (symbionts) in local and systemic immune responses, their disease-modifying and, eventually, therapeutic strategymodifying properties, the ability to be a resource of preventive medicine and an orchestrating tool for infections are addressed. Practitioners’ difficulties with probiotics in preventive and treatment schedules for various conditions are highlighted. Finally, the use of probiotics in children with respiratory infections and COVID-19 is uncovered. KEYWORDS: microbiota, microbiome, probiotics, children, mucosal immunity, Bifidobacterium. FOR CITATION: Taranushenko T.E. Unity of bowel-lung axis and the role of beneficial microbiota in anti-infectious protection. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(4):355–361 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-4-355-361.

Drug response in association with pharmacogenomics and pharmacomicrobiomics: towards a better personalized medicine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radia Hassan ◽  
Imane Allali ◽  
Francis E Agamah ◽  
Samar S M Elsheikh ◽  
Nicholas E Thomford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

Abstract Researchers have long been presented with the challenge imposed by the role of genetic heterogeneity in drug response. For many years, Pharmacogenomics and pharmacomicrobiomics has been investigating the influence of an individual’s genetic background to drug response and disposition. More recently, the human gut microbiome has proven to play a crucial role in the way patients respond to different therapeutic drugs and it has been shown that by understanding the composition of the human microbiome, we can improve the drug efficacy and effectively identify drug targets. However, our knowledge on the effect of host genetics on specific gut microbes related to variation in drug metabolizing enzymes, the drug remains limited and therefore limits the application of joint host–microbiome genome-wide association studies. In this paper, we provide a historical overview of the complex interactions between the host, human microbiome and drugs. While discussing applications, challenges and opportunities of these studies, we draw attention to the critical need for inclusion of diverse populations and the development of an innovative and combined pharmacogenomics and pharmacomicrobiomics approach, that may provide an important basis in personalized medicine.

scholarly journals Urobiome: In Sickness and in Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Wojciuk ◽  
Agata Salabura ◽  
Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz ◽  
Karolina Kędzierska ◽  
Kazimierz Ciechanowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Urological Disorders ◽  
Generation Sequencing

The human microbiome has been proven to contribute to the human condition, both in health and in disease. The metagenomic approach based on next-generation sequencing has challenged the dogma of urine sterility. The human urobiome consists of bacteria and eukaryotic viruses as well as bacteriophages, which potentially represent the key factor. There have been several significant findings with respect to the urobiome in the context of urological disorders. Still, the research on the urobiome in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation remains underrepresented, as does research on the role of the virome in the urinary microbiota. In this review, we present recent findings on the urobiome with a particular emphasis on chronic kidney disease and post-kidney transplantation status. Challenges and opportunities arising from the research on the human urobiome will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Control of Giardiasis by Interleukin-17 in Humans and Mice—Are the Questions All Answered?

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Key Factor

ABSTRACTFor years, studies of the immune response toGiardia lambliainfection focused on the production of IgA by infected hosts and antigenic variation by the parasite to escape destruction by this IgA. A new study by Hanevik and colleagues (C. S. Saghaug, S. Sørnes, D. Peirasmaki, S. Svärd, N. Langeland, and K. Hanevik, Clin Vaccine Immunol 23:11–18, 2016,http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00419-15) highlights the emerging role of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in immunity to this parasite. Along with recent studies ofGiardiainfections of animals, this work shows that IL-17 appears to be essential for the control of these infections and to be a key factor linking cellular and humoral immune responses.

scholarly journals BIOMARKERS, NEOANGIOGENESIS AND GROWTH FACTORS IN PANCREATIC CANCER

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
E. M. Frantsiyants ◽  
O. I. Kit ◽  
V. I. Aleynov ◽  
I. A. Goroshinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Intracellular Signals ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal malignant tumor characterized by a rapid progression, invasiveness and resistance to radiochemotherapy. The development of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of the disease is relevant. Angiogenesis has been identified as a key factor in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer. The proangiogenic signaling molecule – vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors play a central role in tumor angiogenesis. In this review, we also highlight the dual role of growth factor-β (TGF-β) and touch upon the prospects for therapeutic effects on targets associated with TGF-β signaling in pancreatic cancer. A growing interest is attracted to the role of insulin-like growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II in cancer diseases. IGF-I and its receptor are highly expressed on the surface of pancreatic cancer cell lines that initiate the transduction of intracellular signals associated with the proliferation, invasion and expression of angiogenesis mediators. And so, the study of markers and growth factors may be a new, viable option for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

scholarly journals The Role of Aggregates of Therapeutic Protein Products in Immunogenicity: An Evaluation by Mathematical Modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liusong Yin ◽  
Xiaoying Chen ◽  
Abhinav Tiwari ◽  
Paolo Vicini ◽  
Timothy P. Hickling
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Therapeutic Protein ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
B Cell Receptors ◽  
Cell Receptors

Therapeutic protein products (TPP) have been widely used to treat a variety of human diseases, including cancer, hemophilia, and autoimmune diseases. However, TPP can induce unwanted immune responses that can impact both drug efficacy and patient safety. The presence of aggregates is of particular concern as they have been implicated in inducing both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent immune responses. We used mathematical modeling to evaluate several mechanisms through which aggregates of TPP could contribute to the development of immunogenicity. Modeling interactions between aggregates and B cell receptors demonstrated that aggregates are unlikely to induce T cell-independent immune responses by cross-linking B cell receptors because the amount of signal transducing complex that can form under physiologically relevant conditions is limited. We systematically evaluate the role of aggregates in inducing T cell-dependent immune responses using a recently developed multiscale mechanistic mathematical model. Our analysis indicates that aggregates could contribute to T cell-dependent immune response by inducing high affinity epitopes which may not be present in the nonaggregated TPP and/or by enhancing danger signals to break tolerance. In summary, our computational analysis is suggestive of novel insights into the mechanisms underlying aggregate-induced immunogenicity, which could be used to develop mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals Role of Microbiome in Modulating Immune Responses in Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukulika Bose ◽  
Pinku Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Mechanisms Of Carcinogenesis ◽  
Insight Into

The complex interactions between genes and the environment play important roles in disease susceptibility and progression. One of the chronic diseases that is affected by this gene-environment interplay is cancer. However, our knowledge about these environmental factors remains limited. The microorganisms that inhabit our bodies have recently been acknowledged to play a crucial role as an environmental factor, to which we are constantly exposed. Studies have revealed significant differences in the relative abundance of certain microbes in cancer cases compared with controls. It has been reported that changes in the composition of normal gut microbiota can increase/decrease cancer susceptibility and progression by diverse mechanisms including, but not limited to, inflammation—a well-known hallmark of carcinogenesis. The microbiota can also affect the response to various treatments including immunotherapy. The microbiome-immune-cancer axis will continue to provide insight into the basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. In this review, we provide a brief understanding of the mechanisms by which microbiota affects cancer development, progression, and treatment.

scholarly journals Ocular Microbiota and Intraocular Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Jing Li ◽  
Sanjun Yi ◽  
Lai Wei
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Intraocular Inflammation ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Microbial Etiology ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Host Metabolism

The term ocular microbiota refers to all types of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms present on or in the eye. The ocular surface is continuously exposed to the environment and harbors various commensals. Commensal microbes have been demonstrated to regulate host metabolism, development of immune system, and host defense against pathogen invasion. An unbalanced microbiota could lead to pathogenic microbial overgrowth and cause local or systemic inflammation. The specific antigens that irritate the deleterious immune responses in various inflammatory eye diseases remain obscure, while recent evidence implies a microbial etiology of these illnesses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on ocular microbiota and the role of commensal microbes in several eye diseases. In addition, this review will also discuss the interaction between microbial pathogens and host factors involved in intraocular inflammation, and evaluate therapeutic potential of targeting ocular microbiota to treat intraocular inflammation.

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