scholarly journals The Gut–Brain–Microbiome Axis in Bumble Bees

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Laura Leger ◽  
Quinn S. McFrederick
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Bombus Impatiens ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Sucrose Reward ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
The Brain

The brain-gut–microbiome axis is an emerging area of study, particularly in vertebrate systems. Existing evidence suggests that gut microbes can influence basic physiological functions and that perturbations to the gut microbiome can have deleterious effects on cognition and lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. While this relationship has been extensively studied in vertebrate systems, little is known about this relationship in insects. We hypothesized that because of its importance in bee health, the gut microbiota influences learning and memory in adult bumble bees. As an initial test of whether there is a brain-gut–microbiome axis in bumble bees, we reared microbe-inoculated and microbe-depleted bees from commercial Bombus impatiens colonies. We then conditioned experimental bees to associate a sucrose reward with a color and tested their ability to learn and remember the rewarding color. We found no difference between microbe-inoculated and microbe-depleted bumble bees in performance during the behavioral assay. While these results suggest that the brain-gut–microbiome axis is not evident in Bombus impatiens, future studies with different invertebrate systems are needed to further investigate this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis may support the membrane hypothesis

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying He ◽  
Tomasz Kosciolek ◽  
Jinsong Tang ◽  
Yao Zhou ◽  
Zongchang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBackground:The microbiota-gut-brain axis and membrane dysfunction in the brain has attracted increasing attention in the field of psychiatric research. However, the possible interactive role of gut microbiota and brain function in the prodromal stage of schizophrenia has not been studied yet.Methods:To explore this, we collected fecal samples and performed Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) scans in 81 high risk (HR) subjects, 19 ultra-high risk (UHR) subjects and 69 health controls (HC). Then we analyzed the differences in gut microbiota and choline concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).Results:Presences of the orders Clostridiales, Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales were observed at increase levels in fecal samples of UHR subjects compared to the other two groups. The composition changes of gut microbiota indicate the increased production of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), which could activate microglia and then disrupt membrane metabolism. Furthermore, this was confirmed by an increase of choline levels, a brain imaging marker of membrane dysfunction, which is also significantly elevated in UHR subjects compared to the HR and HC groups.Conclusion:Both gut microbiome and imaging studies of UHR subjects suggest the membrane dysfunction in the brain and hence might support the membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals The Brain-Gut-Microbiome System: Pathways and Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4497
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Chernikova ◽  
Genesis D. Flores ◽  
Emily Kilroy ◽  
Jennifer S. Labus ◽  
Emeran A. Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Gastrointestinal Problems ◽  
The Brain

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the most prevalent physiological symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of largely preclinical research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiota may modulate brain function and social behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships and how they may influence the pathogenesis or severity of ASD. While various genetic and environmental risk factors have been implicated in ASD, this review aims to provide an overview of studies elucidating the mechanisms by which gut microbiota, associated metabolites, and the brain interact to influence behavior and ASD development, in at least a subgroup of individuals with gastrointestinal problems. Specifically, we review the brain-gut-microbiome system and discuss findings from current animal and human studies as they relate to social-behavioral and neurological impairments in ASD, microbiota-targeted therapies (i.e., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) in ASD, and how microbiota may influence the brain at molecular, structural, and functional levels, with a particular interest in social and emotion-related brain networks. A deeper understanding of microbiome-brain-behavior interactions has the potential to inform new therapies aimed at modulating this system and alleviating both behavioral and physiological symptomatology in individuals with ASD.

scholarly journals Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2099
Author(s):  
Yijing Chen ◽  
Jinying Xu ◽  
Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Brain

Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is important in the regulation of brain activity and cognitive functions. Microbes mediate communication among the metabolic, peripheral immune, and central nervous systems via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. However, it is not well understood how the gut microbiome and neurons in the brain mutually interact or how these interactions affect normal brain functioning and cognition. We summarize the mechanisms whereby the gut microbiota regulate the production, transportation, and functioning of neurotransmitters. We also discuss how microbiome dysbiosis affects cognitive function, especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics on Mitigation of Depression Symptoms: Modulation of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome Axis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1000
Author(s):  
Agata Chudzik ◽  
Anna Orzyłowska ◽  
Radosław Rola ◽  
Greg J. Stanisz
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Communication Pathway ◽  
The Brain

The brain–gut–microbiome axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system. The growing interest in the gut microbiota and mechanisms of its interaction with the brain has contributed to the considerable attention given to the potential use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. This review discusses the up-to-date findings in preclinical and clinical trials regarding the use of pro-, pre- and postbiotics in depressive disorders. Studies in rodent models of depression show that some of them inhibit inflammation, decrease corticosterone level and change the level of neurometabolites, which consequently lead to mitigation of the symptoms of depression. Moreover, certain clinical studies have indicated improvement in mood as well as changes in biochemical parameters in patients suffering from depressive disorders.

scholarly journals Jasmine Tea Attenuates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behavior in Rats via the Gut-Brain Axis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Yangbo Zhang ◽  
Jianan Huang ◽  
Yifan Xiong ◽  
Xiangna Zhang ◽  
Yong Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Jasmine Tea ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

The number of depressed people has increased worldwide. Dysfunction of the gut microbiota has been closely related to depression. The mechanism by which jasmine tea ameliorates depression via the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis remains unclear. Here, the effects of jasmine tea on rats with depressive-like symptoms via the gut microbiome were investigated. We first established a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model to induce depressive symptoms and measured the changes in depression-related indicators. Simultaneously, the changes in gut microbiota were investigated by 16S rRNA sequencing. Jasmine tea treatment improved depressive-like behaviors and neurotransmitters in CUMS rats. Jasmine tea increased the gut microbiota diversity and richness of depressed rats induced by CUMS. Spearman’s analysis showed correlations between the differential microbiota (Patescibacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Elusimicrobia, and Proteobacteria) and depressive-related indicators (BDNF, GLP-1, and 5-HT in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex). Combined with the correlation analysis of gut microbiota, the result indicated that jasmine tea could attenuate depression in rats via the brain- gut-microbiome axis.

scholarly journals Probiotics and MicroRNA: Their Roles in the Host–Microbe Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Yan Zeng ◽  
Dong Zeng ◽  
Hesong Wang ◽  
Mengjia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

Probiotics are widely accepted to be beneficial for the maintenance of the gut homeostasis – the dynamic and healthy interactions between host and gut microorganisms. In addition, emerging as a key molecule of inter-domain communication, microRNAs (miRNAs) can also mediate the host–microbe interactions. However, a comprehensive description and summary of the association between miRNAs and probiotics have not been reported yet. In this review, we have discussed the roles of probiotics and miRNAs in host–microbe interactions and proposed the association of probiotics with altered miRNAs in various intestinal diseases and potential molecular mechanisms underlying the action of probiotics. Furthermore, we provided a perspective of probiotics–miRNA–host/gut microbiota axis applied in search of disease management highly associated with the gut microbiome, which will potentially prove to be beneficial for future studies.

scholarly journals Kismet/CHD7/CHD8 affects gut biomechanics, the gut microbiome, and gut-brain axis in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Niosi ◽  
Nguyên Henry Võ ◽  
Punithavathi Sundar ◽  
Chloe Welch ◽  
Aliyah Penn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Tissue Mechanics ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Risk Genes ◽  
And Behavior

The gut-brain axis may contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, yet it is often unclear how risk genes associated with these disorders affect gut physiology in a manner that could impact microbial colonization. We addressed this question using Drosophila melanogaster with a null mutation in kismet, the ortholog of chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein ( CHD ) family members CHD7 and CHD8. In humans, CHD7 and CHD8 are risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders with co-occurring gastrointestinal symptoms . We found kismet mutant flies have a significant increase in gastrointestinal transit time, indicating functional homology of kismet with CHD7/CHD8 in vertebrates. To measure gut tissue mechanics, we used a high-precision force transducer and length controller, capable of measuring forces to micro-Newton precision, which revealed significant changes in the mechanics of kismet mutant guts, in terms of elasticity, strain stiffening, and tensile strength. Using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing, we also found kismet mutants have reduced diversity of gut microbiota at every taxonomic level and an increase in pathogenic taxa. To investigate the connection between the gut microbiome and behavior, we depleted gut microbiota in kismet mutant and control flies and measured courtship behavior. Depletion of gut microbiota rescued courtship defects of kismet mutant flies, indicating a connection between gut microbiota and behavior. In striking contrast, depletion of gut microbiome in the control strain reduced courtship activity. This result demonstrated that antibiotic treatment can have differential impacts on behavior that may depend on the status of microbial dysbiosis in the gut prior to depletion. We propose that Kismet influences multiple gastrointestinal phenotypes that contribute to the gut-brain axis to influence behavior.  Based on our results, we also suggest that gut tissue mechanics should be considered as an element in the gut-brain communication loop, both influenced by and potentially influencing the gut microbiome and neuronal development.

scholarly journals The Impact of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 10052
Author(s):  
Lucía N. Peralta-Marzal ◽  
Naika Prince ◽  
Djordje Bajic ◽  
Léa Roussin ◽  
Laurent Naudon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by behavioural impairment and deficiencies in social interaction and communication. A recent study estimated that 1 in 89 children have developed some form of ASD in European countries. Moreover, there is no specific treatment and since ASD is not a single clinical entity, the identification of molecular biomarkers for diagnosis remains challenging. Besides behavioural deficiencies, individuals with ASD often develop comorbid medical conditions including intestinal problems, which may reflect aberrations in the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut. The impact of faecal microbial composition in brain development and behavioural functions has been repeatedly linked to ASD, as well as changes in the metabolic profile of individuals affected by ASD. Since metabolism is one of the major drivers of microbiome–host interactions, this review aims to report emerging literature showing shifts in gut microbiota metabolic function in ASD. Additionally, we discuss how these changes may be involved in and/or perpetuate ASD pathology. These valuable insights can help us to better comprehend ASD pathogenesis and may provide relevant biomarkers for improving diagnosis and identifying new therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota and Bipolar Disorder: An Overview on a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis and Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3723
Author(s):  
Lorenza Lucidi ◽  
Mauro Pettorruso ◽  
Federica Vellante ◽  
Francesco Di Carlo ◽  
Franca Ceci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Psychopharmacological Treatment ◽  
Augmentation Strategy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The gut microbiota is the set of microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract of living creatures, establishing a bidirectional symbiotic relationship that is essential for maintaining homeostasis, for their growth and digestive processes. Growing evidence supports its involvement in the intercommunication system between the gut and the brain, so that it is called the gut–brain–microbiota axis. It is involved in the regulation of the functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS), behavior, mood and anxiety and, therefore, its implication in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this paper, we focused on the possible correlations between the gut microbiota and Bipolar Disorder (BD), in order to determine its role in the pathogenesis and in the clinical management of BD. Current literature supports a possible relationship between the compositional alterations of the intestinal microbiota and BD. Moreover, due to its impact on psychopharmacological treatment absorption, by acting on the composition of the microbiota beneficial effects can be obtained on BD symptoms. Finally, we discussed the potential of correcting gut microbiota alteration as a novel augmentation strategy in BD. Future studies are necessary to better clarify the relevance of gut microbiota alterations as state and disease biomarkers of BD.

Folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies additively impaired memory function and disturbed the gut microbiota in amyloid-β infused rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunmin Park ◽  
Sunna Kang ◽  
Da Sol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12

Abstract. Folate and vitamin B12(V-B12) deficiencies are associated with metabolic diseases that may impair memory function. We hypothesized that folate and V-B12 may differently alter mild cognitive impairment, glucose metabolism, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiome in rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like dementia. The hypothesis was examined in hippocampal amyloid-β infused rats, and its mechanism was explored. Rats that received an amyloid-β(25–35) infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed either control(2.5 mg folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-CON, n = 10), no folate(0 folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FA, n = 10), no V-B12(2.5 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-V-B12, n = 10), or no folate plus no V-B12(0 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FAB12, n = 10) in high-fat diets for 8 weeks. AD-FA and AD-VB12 exacerbated bone mineral loss in the lumbar spine and femur whereas AD-FA lowered lean body mass in the hip compared to AD-CON(P < 0.05). Only AD-FAB12 exacerbated memory impairment by 1.3 and 1.4 folds, respectively, as measured by passive avoidance and water maze tests, compared to AD-CON(P < 0.01). Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroinflammation were attenuated in AD-CON compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-FAB12 impaired the signaling (pAkt→pGSK-3β) and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels the most among all groups. AD-CON decreased glucose tolerance by increasing insulin resistance compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-VB12 and AD-FAB12 increased insulin resistance by 1.2 and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to the AD-CON. AD-CON and Non-AD-CON had a separate communities of gut microbiota. The relative counts of Bacteroidia were lower and those of Clostridia were higher in AD-CON than Non-AD-CON. AD-FA, but not V-B12, separated the gut microbiome community compared to AD-CON and AD-VB12(P = 0.009). In conclusion, folate and B-12 deficiencies impaired memory function by impairing hippocampal insulin signaling and gut microbiota in AD rats.

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