scholarly journals From Mice to Mainframes: Experimental Models for Investigation of the Intracardiac Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Stoyek ◽  
Luis Hortells ◽  
T. Alexander Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Incomplete Knowledge ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Intracardiac Nervous System

The intracardiac nervous system (IcNS), sometimes referred to as the “little brain” of the heart, is involved in modulating many aspects of cardiac physiology. In recent years our fundamental understanding of autonomic control of the heart has drastically improved, and the IcNS is increasingly being viewed as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. However, investigations of the physiology and specific roles of intracardiac neurons within the neural circuitry mediating cardiac control has been hampered by an incomplete knowledge of the anatomical organisation of the IcNS. A more thorough understanding of the IcNS is hoped to promote the development of new, highly targeted therapies to modulate IcNS activity in cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we first provide an overview of IcNS anatomy and function derived from experiments in mammals. We then provide descriptions of alternate experimental models for investigation of the IcNS, focusing on a non-mammalian model (zebrafish), neuron-cardiomyocyte co-cultures, and computational models to demonstrate how the similarity of the relevant processes in each model can help to further our understanding of the IcNS in health and disease.

scholarly journals Novel Insights From Human Studies on the Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Mortality and Noncardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M. Madsen ◽  
Anette Varbo ◽  
Børge G. Nordestgaard
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The vast majority of research about HDL (high-density lipoprotein) has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within cardiovascular disease prevention; however, failures with therapies aimed at increasing HDL cholesterol has left questions as to what the role and function of HDL in human health and disease is. Recent observational studies have further shown that extreme high HDL cholesterol is associated with high mortality leading to speculations that HDL could in some instances be harmful. In addition, evidence from observational, and to a lesser extent genetic, studies has emerged indicating that HDL might be associated with the development of other major noncardiovascular diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and lung disease. In this review, we discuss (1) the association between extreme high HDL cholesterol and mortality and (2) the emerging human evidence linking HDL to several major diseases outside the realm of cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease

Physiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suttira Intapad ◽  
Norma B. Ojeda ◽  
John Henry Dasinger ◽  
Barbara T. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Disease

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) proposes that adverse events during early life program an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Experimental models provide proof of concept but also indicate that insults during early life program sex differences in adult blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. This review will highlight the potential mechanisms that contribute to the etiology of sex differences in the developmental programming of cardiovascular disease.

Encyclopedia of computational neuroscience: The end of the second millennium

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-535
Author(s):  
Roman Borisyuk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Computational Neuroscience ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
And Function

Arbib et al. describe mathematical and computational models in neuroscience as well as neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of several important brain structures. This is a useful guide to mathematical and computational modelling of the structure and function of nervous system. The book highlights the need to develop a theory of brain functioning, and it offers some useful approaches and concepts.

scholarly journals Spinal cord microglia in health and disease

Acta Naturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-17
Author(s):  
Elena Kolos ◽  
Dmitry Korzhevsky
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

The review summarizes data of recent experimental studies on spinal microglia, the least explored cells of the spinal cord. It focuses on the origin and function of microglia in mammalian spinal cord embryogenesis. The main approaches to the classification of microgliocytes based on their structure, function, and immunophenotypic characteristics are analyzed. We discuss the results of studies conducted on experimental models of spinal cord diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, systemic inflammation, and some others, with special emphasis on the key role of microglia in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The review highlights the need to detect the new microglia-specific marker proteins expressed at all stages of ontogeny. New sensitive and selective microglial markers are necessary in order to improve identification of spinal cord microgliocytes in normal and pathological conditions. Possible morphometric methods to assess the functional activity of microglial cells are presented.

scholarly journals Rest Profoundly Protects Against Cardiac Remodeling and Benefits Repair

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tami Martino ◽  
Cristine Reitz ◽  
Faisal Alibhai ◽  
Tarak Khatua ◽  
W. Glen Pyle
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiac Remodeling ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
And Function

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide1. Although rest has long been considered beneficial to patients2, remarkably there are no evidence-based experimental models determining how it benefits disease outcomes. Here, we create a novel experimental rest model in mice, whereby light-induced manipulation of the circadian system briefly extends the rest period by 4 hours each morning. We found, in two different cardiovascular disease conditions (cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction), that imposing a short, extended period of rest each day persistently reduces cardiac remodeling, as compared to control mice subjected to only normal periods of rest, supporting the therapeutic benefits of rest to slow functional decompensation in heart disease. Mechanistically, rest reduces hemodynamic stress on the cardiovascular system, imposing changes on myofilament contractile function in the heart independently consistent within each disease phenotype. Molecular analyses reveal attenuation of cardiac remodeling genes, consistent with the benefits on cardiac structure and function. These same cardiac remodeling genes underlie the pathophysiology of many major human cardiovascular conditions, as demonstrated by interrogating open-source transcriptomic data, and thus patients with other conditions may also benefit from a morning rest period in a similar manner. In summary, we report that rest is a key driver of physiology, leading to the development of an entirely new field on the nature of rest, and provide a strong rationale for advancement of rest based therapy for major clinical diseases.

scholarly journals Autonomic Modulation for Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hadaya ◽  
Jeffrey L. Ardell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagal Nerve ◽  
Vagal Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
And Function

Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Despite advances in the medical and surgical management of these entities, progression of disease persists as does the risk for sudden cardiac death. With improved knowledge of the dynamic relationships between the nervous system and heart, neuromodulatory techniques such as cardiac sympathetic denervation and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) have emerged as possible therapeutic approaches for the management of these disorders. In this review, we present the structure and function of the cardiac nervous system and the remodeling that occurs in disease states, emphasizing the concept of increased sympathoexcitation and reduced parasympathetic tone. We review preclinical evidence for vagal nerve stimulation, and early results of clinical trials in the setting of congestive heart failure. Vagal nerve stimulation, and other neuromodulatory techniques, may improve the management of cardiovascular disorders, and warrant further study.

scholarly journals Astrocytogenesis: where, when, and how

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekin Su Akdemir ◽  
Anna Yu-Szu Huang ◽  
Benjamin Deneen
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system and have diverse functions in blood–brain barrier maintenance, neural circuitry formation and function, and metabolic regulation. To better understand the diverse roles of astrocytes, we will summarize what is known about astrocyte development and the challenges limiting our understanding of this process. We will also discuss new approaches and technologies advancing the field.

scholarly journals Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Etienne-Mesmin ◽  
Benoit Chassaing ◽  
Mickaël Desvaux ◽  
Kim De Paepe ◽  
Raphaële Gresse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTA close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal epithelium. The review starts by setting up the biological context underpinning the need for experimental models to study gut bacteria-mucus interactions in the digestive environment. We provide an overview of the structure and function of intestinal mucus and mucins, their interactions with intestinal bacteria (including commensal, probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms) and their role in modulating health and disease states. We then describe the characteristics and potentials of experimental models currently available to study the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of mucus with gut microbes, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. We then discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.

scholarly journals PREVISÃO DE CONSUMO DE ENERGIA UTILIZANDO REDE NEURAL COM RETARDO DE TEMPO (TDNN)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Bruno Parpinelli Bonfim ◽  
Rafael Bratifich ◽  
Marcelo Marques da Silva ◽  
Hugo Gomes Silva
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Function Prediction ◽  
And Function ◽  
Time Delayed Neural Network ◽  
The City

As artificial neural networks (ANN), they are computational models inspired by the way the nervous system of living beings work, these models can be used for processing and classification of data and applications, such as series and function prediction. Thus, this work used a time-delayed neural network (TDNN) to predict the demand for active energy on the P4 bus in the city of Presidente Prudente

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

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